DOCSLIB.ORG

Nutrition and Cancer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nutrition and Cancer Nutrition and Cancer In Vitro Inhibition of Proliferation of Estrogen-Dependent and Estrogen- Independent Human Breast Cancer Cells Treated with Carotenoids or Retinoids1 Pankaj Prakash,*2 Robert M. Russell† and Norman I. Krinsky*† *Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and the †Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1837 ABSTRACT Both estrogen-receptor (ER) positive MCF-7 and ER-negative Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were treated with carotenoids (␤-carotene, canthaxanthin and lycopene) and retinoids (all-trans-, 9-cis- and Downloaded from 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinol). Among carotenoids, ␤-carotene significantly reduced the growth of MCF-7 and Hs578T cells, and lycopene inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Canthaxanthin did not affect the proliferation of any of the three cell lines. All-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid significantly reduced the growth of both MCF-7 and Hs578T cells, whereas 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinol had a significant effect only on MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 and Hs578T cells treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (all-t-RA) were further studied for the mechanism behind growth inhibition. Retinoic acid receptors ␣ and ␥ (RAR␣, ␥) in MCF-7 cells and RAR␣, ␤ and ␥ in Hs578T cells were not jn.nutrition.org induced by all-t-RA treatment at either the protein or mRNA level. Hs578T cells treated with all-t-RA had significantly more cells in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle, but the same was not observed for MCF-7 cells. All-t-RA induced a dose-dependent cell death in MCF-7 cells, which may be a necrotic phenomenon. These results demonstrate that ER status is an important, although not essential factor for breast cancer cell response to carotenoid and retinoid treatments, and the mode of action of all-t-RA in MCF-7 and Hs578T cells is not through the induction of RAR. Other at USDA, National Agricultural Library on April 28, 2009 mechanistic pathways that are either followed by or concomitant with growth inhibition are possible. J. Nutr. 131: 1574–1580, 2001. KEY WORDS: ● ␤-carotene ● retinoic acid ● breast cancer cells ● cell cycle ● retinoic acid receptors Cancer of the breast is the most common incident cancer ciated with an increased risk of breast cancer (Comstock et al. and cause of death from cancer in women (WHO 1997). The 1992, Potischman et al. 1990, Weisburger 1991). offspring of emigrants from countries with low breast cancer Carotenoids may act as chemoprotective agents through incidence to countries with high breast cancer incidence ac- biological activities such as metabolism to retinoids, antioxi- quire rates close to those of the new country, suggesting that dation, immunoenhancement, protection against cellular mu- environmental and lifestyle influences are important in the tagenesis and malignant transformation, and inhibition of etiology of breast cancer (McMichael and Giles 1988). This tumorigenesis (Bendich 1989, Krinsky 1989 and 1993, Shultz could be the result of noninherited factors including, among et al. 1992). Carotenoids also function as radical-trapping other possibilities, diet (Trichopoulos and Willett 1996). antioxidants in vitro and may have the same activity in vivo Epidemiologic and laboratory investigations exploring the (Burton and Ingold 1984, Krinsky 1989). Retinoids, on the other hand, exert a variety of effects on basic biological pro- relationship between diet and disease suggest an inverse cor- cesses such as growth, differentiation, development and ma- relation between consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in lignant transformation, in addition to receptor-induced signal carotenoids and certain cancer incidence rates (Block et al. transduction. Knowledge of the effect of these compounds has 1992, Ziegler 1989). In a review of possible environmental led to the hypothesis that retinoids may act as chemopreven- determinants of cancer, it was estimated that 35% of cancers tive agents as well as inhibitors of the growth of established in the United States might be attributable to dietary factors tumors (Hill and Grubbs 1992, Peto et al. 1981). (Doll and Peto 1981). Several studies have shown that low This study was designed to determine the effects of carote- levels of either dietary intake or plasma carotenoids are asso- noids and retinoids on the growth of human breast cancer cells. Briefly, the growth of estrogen-receptor positive (ERϩ)3 MCF-7 and estrogen-receptor negative (ERϪ) Hs578T and 1 Supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant 5R01 CA 66914–03 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells was determined after and by a fellowship from the Cancer Research Foundation of America. P.P. was supported by a fellowship from the Cancer Research Foundation of America. