How Our Fate and the Oceans Are

Notes

Preface 1. See, for example, Sylvia A. Earle, The World Is Blue: How Our Fate and the Oceans Are One (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2009); Jeremy Jackson et al., Shifting Baselines: The Past and the Future of Ocean Fisheries (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011); and Daniel Pauly, 5 Easy Pieces: The Impact of Fisheries on Marine Ecosystems (The State of the World’s Oceans) (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2010). 2. See The Death of the Oceans, http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/death -oceans; and the Jeremy Jackson evening lecture “Ocean Apocalypse,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zMN3dTvrwY. 3. See, for example, Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000). 4. See Timothy Beatley, Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011). 5. Joanna Chiu, “Runners Take Their Case for Shark Fin Ban to Hong Kong’s Big Marathon,” South China Morning Post, February 4, 2013.

Chapter 1. The Urban-Ocean Connection 1. Sylvia Earle, The World Is Blue: How Our Fate and the Ocean’s Are One (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2009), 11. 2. Earle, The World Is Blue, 11. 3. Dorothée Herr and Grant R. Galland, The Ocean and Climate Change: Tools and Guidelines for Action (Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2009), http:// cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/the_ocean_and_climate_change.pdf. 4. Herr and Galland, The Ocean and Climate Change, 12. 5. For a more detailed discussion of this problem, see Ocean Acidifica- tion Network, “How Will Ocean Acidification Affect Marine Life?,” http:// www.ocean-acidification.net/FAQeco.html#HowEco. 6. “Progress Report: Seven US Offshore Wind Demonstration Projects,” http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/04/progress -report-seven-us-offshore-wind-demonstration-projects.

167

7. Jason Dearen, “San Francisco Bay Whales: Feds to Reroute Ships for Marine Protection,” Huff Post: San Francisco, July 13, 2012, http://www .huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/14/san-francisco-bay-whales-_n_1673663 .html. 8. Peter Fimrite, “Ships in Blue Whales’ Feeding Grounds Pose Threat,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 6, 2011, http://www.sfgate.com /outdoors/article/Ships-in-blue-whales-feeding-grounds-pose-threat -2310930.php. 9. WWF, Living Planet Report 2012, 84, http://wwf.panda.org/about_our _earth/all_publications/living_planet_report/2012_lpr. 10. “Plastics and Chemicals They Absorb Pose a Double Threat to Ma- rine Life,” UC Davis News and Information, January 15, 2012, http://news .ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=10453. 11. “UNEP Studies Show Rising Mercury Emissions in Developing Countries,” UNEP News Centre, January 9, 2013, http://www.unep.org /newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2702&ArticleID=9366. 12. Quirin Schiermeier, “Marine Dead Zones Set to Expand Rapidly,” Nature, November 14, 2008, http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081114 /full/news.2008.1230.html. 13. IUCN, Executive Summary: The Ocean and Climate Change: Tools and Guidelines for Action, http://cmbc.ucsd.edu/Research/publications/The% 20Ocean%20and%20Climate%20Change_Executive%20Summary.pdf. 14. Global Partnership for Oceans, “Oceans: Our Living Resource” (infographic), http://www.globalpartnershipforoceans.org/oceans-our-living -resource-infographic. 15. NOAA’s State of the Coast, “Coral Reef Biodiversity Benefits to Human Health,” http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/coral/coral_humanhealth.html. 16. “Oceanic Biomimicry: 13 Designs Inspired by the Sea,” WebEcoist, http://webecoist.momtastic.com/2010/12/17/oceanic-biomimicry-13 -designs-inspired-by-the-sea. 17. The potential applications are many: “Due to the versatile and highly maneuverable design of rays, underwater autonomous vehicles based on this design could have potential industrial and military applications ranging from covert surveillance to long-term collection of data for scientists.” See Shane Graber, “Ray-Inspired Underwater Robot Takes Flight at the University of Virginia,” Advanced Aquarist, July 31, 2012, http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/ray-inspired-underwater-robot -takes-flight-at-the-university-of-virginia-video. 18. Skip Derra, “Researchers Find Photosynthesis Deep within Ocean,” Notes 169

Arizona State University, June 25, 2005, http://www.asu.edu/feature /includes/summer05/readmore/photosyn.html. 19. Caribbean Tourism Organization, “Diving,” http://www.onecaribbean .org/content/files/DivingCaribbeanNicheMarkets.pdf. 20. Florida Caribbean Cruise Association, “Cruise Industry Overview —2013,” http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2013-cruise-industry-overview .pdf. 21. A. M. Cisneros-Montemayor, U. R. Sumaila, K. Kaschner, and D. Pauly, “The Global Potential for Whale Watching,” Marine Policy (2010), http:// www.seaaroundus.org/researcher/dpauly/PDF/2010/JournalArticles /GlobalPotentialForWhaleWatching.pdf. 22. Nancy Knowlton, Citizens of the Sea: Wondrous Creatures from the Cen- sus of Marine Life (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010). 23. See Bruce H. Robison, “Conservation of Deep Pelagic Biodiversity,” Conservation Biology 23, no. 4 (2009): 847–58. 24. Robison quoted in Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, “Understanding Human Threats to the Earth’s Largest Habitat—the Deep Sea,” press release, January 26, 2010, http://www.mbari.org/news/news _releases/2010/deep-conservation/deep-conservation-release.html.

