PREFACE In the curricular structure introduced by this University for students of Post Graduate Diploma programme, the opportunity to pursue Post Graduate Diploma course in subjects introduced by this University is equally available to all learners. Instead of being guided by any presumption about ability level, it would perhaps stand to reason if receptivity of a learner is judged in the course of the learning process. That would be entirely in keeping with the objectives of open education which does not believe in artificial differentiation. Keeping this in view, study materials of the Post Graduate level in different subjects are being prepared on the basis of a well laid-out syllabus. The course structure combines the best elements in the approved syllabi of Central and State Universities in respective subjects. It has been so designed as to be upgradable with the addition of new information as well as results of fresh thinking and analysis. The accepted methodology of distance education has been followed in the preparation of these study materials. Co-operation in every form of experienced scholars is indispensable for a work of this kind. We, therefore, owe an enormous debt of gratitude to everyone whose tireless efforts went into the writing, editing and devising of a proper lay-out of the materials. Practically speaking, their role amounts to an involvement in invisible teaching. For, whoever makes use of these study materials would virtually derive the benefit of learning under their collective care without each being seen by the other. The more a learner would seriously pursue these study materials the easier it will be for him or her to reach out to larger horizons of a subject. Care has also been taken to make the language lucid and presentation attractive so that it may be rated as quality self-learning materials. If anything remains still obscure or difficult to follow, arrangements are there to come to terms with them through the counselling sessions regularly available at the network of study centres set up by the University. Needless to add, a great part of these efforts is still experimental-in fact, pioneering in certain areas. Naturally, there is every possibility of some lapse or deficiency here and there. However, these do admit of rectification and further improvement in due course. On the whole, therefore, these study materials are expected to evoke wider appreciation the more they receive serious attention of all concerned. Professor (Dr.) Subha Sankar Sarkar Vice-Chancellor 1 First Edition : September, 2015 Printed in accordance with the regulations and financial assistance of the Distance Education Bureau of the University Grants Commission. 2 Post Graduate Diploma in Travel & Tourism [PGDTT] Paper - 1 Fundamentals of Tourism : Course Writing : Unit - 1 ppp Dr. Prasenjit Ghosh Unit - 2 ppp Dr. Saurabh Kumar Dikshit Unit - 3 ppp Dr. Sharad Kumar Shrestha Unit - 4 ppp Ms. Amrita Chakraborty Unit - 5 ppp Ms. Amrita Chakraborty : Course Editing : Dr. Mir Abdul Safique Paper - 2 Entrepreneurship Development : Course Writing : Dr. Manidipa Das Gupta : Course Editing : Dr. Anirban Ghosh Notification All rights reserved. No part of this study material may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from Netaji Subhas Open University. Professor (Dr.) Debesh Roy 3 Registrar 4 Netaji Subhas Post Graduate Diploma in Open University Travel & Tourism Paper-1 Unit - 1 ppp Tourism Concept 9-30 Unit - 2 ppp Profiling the Tourists 31-44 Unit - 3 ppp Types of Tours with examples from Indian Scenario 45-74 Unit - 4 ppp Tourism Impacts 75-88 Unit - 5 ppp Tourism Resources of West Bengal and 89-136 North Eastern States Paper-2 Unit - 1 ppp Concept of Entrepreneurship 139-163 Unit - 2 ppp Types of Enterprise 164-174 Unit - 3 ppp Definition of Service 175-186 Unit - 4 ppp Procedure and Formalities for starting 187-201 Small Scale Enterprises Unit - 5 ppp Assistance to Micro, Small and Medium 202-210 Enterprises in India 5 6 Paper - 1 Fundamentals of Tourism 7 8 Unit-1 ppp Tourism Concept Structure 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning and Definitions of tourism 1.3 Nature and Classification of Tourism 1.4 Typology of Tourists 1.5 Demand of Tourism 1.6 Impacts of Tourism 1.6.1 Economic Impacts 1.6.2 Social Impacts 1.6.3 Cultural Impacts 1.6.4 Environmental Impacts 1.7 Tourism as an industry - Emerging Trends of Opportunities 1.7.1 Be a part of the World’s Largest Growth Industry 1.8 Components of Tourism 1.9 Summary 1.10 Review questions 1.11 References Learning Objectives § Understand what tourism is and its many definitions. § Know the various impact of tourism. § Identify current trends in the industry and appreciate how important this industry is to the economy of the world. § Know the benefits and costs of tourism. § Learn the components of tourism and tourism management. 