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed at Silico Insights, Incorpo- 3 Abbreviations used: all-t-RA, all-trans-retinoic acid; ER(ϩ), estrogen recep- rated, 400 W. Cummings Park, Suite 6475, Woburn, MA 01801. E-mail: tor positive; ER(Ϫ), estrogen receptor negative; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; RXR, [email protected]. retinoid X receptor; THF, tetrahydrofuran. 0022-3166/01 $3.00 © 2001 American Society for Nutritional Sciences. Manuscript received 10 July 2000. Initial review completed 14 August 2000. Revision accepted 17 January 2001. 1574 CAROTENOIDS, RETINOIDS AND BREAST CANCER CELLS 1575 treatment with a provitamin A carotenoid, ␤-carotene, and Cell proliferation. For the determination of cell proliferation, the nonprovitamin A carotenoids, canthaxanthin and lyco- MCF-7, Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with ␤-car- pene, and the retinoids, all-trans-, 9-cis-, and 13-cis-retinoic otene, canthaxanthin, lycopene, all-trans-, 9-cis- and 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-retinol. The mechanism underlying growth acid and all-trans-retinol solutions for up to 9 d. Proliferating viable inhibition caused by all-trans-retinoic acid (all-t-RA) in cells attached to the plastic wells were harvested and their numbers counted on d 2, 5 and 9 (data are shown for d 9 only, i.e., when the MCF-7 and Hs578T cells was further studied by determining cells reached confluency). For cell harvesting, the medium was aspi- the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) expression, cell cycle arrest rated from the wells; 0.5 mL of 0.25% trypsin solution was added to and apoptosis induction in these cells. each well and incubated at 37°C for 5, 3 and 2 min, for MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells, respectively. The reaction was stopped with 1.5 mL of the growth medium at room temperature. The MATERIALS AND METHODS cells were collected and counted in duplicate using an electronic Coulter Counter (model Z1; Coulter, Miami, FL). Cell morphology Chemicals. Growth media and other growth regulators were was monitored by periodic evaluation of the cells under a phase purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (Gaithersburg, MD). Crys- contrast microscope throughout the experiments. talline ␤-carotene, canthaxanthin, all-trans-, 9-cis-, and 13-cis-reti- Northern blot analysis of RAR(␣, ␤ and ␥) mRNA expression. noic acid and all-trans-retinol were purchased from Sigma Chemical MCF-7 and Hs578T cells were incubated with all-t-RA for 2, 6, 8, 24 (St. Louis, MO). Crystalline lycopene was kindly provided by and 72 h. RAR␣, ␤ and ␥ expression was examined at the transcrip- LycoRed, Beer-Shiva, Israel. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) stabilized with tion level in the control and treatment cells by Northern blot analysisDownloaded from BHT and acetone was purchased from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, of total cellular RNA, which was extracted from the cells using the PA. The retinoid receptor cDNA probes were obtained as a kind gift cesium chloride gradient method (Tsou et al. 1994). RNA from each from the laboratory of Dr. Monica Peacocke, Columbia University, sample (30 ␮g) was subjected to electrophoresis on a 1.2% agarose gel New York, NY. containing 5% formaldehyde. The gel was transferred to a Nytran Cells and cell culture conditions. MCF-7 human breast cancer Plus nylon membrane using a Turboblotter system (Schleicher & cells were obtained from the Michigan Cancer Foundation (Detroit, Schuell, Keene, NH). The membrane(s) were subjected to UV MI). Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were crosslinking and then hybridized to [␣-32P]-dCTP-labeled retinoidjn.nutrition.org obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). receptor cDNA probes (Tsou et al. 1994). pHE7 was used as a control MCF-7 cells were maintained in ␣-MEM medium containing HEPES, gene to monitor equivalent loading of RNA in each lane because the MEM nonessential amino acids, sodium pyruvate, L-glutamine, insu- levels of pHE7 are not affected by retinoic acid (Tsou et al. 1994). lin, gentamycin and 10% fetal bovine serum (5% serum for the After high stringency washing (0.1X standard saline citrate at 60°C), experiments). Hs578T cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified the membranes were exposed to photographic film using an intensi- at USDA, National Agricultural Library on April 28, 2009 Eagle’s medium with 4.5 g/L glucose, 10 mg/L insulin and 10% fetal fying screen at Ϫ80°C for various lengths of time (between 1 and bovine serum. MDA-MB-231 cells were maintained in a 1:1 mixture 7 d). The films were developed using an RG II film processor (Fuji, of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and Ham’s F-12 medium Elmsford, NY). containing 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, and 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells Semiquantitative evaluation of Northern blots. The films of were grown in 100-mm culture dishes and incubated at 37°C in a Northern blot analysis were quantified by densitometric scanning humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Cells were seeded at a 2 using a PD model densitometer (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, concentration of ϳ5000 cells/cm for the experiments, unless other- wise indicated.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparison of the Anticancer Activities of Dietary Beta-Carotene, Canthaxanthin and Astaxanthin in Mice in Vivo