Chapter 2. The Reach of Cities 1. The Clean Oceans Project, “Plastic to Fuel,” http://thecleanoceans project.com/?page_id=11. 2. Rebecca Boyle, “Plastic-Eating Underwater Drone Could Swallow the Great Pacific Garbage Patch,” Popular Science, http://www.popsci.com /technology/article/2012-07/plastic-eating-underwater-drone-could -swallow-great-pacific-garbage-patch. 3. See Ralph Schneider, “Marine Litter Harvesting project,” http://www .scribd.com/doc/84976224/Marine-Litter-Harvesting-project-Floating -Horizon 4. “Report: Seismic Research on East Coast Could Harm 140,000 Whales and Dolphins,” April 16, 2013, http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/04/16/report -seismic-research-on-east-coast-could-harm-140000-whales-dolphins. 5. American Public Health Association, The Hidden Health Costs of Trans- portation, February 2010, http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/E71B4070 -9B9D-4EE1-8F43-349D21414962/0/FINALHiddenHealthCostsShort NewBackCover.pdf. See also Peter Newman and Anna Matan, “Human Mobility and Human Health,” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustain- ability 4, no. 4 (October 2012): 420–26. 170 Notes

6. See Meridian, “West Wind: Wind Farm, Wellington, New Zealand,” http://www.meridianenergy.co.nz/about-us/generating-energy/wind /west-wind. 7. See DONG Energy, “About Gunfleet Sands,” http://www.dongenergy .com/Gunfleetsands/GunfleetSands/AboutGFS/Pages/default.aspx. 8. See DeepCwind Consortium, http://www.deepcwind.org. 9. Celine Rottier, “Floating Offshore Wind Energy: Possibility or Pipe- dream?” The Energy Collective, January 25, 2013, http://theenergycollective .com/celinerottier/176686/floating-offshore-wind-energy-possibility-or -pipedream. 10. See Ocean Power Technologies, “Mark 3 PowerBuoy,” http://www .oceanpowertechnologies.com/mark3.html. 11. See Ocean Power Technologies, “Reedsport OPT Wave Park,” http://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/oregon.html. 12. Damian Carrington, “Seaweed Biofuels: A Green Alternative That Might Just Save the Planet,” Guardian, July 1, 2013, http://m.guardian news.com/environment/2013/jul/01/seaweed-biofuel-alternative-energy -kelp-scotland?CMP=twt_fd. See also Scottish Association of Marine Sci- ence (SAMS), “Macroalgae for Biofuels,” http://www.sams.ac.uk/marine -bioenergy-scotland/macroalgae-for-biofuels. 13. “Small-Scale Hydro Delivers Local Benefits,” E&T Magazine, Janu- ary 17, 2011, http://eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2011/01/small-hydro.cfm. 14. Beth Buczynski, “Seawater Saves Swedish Data Center a Cool Million,” EarthTechling, June 10, 2013, http://www.earthtechling.com /2013/06/seawater-saves-swedish-data-center-a-cool-million. 15. Vision Project Inc./James Castonguay, “International Shipping: Globalization in Crisis,” Witness: An Online Journal, http://www.visionproj ect.org/staging/images/img_magazine/pdfs/international_shipping.pdf. 16. International Chamber of Shipping, “Shipping and World Trade,” http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/shipping-and-world-trade; see also the World Shipping Council, http://www.worldshipping.org. 17. For more details, see Maersk, “Introducing the Triple-E,” http:// www.worldslargestship.com/the-ship/#page/economy-of-scale. 18. John Vidal, “Maritime Countries Agree First Ever Shipping Emis- sions Regulation,” Guardian, July 18, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk /environment/2011/jul/18/maritime-countries-shipping-emissions- regulation. 19. “Compared to industry average on the Asia-Europe trade”; see Maersk, “The Ship: Environment,” http://www.worldslargestship.com/the -ship/#page/environment/the-right-mix. Notes 171

20. See Maersk, “A Recyclable Ship,” http://www.worldslargestship .com/the-ship/#page/environment/a-recyclable-ship. A brief video about the recycling design and the “cradle to cradle passport” prepared for the ship can also be found here. 21. John Vidal, “Cargo Boat and US Navy Ship Powered by Algal Oil in Marine Fuel Trials,” Guardian.com, January 13, 2012, http://m.guardian news.com/environment/2012/jan/13/maersk-cargo-boat-algal-oil. 22. Universitat Bonn, “Bionic Coating Helps Ships to Economise on Fuel,” http://www3.uni-bonn.de/Press-releases/bionic-coating-helps-ships -to-economise-on-fuel. 23. See also Melissa Mahony, “Bionic Cargo Ships: Riding Waves to Bet- ter Fuel Efficiency,” SmartPlanet, May 6, 2010, http://www.smartplanet .com/blog/intelligent-energy/bionic-cargo-ships-riding-waves-to-better -fuel-efficiency. 24. John J. Geoghegan, “Designers Set Sail, Turning to Wind to Help Power Cargo Ships,” New York Times, August 27, 2012, http://www.nytimes .com/2012/08/28/science/earth/cargo-ship-designers-turn-to-wind-to -cut-cost-and-emissions.html?_r=0. 25. “The Greenheart Project,” http://www.greenheartproject.org/en/proj ect.html. 26. Port of Long Beach, “Green Port Policy,” http://www.polb.com/environ ment/green_port_policy. 27. See Port of Long Beach, “Air Quality,” http://www.polb.com/environ ment/air/default.asp. 28. Port of Long Beach, “Clean Trucks,” http://www.polb.com/environ ment/cleantrucks/default.asp. 29. Sea Shepherd, “Sea Shepherd Receives Honors from Western Australia,” July 11, 2006, http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media /2008/11/03/sea-shepherd-receives-honors-from-western-australia-799. 30. Chicago Park District, “31st St. Harbor Wins ISS Fabien Cous- teau Blue Award,” November 17, 2012, http://www.chicagoparkdistrict .com/31st-st-harbor-wins-iss-fabien-cousteau-blue-award. 31. Susan Parks and Christopher Clark, “Acoustic Communication: Social Sounds and the Potential Impact of Noise,” in Scott Kraus and Ro- salind Rolland, eds., The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whales at the Crossroads (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 310–32. 32. Rosalind M. Rolland et al., “Evidence That Ship Noise Increases Stress in Right Whales,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 8, 2012, http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/02/01/rspb .2011.2429.full. 172 Notes

Chapter 3. Satisfying Urban Fish Eaters Sustainably 1. “Oceans: Source of Food, Energy and Materials,” WWF Living Planet Report, 2012. 2. Ocean Conservancy, “Right from the Start: Open-Ocean Aquaculture in the United States,” http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/aqua culture/right-from-the-start.pdf. 3. See Marine Stewardship Council, “MSC Principles and Criteria for Sus- tainable Fishing,” http://www.msc.org/documents/email/msc-principles -criteria. 4. Marine Stewardship Council, “MSC in Numbers,” http://www.msc .org/business-support/key-facts-about-msc. 5. Kenneth R. Weiss, “McDonald’s Fast-Food Fish Gets Eco-label as Sustain- able,” Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013 /jan/24/science/la-sci-sn-mcdonalds-fastfood-fish-gets-ecolabel-as -sustainable-20130124. 6. Weiss, “McDonald’s Fast-Food Fish Gets Eco-label as Sustainable.” 7. See Aburto-Oropeza et al., “Large Recovery of Fish Biomass in a No- Take Marine Reserve,” PLoS ONE 6, no. 8 (2011), http://www.plosone.org /article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023601. 8. L. Pichegru et al., “Marine No-Take Zone Rapidly Benefits Endangered Penguin,” Biology Letters (2010), http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/6/4/498. 9. WWF, “Marine Protected Areas,” http://www.wwf.org.hk/en/whatwedo /conservation/marine/protectedareas. 10. Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, “Marine Life Conservation Districts,” http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/dar/mlcd_hanauma.html.