1.1 Introduction Tourism is alive with dynamic 77growth, new activities, new destinations, new technology, new markets, and rapid changes. Record numbers of tourists are traveling 9 the globe, attracted by an increased variety of tour packages, adventure experiences, and independent itineraries. All of these visitors and the activities they generate change local communities. They have an economic and social impact that cannot be ignored. In today’s society, attention must be paid to environmental issues, cultural issues, social issues, and economic issues. The tourism industry is global and it is large business and will continue to grow. Meeting this growth with well-planned, environmentally sound development is a challenge for planning all over the world, whether it is India, Indonesia, Nepal, the United States, Australia, Thailand, or any country of Europe. The objective of this chapter is to raise issues, provide frameworks, and generate your (reader) thoughtful consideration of the issues. When we think of tourism, we think primarily of people who are visiting a particular place for sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. They might spend their leisure time engaging in various sports, simply enjoying the environment, participating in a convention or some other kind of business or professional activity. 1.2 Meaning and Definitions of Tourism Tourism is a multidimensional, multi-faceted activity. There are many definitions of tourism as there are disciplines and investigators from various academic areas. No definition of tourism is universally accepted. Definitional problems arise partly because of the word tourism is typically used as a single term to designate a variety of concepts, partly it is an area of study in a range of disciplines (history, geography, economics, business, marketing, sociology, psychology etc.) and different conceptual structures within this disciplines lead inevitability to contrasts in perspective and emphasis. The word ‘tour’ which is derived from the Latin word ‘tornus’ (i.e., a tool for describing a circle or turners wheel) and the concept of a ‘round tour’ or a ‘package tour’ has its origin in this word itself. The Hebrew clarification of the word ‘tour’ which is derived from the word ‘torah’, it indicates an attempt by the traveler to explore something about the site which he/she visits. The word ‘grand tour’ was used in a limited sense for a journey through France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. In Sanskrit, come across three terms for travel and tourism and these are: paryatan (means going out for pleasure and knowledge), desatan (means going out of the country mainly for economic gains), tirthatan (means going out to places of religious significance). In 1976, the Tourism Society of England’s description was, tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally 10 live, work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes. D. Pearch (1992) conceptualizes tourism as an origin-linkage- destination system involving the temporary movement of people from an origin to a destination and usually back home again after at least one overnight stay. McIntosh and Goeldner (1984) defined tourism as the sum of the phenomena and relationship arising from the interactions of tourists, business, host governments, and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors. Subsequently, the UNWTO in 1995 defined tourism as comprises ‘the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.’ The term ‘usual environment’ refers to a place of normal residence or domicile. Tourism, thus, excludes trips within the area of one’s own habitation such as a commute between residence and workplace, a trip to gather items for household use, or any trips on a regular basis. The purposes of touristic trips are non-remunerative – they can be for leisure or for business that does not include any earning activity arising from direct sales. The journey must involve an overnight stay and be restricted for a maximum period of one year. Some countries are said to allow foreigners to stay for a period of more than a year as tourists, subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions. A United Nation Conference on International Travel and Tourism in Rome in 1963 resolve to evolve a new definition of ‘international tourist’ as ‘any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited.’ The definition classified visitors into tourists and excursionists – tourists are temporary visitors staying at least for 24 hours in the country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be described as leisure, business, family, mission, or meeting, while excursionists are also temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination visited, without making an overnight stay, including travelers on cruises (GEE et al.