    1: Anticancer Res 1999 May-Jun;19(3A):1849-53 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo. Chew BP, Park JS, Wong MW, Wong TS. Department Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6320, USA. [email protected] The anticancer activities of beta-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin against the growth of mammary tumors were studied in female eight-wk-old BALB/c mice. The mice were fed a synthetic diet containing 0, 0.1 or 0.4% beta-carotene, astaxanthin or canthaxanthin. After 3 weeks, all mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) WAZ-2T tumor cells into the mammary fat pad. All animals were killed on 45 d after inoculation with the tumor cells. No carotenoids were detectable in the plasma or tumor tissues of unsupplemented mice. Concentrations of plasma astaxanthin (20 to 28 mumol/L) were greater (P < 0.05) than that of beta-carotene (0.1 to 0.2 mumol/L) and canthaxanthin (3 to 6 mmol/L). However, in tumor tissues, the concentration of canthaxanthin (4.9 to 6.0 nmol/g) was higher than that of beta-carotene (0.2 to 0.5 nmol/g) and astaxanthin (1.2 to 2.7 nmol/g). In general, all three carotenoids decreased mammary tumor volume. Mammary tumor growth inhibition by astaxanthin was dose-dependent and was higher than that of canthaxanthin and beta-carotene. Mice fed 0.4% beta-carotene or canthaxanthin did not show further increases in tumor growth inhibition compared to those fed 0.1% of each carotenoid.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathway Development Via Retinoid X Receptor Vitamin a Enhances In
    Vitamin A Enhances in Vitro Th2 Development Via Retinoid X Receptor Pathway This information is current as Charles B. Stephensen, Reuven Rasooly, Xiaowen Jiang, of September 24, 2021. Michael A. Ceddia, Casey T. Weaver, Roshantha A. S. Chandraratna and R. Patterson Bucy J Immunol 2002; 168:4495-4503; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4495 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/168/9/4495 Downloaded from References This article cites 40 articles, 24 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/168/9/4495.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 24, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2002 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. Vitamin A Enhances in Vitro Th2 Development Via Retinoid X Receptor Pathway1 Charles B. Stephensen,2* Reuven Rasooly,* Xiaowen Jiang,* Michael A. Ceddia,3* Casey T. Weaver,† Roshantha A. S. Chandraratna,‡ and R. Patterson Bucy† Vitamin A deficiency diminishes Th2-mediated Ab responses, and high-level dietary vitamin A or treatment with the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) enhances such responses.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Carotenoids on Aflatoxin B1 Synthesis by Aspergillus Flavus
    Postharvest Pathology and Mycotoxins Effect of Carotenoids on Aflatoxin B1 Synthesis by Aspergillus flavus Robert A. Norton USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bioactive Agents Research, 1815 N. University, Peoria, IL 61604. Accepted for publication 24 April 1997. ABSTRACT Norton, R. A. 1997. Effect of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1 synthesis by type; lutein was similar to a-carotene and zeaxanthin was similar to ~­ Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology 87:814-821. carotene in inhibition. A mutant accumulating norsolorinic acid (NA), A. parasitiClis SRRC 162, incubated with a-carotene produced reduced levels Carotenes and xanthophylls occurring in yellow corn and related ter­ of both NA and aflatoxin, indicating that inhibition occurred before NA. penoids were tested for their effect on growth and aflatoxin B 1 produc­ Additional A. flavus strains tested against 50 Ilg/ml of ~-carotene had 89 tion by Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357, using the suspended disc culture to 96% inhibition, which was significantly more sensitive than NRRL method. Aflatoxin synthesis was inhibited at concentrations of ~-caro­ 3357. A. parasiticus strains were less sensitive and generally had similar tene, lutein, and zeaxanthin comparable to those found in the horny en­ or lower inhibition than NRRL 3357. The results indicate that the pre­ dosperm of mature corn. Usually growth was not significantly affected. sence of carotenoids in endosperm may decrease the amount of aflatoxin Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis was greater for compounds with an produced by A.flavus. a-ionone-type ring (a-carotene, lutein, or a-ionone) compared with com­ pounds with a ~-ionone ring. The presence of hydroxy groups on the rings Additional keywords: aflatoxin inhibition, ionones.