Chapter 4. Urban Design for a Blue Planet 1. “Wavedeck Curves, Dips on Waterfront,” National Post, June 4, 2009, http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=87d186b8-eedb-4078-a3ba -61c8153e524b&sponsor=. 2. Aquatic Habitat Toronto, http://aquatichabitat.ca/wp. 3. New York City Department of Planning, “Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York City’s Water- fronts and Waterways,” press release, March 14, 2011, http://www.nyc.gov /html/dcp/html/about/pr031411.shtml. 4. New York City Department of City Planning, Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive Waterfront Plan, March 2011, http://www.nyc.gov/html /dcp/html/cwp/index.shtml. Notes 173

5. See New York City Global Partners, “Best Practice: Waterfront Area Zon- ing,” http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/gprb/downloads/pdf/NYC_Planning _WaterfrontZoning.pdf. 6. For detailed information about this project, see Port of Rotterdam, “Space for the Future,” http://www.maasvlakte2.com/en/index. 7. See Port of Rotterdam Authority, Project Organization Maasvlakte, The Sustainable Port, May 2008, https://www.maasvlakte2.com/uploads/maas vlakte_2_the_sustainable_port.pdf. 8. City of Oslo, Fjord City Plan, Department of Urban Development, Oslo Waterfront Planning Office, Agency for Planning (n.d.). 9. City of Oslo, Fjord City Plan, 2. 10. Jon Otterveck, ed., Oslo Opera House (Opera Forlag, n.d.), 46. 11. See “Ithaa Undersea Restaurant,” http://conradhotels3.hilton.com/en /hotels/maldives/conrad-maldives-rangali-island-MLEHICI/amenities /restaurants_ithaa_undersea_restaurant.html. 12. See http://www.yesemails.com/waterstuff/underwaterrestaurant. 13. “The Breathtaking Poseidon Undersea Resort in Fiji,” http://luxatic .com/the-breathtaking-poseidon-undersea-resort-in-fiji. 14. Nicolai Ouroussoff, “Imagining a More Watery New York,” New York Times, March 25, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/arts/design /26rising.html; see also Thomas de Monchaux, “Save New York by Mak- ing It ‘Soft,’” January 15, 2013, New Yorker Culture Desk, http://www.new yorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2013/01/how-to-protect-new-york -from-rising-waters-with-soft-infrastructure.html#slide_ss_0=1. 15. NYC Environmental Protection, “Blue Roof and Green Roof,” http:// www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/stormwater/green_pilot_project_ps118.shtml. 16. Some fourteen schools constructed by the NYC School Construction Authority include blue roof designs. See NYC Environmental Protection, “Rooftop Detention,” http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/rooftop_detention.pdf. 17. Emily Wax, “In Flood-Prone Bangladesh, a Future That Floats,” Washington Post, September 27, 2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp -dyn/content/article/2007/09/26/AR2007092602582.html. 18. Cliff Kuang, “Floating Schools Designed to Fight Floods in Bangla- desh,” Fast Company Co.Design, December 7, 2012, http://www.fastcodesign .com/1671401/floating-schools-designed-to-fight-floods-in-bangladesh. See also Shidhulai, http://www.shidhulai.org. 19. E.g., Derek Mead, “Recycled Island Is Hawaii on Floating Trash,” Motherboard, October 26, 2011, http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/recy cled-island-is-hawaii-on-floating-trash. 174 Notes

20. For an excellent review of these ideas, see Zhongjie Lin, Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement: Urban Utopias of Modern Japan (New York: Routledge, 2010). 21. Neil Chambers, “Re-imagining Infrastructure,” http://livabilitylaw .com/archives/7143.

Chapter 5. Reimagining Land Use and Parks in the Blue City 1. NYC Environmental Protection, “The Staten Island Bluebelt: A Nat- ural Solution to Stormwater Management,” http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep /html/dep_projects/bluebelt.shtml. 2. NYC Environmental Protection, “The Staten Island Bluebelt.” 3. See NYC Environmental Protection, “The Staten Island Blue Belt.” 4. See Laguna Bluebelt Coalition, http://lagunabluebelt.org. 5. E.g., see Seattle Parks and Recreation, “City Park Marine Reserves Rule,” http://www.seattle.gov/parks/Publications/MarineReserveRule.htm. 6. See Hudson River Park, http://www.hudsonriverpark.org. 7. See “Biophilic Wellington” (video), http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=4—BmwhdpLo. 8. Quoted in New York City Department of Planning, “Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York City’s Wa- terfronts and Waterways,” press release, March 14, 2011, http://www.nyc .gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr031411.shtml. 9. Milwaukee Riverkeeper, “Milwaukee Urban River Trail,” http://www .mkeriverkeeper.org/content/milwaukee-urban-water-trail. 10. There are a growing number of similar nonprofits, including the Long Island City Community Boathouse and the North Brooklyn Boat Club, among others. 11. Cape Cod Commission, Cape Cod Ocean Management Plan, Barn- stable, Massachusetts, October 13, 2011.

Chapter 6. Engaging Urban Dwellers in Marine Life around Them 1. The Whale Tail is located a few feet away from the Route 250 bypass, and the Dairy Street Bridge, in the Greenbrier neighborhood of Char- lottesville. 2. MarineBio, “Worldwide Aquariums and Marine Life Centers,” http:// marinebio.org/marine-aquariums.asp. 3. National Aquarium, “Economic Impact,” http://www.aqua.org/press /~/media/Files/Pressroom/National%20Aquarium_Economic%20Im pact_AF.pdf. Notes 175

4. “Biosphere Urban BioKit Edmonton,” http://www.edmonton.ca/envi ronmental/documents/Edmonton_BioKitLOW.pdf. 5. Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Whale Watching Center, “Volunteering—Whale Watching Spoken Here,” http://www.oregon.gov /oprd/PARKS/WhaleWatchingCenter. 6. See Ocean Discovery Institute, “Discover Ocean Leaders,” http:// oceandiscoveryinstitute.org/education-2/after-school-initiatives. 7. Blair and Dawn Witherington, Florida’s Living Beach: A Guide for the Curious Beachcomber (Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 2007), 308. 8. Deborah Sullivan Brennan, “Citizen Scientists Play Key Roles in Re- search,” San Diego Union Tribune, December 10, 2012, http://m.utsandiego .com/news/2012/dec/10/tp-citizen-scientists-play-key-roles-in-research. 9. Auckland Shell Club, http://nz_seashells.tripod.com. 10. See International Surfing Association, “Surfing Statistics,” http:// www.statisticbrain.com/surfing-statistics. 11. DEMA: The Diving Equipment and Marketing Association, “Fast Facts: Recreational Scuba Diving and Snorkeling,” http://www.dema.org/asso ciations/1017/files/Diving%20Fast%20Facts-2013.pdf. 12. PADI: Professional Association of Diving Instructors, “Worldwide Corporate Statistics 2013,” http://www.padi.com/scuba/uploadedFiles /Scuba_—Do_not_use_this_folder_at_al/About_PADI/PADI_Statis tics/2012%20WW%20Statistics.pdf 13. According to Oceania, a ship of two to three thousand passengers can generate one thousand metric tons of waste in a single day. The cruise ship industry, while subject to international treaties such as MARPOL, has a terrible track record, with many stories of flagrant disregard for marine environments. 14. Ross A. Klein, “Stop Rearranging Deck Chairs: Cruise Industry Needs Big Changes,” Seattle Times, April 10, 2012, http://seattletimes.com /html/travel/2017948779_webcruiseships11.html. 15. Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, Cruise Industry Overview— 2011, http://www.f-cca.com/downloads/2011-overview-book_Cruise%20 Industry%20Overview%20and%20Statistics.pdf. 16. PRNewswire, “In Time for Earth Day 2012 Holland America Line Debuts ‘Our Marvelous Oceans’ Video Series in Partnership with Marine Conservation Institute,” April 19, 2012, http://www.prnewswire.com/news -releases/in-time-for-earth-day-2012-holland-america-line-debuts-our -marvelous-oceans-video-series-in-partnership-with-marine-conser vation-institute-148157305.html. 176 Notes

17. See Conservation International, From Ship to Shore: Sustainable Stew- ardship in Cruise Destinations, January 1, 2005, http://www.conservation .org/global/celb/Documents/from_ship_to_shore_eng.pdf. 18. Sea-Changers, “How to Help—Cruise Passengers,” http://www.sea -changers.org.uk/how-to-help/how-to-help-for-cruise-passengers. 19. “Dive into theBlu,” http://theblu.com/index.html.

Chapter 7. New Ideas for Connecting Oceans and Cities 1. See Timothy Beatley, Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011). 2. Rebecca Sarah Koss and Jonathon Yotti Kingsley, “Volunteer Health and Emotional Wellbeing in Marine Protected Areas,” Ocean and Coastal Management 53, no. 8 (August 2010): 451. 3. As Koss and Kingsley (“Volunteer Health and Emotional Wellbeing in Marine Protected Areas,” 451) note: “Sea Search volunteers who live locally to their MPA [marine protected area] are in effect the eyes and ears in reporting issues to the local management authorities (Parks Victoria) as one member of Friends of Mushroom Reef Marine Sanctuary, Victoria, points out: ‘I knew it [Mushroom Reef] was there before and I had a little bit to do with it. I do feel like I belong, I am part of it, and if I see people out there trampling around or doing things, I start to get angry about it because they are upsetting my patch.’” 4. Washington State University, WSU Beach Watchers, http://beach watchers.wsu.edu/regional/index.php. 5. Deborah Young, “Squiggly Baby Eels Arrive in Staten Island Water- ways,” Staten Island Advance, April 12, 2012, http://www.silive.com/news /index.ssf/2012/04/squiggly_baby_eels_arrive_in_s.html. 6. Heal the Bay, http://www.healthebay.org. 7. See RedMaps, “Tracking Wayward Snapper (and the History of Red- Map),” http://www.redmap.org. 8. Marine Resources Council, “North Atlantic Right Whale Program,” http://www.mrcirl.org/our-programs/northern-right-whale-monitoring. 9. Nicole Flotterton, “Cornell Cooperative Extension Celebrates 20 Years at Southold’s Cedar Beach,” Hamptons.com, July 20, 2011, http:// www.hamptons.com/Community/Main-Articles/15132/Cornell-Coopera tive-Extension-Celebrates-20-Years.html. 10. See National Parks Board, Singapore, “About the Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity Survey,” http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/doc/cmbs _annexa.pdf. Notes 177

11. National Parks Board, Singapore, “More than 100 New Records and Discoveries of Marine Species in Singapore. More Possible Discoveries from Marine Biodiversity Expedition Now Underway at Southern Islands,” http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_news&task =view&id=329&Itemid=247.

Chapter 8. Forging a Blue Urban Future 1. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Popu- lation Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, March 2012, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf. 2. Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, “Visitor Centre,” http://www .zeehondencreche.nl/wb/pages/visitors-centre.php. 3. “India Bans Captive Dolphin Shows as ‘Morally Unacceptable,’” En- vironment News Service, May 20, 2013, http://ens-newswire.com/2013 /05/20/india-bans-captive-dolphin-shows-as-morally-unacceptable. 4. James Nye, “Fisherman Who Caught ‘Biggest Mako Shark Ever’ Sparks Worldwide Anger for Failing to Release 1323lb Monster . . . These Grue- some Trophy Photos Won’t Help Then,” MailOnline, June 5, 2013, http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2336688/TV-crew-caught-biggest -mako-shark-sparks-outrage-animal-activists-world-upset-didnt-re lease-1323lb-sea-monster.html. 5. Associated Press, “Monster Mako Shark Caught off Southern Cali- fornia May Be a Record,” New York Daily News, June 5, 2013, http://www .nydailynews.com/monster-shark-caught-california-record-article -1.1364397. 6. Benedict W. Wheeler, Mathew White, Will Stahl-Timmons, and Mi- chael Depledge, “Does Living by the Coast Improve Health and Wellbeing?” Health and Place 18 (2012): 1198–1201. 7. Michael Depledge and William Bird, “The Blue Gym: Health and Wellbeing from Our Coasts,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58 (2009): 947–48. 8. Mathew White et al., “Blue Space: The Importance of Water for Pref- erence, Affect, and Restorativeness,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (2010): 482–93. 9. Susanna Curtin, “Wildlife Tourism: The Intangible, Psychological Benefits of Human-Wildlife Encounters,”Current Issues in Tourism 12 (5–6): 451–74.

Index

Figures/photos/illustrations are indicated by “ f ” and tables by “ t “. air conditioning, 32, 70, 71f bioblitz, 95–96 air pollution, 7 biophilia, xiv, 12 Aires Mateus, Manuel, 74 Bjercke and Eliassen, 105 airlines, xv black sea bass, 94f Albert, Julie, 142–143 Bloomberg, Michael, 63 Albert Heins, 50 blue ethic, 103 Allen, Will, 52 blue roofs, 74 American Eel Research Project, 136 blue urbanism, xiii–xviii American Public Health Association, 26 bluebelts, 89–90 anemone, 96, 110, 151, 164f Laguna Beach as, 91, 92f Anoplogaster cornuta (fangfish), 14 Taputeranga Marine Reserve as, 95–98 aquaria, 69, 107–109, 109f. See also boating, 123–124. See also sailing specific aquaria marinas, 40 Archimedes screw, 31–32 Bolsa Chica Wetlands Restoration Architecture Research Office, 80 Project, 40 Atlantic coast, 40–41 Boston, Massachusetts, 47, 58, 125f, 130 Attenborough, David, xii BP, 3 Australia, 39, 105. See also Perth, Bucklin-Sporer, Arden, 118–119 Western Australia building design, xvi, 26, 148 Ningaloo Reef in, xii–xiii blue roofs in, 74 Redmap in, 140, 142 floating buildings in, 78–80, 79f, 81f River Guardians of, 137–138 green roofs in, 73–74 Sea Search Citizen Science program Oslo Opera House, 68–69, 69f in, 134 for sea levels, 72–73 underwater webcam in, 129 in Seattle, 66–67, 67f Seattle Aquarium, 69–70, 71f bacteria, 8, 149 underwater buildings in, 70–72, 71f Bangladesh, 76–77 Burden, Amanda, 98–99 Beach Naturalists, 10 Beach Watchers, 135 California, 95f, 140, 151f Bioacoustics Research Program (Cornell Laguna Beach, 91, 92f Lab of Ornithology), 41 Long Beach Green Port, 37–40, 38t

179

California (continued) garbage clean-up in, 20–22 Los Angeles, 22, 57, 145–148, 146f for ocean research, 150–152 MPAs in, 57, 93 ocean research sponsorship by, 150– San Francisco, xv, 20–21, 42, 118–119 152, 151f California Waterkeeper Alliance, 145 options for, xv–xvii Callebaut, Vincent, 77 policies in, xv, 16–18, 20–22 Cameron, David, 28 sea levels and, 16, 61–62, 64–66 Canada, 62, 63f, 113–114 for urban fish production, 52–55 Cape Ann Fresh Catch CSF, 47–48 Clark, Christopher, 41 Cape Cod, 100 Clean Trucks Program, 37–38 Cape Cod Commission, 88–89 climate change, 2 Cape D’Aguilar Marine Reserve, 56 floating cities for, 76–80, 79f, 81f Cape Wind, 28 sea levels and, 61–62, 64–66 carbon, 3–4 Clinton Global Initiative, 23 Caruso, Nancy, 117–118 CMBS. See Comprehensive Marine Cathay Pacific, xv Biodiversity Survey Census of Marine Life, 14 CNU. See Congress for the New Chambers, Neil, 80–81 Urbanism Chambers Design, 80–81 Coast Care, 144 Charlottesville, Virginia, 104–105, 106f, coastal cities, 44 174n1 coastal management, 100–101. See also Chek Jawa. See Singapore specific cities Chicago, Illinois, 40, 54–55, 55f bluebelts in, 89–91, 92f, 95–98 circular metabolism, xiv Cape Cod Commission for, 88–89 cities. See also urban design of coastal setbacks, 87 coastal management and, 89, 91 deep seas related to, 86–89 ocean sprawl for, 19–20 holistic approach for, 87–88 sister cities, xvi, 152–154 issues for, 85–86 sustainability in, xiv marine habitats in, 85 citizen scientists of parks, 93–95, 94f, 95f for American eel, 136 pollution in, 86–87 Beach Watchers as, 135 of sewage, 87 benefits for, 134–135, 143, 176n3 technology for, 89 Dolphin Watch as, 136–140 Coastkeeper Alliance, 145–146 education of, 133–134 Columbia Power Technologies, 30 ocean connection of, 133–136, 154 Community Boating Inc., 123–124 Redmap, 140, 142 community sailing centers, 123–124 role of, 134–135 community-supported agriculture whale watching by, 142–143 (CSA), 46 Citizens of the Sea (Knowlton), 14 community-supported fishery (CSF), city governments, xv 46–48, 55 fishing and, 44–45 Comprehensive Marine Biodiversity fuels and, 25–27 Survey (CMBS), 150–151 Index 181

Comprehensive Waterfront Plan drones, 23–24, 25f (Manhattan), 63–64 drugs, 8 Congress for the Blue Urbanism, 83 Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU), Earle, Sylvia, xii, 2 83 economics Conrad Rangali Island Resort of car-dependence, 26 (Maldives), 70, 71f, 72 funding and, 153–154 Conservation International, 127 of whale watching, 13–14 coral, 15 ecotourism, 8 coral reefs, 8 education. See also ocean education Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, of citizen scientists, 133–134 California, 151f from Corps of Outside Education, Costa Rica, 57 118–119 Covanta Energy, 23 on fisheries management, 48–49 Cramp, Jessica, 153 on sailing, 124 crowdsourcing, 153–154 about shells, 121 cruise ships, 12, 127f eels, 136 ocean education from, 126–128 electricity pollution from, 126, 175n13 MHK for, 29–30 CSA. See community-supported small-scale hydro for, 31–32 agriculture elephant seal, 116f CSF. See community-supported fishery Elizabeth River Project, 148–149, 149f Curtin, Susanna, 165 Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Cyrene Reef, 164f Research Reserve (California), 95f energy conservation, 26. See also The Death of the Oceans (documentary), xii renewable energy Deepwater Horizon explosion and spill, 3 engineering sciences, 8 DEMA. See Diving Equipment and Evoluscient Systems™, 23 Marketing Association Department of Energy, US, 4, 29–30 Falcato, João, 108 diving. See scuba diving fangfish Anoplogaster( cornuta), 14 Diving Equipment and Marketing farming, 77 Association (DEMA), 125 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Dolphin Watch (FERC), 30 bonding by, 137–139 fish, 5, 46–48, 47f focus of, 136–137 fisheries, xvi, 44.See also urban fish Gizmo’s rescue and, 139–140 production personalization in, 137 optimism about, 57–58 dolphins, 107f, 138f fisheries management captivity ban on, 159–160 Cape Ann Fresh Catch CSF in, 47–48 DONG Energy, 27 certification of, 49–52, 51f Dorry, Niaz, 48–49, 58 CSFs in, 46–48 Doubilet, David, 104 ecology and, 49, 59 182 Index fisheries management (continued) Geoghegan, John, 35 education on, 48–49 Georgia Sea Turtle Center, 157–158, industrial fishing in, 49 158f locality of, 45–48 Get Inspired!, 117 McDonald’s and, 51–52 Geuze, Adriaan, 62 MSC and, 50–51 Giroud, Marnie, 137–139 NAMA for, 48–49 Givens, Tom, 105, 106f, 174n1 positive trends in, 59 Gizmo, 139–141 small-scale fishers in, 45 Global Partnership for Oceans, 8 Wives Association for, 46–47 Gloucester, Massachusetts, 46–48, 47f fishing gray whales, 114–115 city governments for, 44–45 Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary management systems for, 44 (Georgia), 94f MPAs for, 55–56 Great Pacific Garbage Patch, 22 without sustainability, 43–44 green bomber worms (Swima Fisler, Shara, 116 bombiviridis), 14 floating cities, 76–80, 79f, 81f Green Building Council, US, 148 Floating Horizon, 24 Green Flag Incentive Program, 38–39 Floating the Apple, 64 Green Marine, 36 floating wind turbines, 29 green roofs, 73 flooding for Lisbon, Portugal, 74 in Bangladesh, 76–77 for Rotterdam, 74 in New York City, 80 green sea turtle, 13, 13f in Rotterdam, 65–66, 74–75 green urbanism compared, to blue in Venice, 82–83 urbanism, xiii–xviii Florida, 142–143 greenbelts, 90 Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, 12 Greenheart Project, 36 Florida’s Living Beaches (Witherington Greenpeace, 150 and Witherington), 121 grey whales, 12–13 Forsell, Susan, 52 Growing Power, 53 fuels, 54 Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, xviif biofuels for, 35 Gulf of Mexico city governments and, 25–27 dead zone in, 7 fossil fuel dependence, 2–3, 24–26 Deepwater Horizon explosion and from garbage, 23 spill in, 3 at Long Beach Green Port, 38–39 methane hydrates as, 25–26 harbor water, 131 funding, 153–154 Hart, Lenie ‘T, 158 Hawaii, 56 garbage, 6–7, 42 Hawaiian monk seal, 6, 6f cleanups of, 20–24, 22f, 78 Heal the Bay, 140 drones for, 23–24, 25f “Hercules,” 9, 9f fuel from, 23 Herz, Carole, 121 Index 183

Hiram Chittenden Locks (Seattle, Laguna Bluebelt Coalition, 91 Washington), 66–67, 67f land use, 87 Holland America cruise line, 127–128 zoning in, xvi–xvii Hong Kong, xv LEED certification, 148 Marine Biodiversity Map in, 100 lighting, 26 MPAs in, 56 Lin, Maya, 105 Hoplosthethus atlanticus (orange Lisbon, Portugal, 74 roughies), 14 local fishing communities, 58 Houston, Texas, 105 London Array, 28 Hudson River Community Sailing, 94 Long Beach Green Port Hudson River Park, 94–95 fuel at, 38–39 habitat restoration at, 40 India, 159 policy of, 37, 38t industrial fishing, 43–44 speed at, 38–39 International Coastal Cleanup, 21 trucks at, 37–38 Island Bay Marine Education Centre Long Island, New York, 144 (New Zealand), 96–97, 120f Los Angeles, 22 ISS Fabien Cousteau Blue Award, 40 kelp forests near, 145–148, 146f Ithaa Undersea Restaurant (Maldives), MPAs in, 57 70, 71f, 72 Low Sulphur Fuel Incentive Program, 38

Jackson, Jeremy, xii, 3 Madison, Wisconsin, 52 Japan, 78 Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries jellyfish, 14–15 Management Act, 57–58 jellyfish (Turritopsis nutricula), 14–15 Maine, 46 Johnston, Jason, 161 Manhattan Island Foundation, 94–95 Journeé, Steve, 98–99, 99f manta rays, 8, 168n17 Jupiter Foundation, 129 marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy, 29–30 kayaking, 95f Marine Biodiversity Map (Hong Kong), kayaks, 95f, 124–125 100 kelp forests, 10, 12, 148 Marine Conservation Institute, 127–128 diving and, 144–147, 146f Marine Drone, 23–24, 25f Kelp Project, 145–147, 146f Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA), 91, 93 Kingsley, Jonathon Yotti, 176n3 marine protected areas (MPAs), 16 Klein, Ross, 126 in California, 57, 93 Knoester, Ramon, 77–78 citizen scientists for, 176n3 Knowlton, Nancy, xii, 14 in Costa Rica, 57 Koss, Rebecca Sarah, 176n3 in Hong Kong, 56 Kraus, Scott, 40–41 PIPA as, 108–109 in South Africa, 56–57 LA Waterkeeper, 10, 145–147 Marine Resources Council, 142 Laguna Beach, California, 91, 92f marine restoration, 40, 143–144, 147 184 Index

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Navy, US, 8, 35 50–51, 58 Netherlands, 50–51. See also Rotterdam, MarineBio Conservation Society, 107 Netherlands Mark 4 PowerBuoy, 30 floating buildings in, 78–80, 79f, Massachusetts, 46, 47f, 48, 123–124 81f Boston, 47, 58, 125f, 130 New England Aquarium, 40–41 Mathisen, Janice, 10, 110–112 attendance at, 107 Matthew Baird Architects, 73 PIPA and, 108–109 McDonald’s, 51–52 New Orleans, 11, 11f McGuire, David, 161 New York City, 62–64, 105 Mc-Kinney Møller, 32 blue roofs for, 74 mercury, 7, 24 Comprehensive Waterfront Plan for, methane hydrates, 25 98–99 Meux, Brian, 10, 146–148 Downtown Boathouse in, 99–100 MHK. See marine and hydrokinetic flooding in, 80 (MHK) energy Hudson River Park at, 94–95 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53 kayaks in, 124–125, 174n10 community sailing center in, 124 Rising Currents in, 72–73 Urban Water Trails in, 99 soft infrastructure for, 80 Mithun Architects, 69–70 Water Trail Map in, 99 MLPA. See Marine Life Protection Act New York City Downtown Boathouse, Molenaar, Arnoud, 64–65 124–125 Monterey Bay Aquarium, 17, 17f, 50– New Zealand. See Wellington, New 51, 51f, 107 Zealand Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, xii– Institute, 15 xiii Montrose, 147 NOAA. See National Oceanic and Moses project, 82 Atmospheric Administration MPAs. See marine protected areas noise, underwater, 41 MSC. See Marine Stewardship Council North Atlantic Right Whale Program, Museum of Modern Art (New York 142–143 City), 72–73 North Atlantic right whales, 33–34, 41, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 80–81 89, 93, 142–143 Northern Mariana Islands, 13, 13f NAMA. See Northwest Atlantic Marine Northwest Atlantic Marine Alliance Alliance (NAMA), 48–49, 58 National Aquarium, 107 Norway, 105, 107f. See also Oslo Opera National Oceanic and Atmospheric House Administration (NOAA), 4, 6, 6f, 49 ocean art, 106 National Resources Defense Council, 20 in Oslo, Norway, 107f naturalist programs, 109–114, 111f, in Virginia, 104–105, 106f, 174n1 113f whales in, 105, 106f, 174n1 Index 185 ocean connection, xv, 103 Oceana, 25–26 of citizen scientists, 133–136, 154 Oceanario (Lisbon, Portugal), 107–108, climate change from, 2 109f experience for, 97 Oceania, 175n13 organizations for, 104 oceans from technology, 128–130 agriculture chemicals in, 7 to weather, 1–2 air pollution and, 7 Ocean Conservancy, 21, 49, 129 carbon from, 3–4 Ocean Discovery Institute, 116–117 dead zones in, 7 ocean education, 97, 130–131 discoveries in, 8, 15, 96, 151 from bioblitz, 95–96 fish from, 5 in boating, 123–124, 125f influence of, xi in boating, sailing, surfing, diving, oil from, 2–3 123–125, 125f resources from, 1 from cruise ships, 126–128, 127f temperature of, 3 diving and, 125 oceanscape, xiv on Kelp Project, 145–146 oil, 2–3, 23–26 from Ocean Discovery Institute, open-water aquaculture, 49 116–117 OPT. See Ocean Power Technologies from Oceanario, 107–108, 109f Orange Anthias, xviif in recreational activities, 119–121, orange roughies (Hoplosthethus 120f, 122f, 123–128, 125f, 127f atlanticus), 14 from Sea Bass In the Classroom, Oregon, 88 117–118 Orff, Kate, 80 Sea-Changers for, 128 Oslo Opera House (Norway), 68–69, 69f in Seattle, 109–112, 111f Oyster-tecture, 80–81 in shell clubs and beachcombing, 120–121, 122f, 123 Pacific Islands Conservation Initiative, in Singapore, 112–113 153 snorkeling and, 125 PADI. See Professional Association of from TOPP, 115 Diving Instructors from Urban BioKits, 113–114 parks for whale watching, 114–115 coastal management of, 93–95, 94f, about whales, 114–116 95f Ocean Leaders, 116–117 water plaza as, 64–65 Ocean Power Technologies (OPT), 30 Parks, Susan, 41 ocean research. See also citizen scientists Pauly, Daniel, xii city governments for, 150–152 Pecl, Gretta, 140, 142 funding for, 153–154 Perth, Western Australia, xii–xiii, 66 propulsion studies in, 8 Dolphin Watch in, 136–140, 138f Ocean Science Explorers, 116 Water Police in, 139–141 ocean sprawl, 2–5 Phoenix Islands Marine Protected Area mapping of, 40–42 (PIPA), 108–109 186 Index

Phycodurus eques (sea dragons), 14 restaurant, 70, 71f, 72 PIPA. See Phoenix Islands Marine Rezwan, Mohammed, 77 Protected Area right whales. See North Atlantic right The Plant (Chicago, Illinois), 54–55, 55f whales plastics, 5–6 Rising Currents (New York City), 72–73 policies RITE. See Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy in city governments, xv, 16–18, 20–22 River Guardians, 137–138 economics of, 8 River Star Homes, 148–149 of Long Beach Green Port, 37, 38t River Star Schools, 149 tragedy of the commons and, 7 Robison, Bruce, 15 pollution Rodgers, Bruce, 140–141 agriculture chemicals in, 7 Rolland, Rosalind, 40–41 in coastal management, 86–87 Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE), from cruise ships, 126, 175n13 30–31 Elizabeth River and, 149 Rotterdam, Netherlands from garbage, 6–7 green roofs for, 74 green roofs and, 73 port of, 65 from plastics, 5–6 urban design in, 64–66 Portland, Oregon, 75, 75f water plazas in, 64–65 ports, 65, 131 water retention in, 74–76 green ports, 36–40, 37f, 38t Poseidon Underwater resort (Fiji), 72 sailing, 94, 123–124, 125f Professional Association of Diving cruise ships, 12, 126–128, 127f, Instructors (PADI), 125 175n13 Project Blue Hope, 153 salmon, 67, 67f, 70 Project Kaisei, 23 San Diego Natural History Museum, 121 propulsion studies, 8 San Francisco, 42 public opinion, xii–xiii. See also specific Corps of Outside Education in, locales 118–119 Puget Sound, Washington, 135 plastic bags ban in, xv, 20–21 Sanfilippo, Angela, 46–48 Ray, Carleton, 41 Santa Monica Bay Restoration Recycled Island, 77–78 Foundation, 147 Redmap, 140, 142 Santa Monica Baykeeper. See LA remote operated vehicles, 9, 9f, 168n17 Waterkeeper renewable energy Sargasso Sea, 136, 152 for air conditioning, 32, 70, 71f Save Our Shores (SOS), 21 DOE for, 29–30 Scape Studio, 80 MHK in, 29 Schneider, Ralph, 24 OPT for, 30 scuba diving, 12, 89, 97, 125 RITE for, 30–31 Kelp Project for, 144–147, 146f from seaweed, 31 Sea Bass In the Classroom, 117–118 small-scale hydro in, 31–32 sea dragons (Phycodurus eques), 14 Index 187 sea levels, 72–73 snorkeling, 125 city governments and, 16, 61–62, solar water farming, 77 64–66 SOS. See Save Our Shores urban design and, 61–62, 64–66 South Africa, 56–57 sea life mural, 11, 11f Southold Project in Aquaculture Sea Search Citizen Science program, 134 Training (SPAT), 144 sea turtles, 157–158, 158f Staten Island, New York, 90, 136 Sea-Changers, 128 stewardship change Seafood Watch, 50–51, 51f, 127, 129 from city governments, 16–18 seagrass, 164f at personal level, 12–14, 13f seal rescue and rehabilitation, 158–159 potential for, 9–12 Seamounts Marine Management Area whale watching in, 12–14 (Costa Rica), 57 Stockholm, 32 SeaRay, 30 submersibles, 150, 151f Seattle, Washington, 93–94, 135 surfers, 125 Hiram Chittenden Locks in, 66–67, 67f Sweetwater Organics, 52–54, 53f ocean education in, 109–112, 111f Swima bombiviridis (green bomber Seattle Aquarium, 10, 69–70, 71f worms), 14 seaweed, 31 swimming, 94–95 shark finning, xv, 5, xvif shark sanctuary, 153 Table Mountain National Park, 56 Shark Stewards, 161 Tagging of Pacific Predators (TOPP), shell clubs and beachcombing, 120– 115, 116f 121, 122f, 123 Tagliaferri, Peter, 39 shellfish, 144 Tan, Ria, 112 Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha, 77 Tange, Kenzo, 78 shipping, 4, 33f, 37–40, 37f, 38t Taputeranga Marine Reserve (New biofuels for, 35 Zealand), 95–98 carbon footprint of, 34 Tasmanian Institute for Marine and channels for, 32–34 Antarctic Studies, 140, 142 extent of, 32, 33f technology, 143 greening of, 34–36 digital ocean environment from, hull design for, 35 129–130 North Atlantic right whales and, smartphone apps in, 128–129 33–34 underwater soundscape in, 129 sail power for, 35 underwater webcam in, 129 speed of, 34 10th@Hoyt Apartments (Portland, wind for, 35–36 Oregon), 75, 75f Singapore, 56, 150–151, 164f theBlu, 129–130 land reclamation project in, 112–113, tidal pools, 10 113f TOPP. See Tagging of Pacific Predators ocean education in, 112–113 transportation, xv, 26. See also shipping small-scale hydro, 31–32 Turritopsis nutricula (jellyfish), 14–15 188 Index underwater buildings, 70–72, 71f harbor of, 98, 99f underwater noise, 41 Island Bay Marine Education Centre, United Kingdom, 27–28 96–97, 120f United Nations Environment Taputeranga Marine Reserve in, Programme, 7 95–98 urban aquaponics. See urban fish Wellington Marine Conservation Trust, production 96 Urban BioKits, 113–114 Wellington Underwater: What Lies Beneath urban design (Journeé), 98 CNU and, 83 West Wind, 27 floating cities in, 77–80, 79f, 81f Whale Alert, 128 in New York City, 62–64 whale watching, 12–14, 114–115 in Rotterdam, 64–66 by citizen scientists, 142–143 sea levels and, 61–62, 64–66 Whale Watching Spoken Here in Toronto, 62, 63f (WWSH), 13, 114–115 underwater ecosystem in, 62 whales, 4, 39, 160 urban fish production North Atlantic right whales, 33–34, at The Plant, 54–55, 55f 41, 89, 93, 142–143 at Sweetwater Organics, 52–54, 53f in ocean art, 105, 106f, 174n1 urban maps, 41–42 stress on, 41 WHIM Architecture, 22, 77–78 Venice, Italy, 82–83 Wild Singapore, 112 Verdant Power Inc, 30–31 Wilson, E. O., xiv Virginia, 55 wind, 4, 28f, 29 ocean art in, 104–105, 106f, 174n1 for shipping, 36 River Star Homes in, 148–149 for United Kingdom, 27–28 volunteers, 153. See also citizen Wind Powering America, 4 scientists Witherington, Blair, 121 for Kelp Project, 145–147, 146f Witherington, Dawn, 121 retirees as, 143, 154 World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 5, 43, for whale watching, 114–115 100 World Wildlife Fund-Singapore, 56 Wade-Brown, Celia, 97 WWF. See World Wildlife Fund water plaza, 64–65 WWSH. See Whale Watching Spoken water retention Here in Portland, Oregon, 75, 75f in Rotterdam, 74–76 Yarinsky, Adam, 80 Wellington, New Zealand, 11–12, 27, 37f, xiiif