    [Show full text]
  • Raspberry Pomace - Composition, Properties and Application
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE European Journal ISSN 2449-8955 Review Article of Biological Research Raspberry pomace - composition, properties and application Agnieszka Joanna Brodowska Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland * Corresponding author: Agnieszka Brodowska; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19 February 2017; Revised submission: 24 March 2017; Accepted: 03 April 2017 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2017. European Journal of Biological Research © T.M.Karpi ński 2017. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.495190 ABSTRACT industry by-product, is considered as a potential food ingredient. Its pomace contains plenty of Raspberry pomace can be valorised due to its valuable components such as carbohydrates, nutritionally favourable effect on human health. proteins, fats, fibre, flavours, pectins, vitamins, It is an important source of polyphenols, ellagic similar to the composition of whole raspberries [2]. acid, ellagitannins, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty Moreover, raspberry pomace is rich in a large group acids, and dietary fibre. Thus, raspberry pomace of various phenolics especially ellagitannins, can be considered as a potential raw material to proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, and receive products rich in polyphenols or dietary phenolic acids (especially, ellagic acid) which are fibre, which can provide healthy properties to food also predominant in berries [3].
    [Show full text]
  • TAZORAC® (Tazarotene) Gel 0.05% (Tazarotene) Gel 0.1%
    NDA 020600 ® TAZORAC (tazarotene) Gel 0.05% (tazarotene) Gel 0.1% FOR DERMATOLOGIC USE ONLY NOT FOR OPHTHALMIC, ORAL, OR INTRAVAGINAL USE DESCRIPTION TAZORAC® Gel is a translucent, aqueous gel and contains the compound tazarotene, a member of the acetylenic class of retinoids. It is for topical dermatologic use only. The active ingredient is represented by the following structural formula: O OCH2CH3 N S TAZAROTENE C21H21NO2S Molecular Weight: 351.46 Chemical Name: Ethyl 6-[(4,4-dimethylthiochroman-6-yl)ethynyl]nicotinate Contains: Active: Tazarotene 0.05% or 0.1% (w/w) Preservative: Benzyl alcohol 1% (w/w) Inactives: Ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, carbomer 934P, edetate disodium, hexylene glycol, poloxamer 407, polyethylene glycol 400, polysorbate 40, purified water, and tromethamine. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Tazarotene is a retinoid prodrug which is converted to its active form, the cognate carboxylic acid of tazarotene (AGN 190299), by rapid deesterification in animals and man. AGN 190299 (“tazarotenic acid”) binds to all three members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) family: RARα, RARβ, and RARγ but shows relative selectivity for RARβ, and RARγ and may modify gene expression. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Psoriasis: The mechanism of tazarotene action in psoriasis is not defined. Topical tazarotene blocks induction of mouse epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, which is associated with cell proliferation and hyperplasia. In cell culture and in vitro models of skin, tazarotene suppresses expression of MRP8, a marker of inflammation present in the epidermis of psoriasis patients at high levels. In human keratinocyte cultures, it inhibits cornified envelope formation, whose build-up is an element of the psoriatic scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Carotenoids Up-Regulate Connexin43 Gene Expression Independent of Their Provitamin a Or Antioxidant Properties1
    (CANCER RESEARCH 52, 5707-5712, October 15, 1992] Carotenoids Up-Regulate Connexin43 Gene Expression Independent of Their Provitamin A or Antioxidant Properties1 Li-Xin Zhang, Robert V. Cooney, and John S. Bertram2 Molecular Oncology Unit, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 ABSTRACT their antioxidant capabilities were not. Neither activity was associated with the provitamin status of the various carotenoids Epidemiological evidence and studies in whole animals and cell cul tested (16). ture have indicated that carotenoids have cancer chemopreventive ac Here, we explore the mechanism by which various caro tion. In mouse C3H10T1/2 cells, this activity is highly correlated with the ability of carotenoids to up-regulate gap junctional intercellular tenoids elevate junctional communication. Gap junctions are communication. Here, we report that in mouse cells, carotenoids in composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins, which crease the expression of connexM.ì,a gene that encodes a major gap form a family of proteins (17). One member of this family, junction protein. This effect appears unrelated to their provitamin A Cx43,3 is a major gap junctional protein in various mammalian or antioxidant properties, since carotenoids with and without provitamin cells including 10T1/2 cells (18). The data indicate that caro A activity increased levels of connexin43 mRNA and protein, whereas tenoids enhance gap junctional communication by increasing the antioxidants methyl-bixin and a-tocopherol were inactive. More the levels of Cx43 mRNA and protein. This effect appears over, the active carotenoid canthaxanthin did not induce the vitamin unrelated to their provitamin A activity or antioxidant proper A-inducible gene retinoic acid receptor-0.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidation of Retinol to Retinoic Acid As a Requirement for Biological Activity in Mouse Epidermis1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 48, 7038-7040, December 15, 1988] Oxidation of Retinol to Retinoic Acid as a Requirement for Biological Activity in Mouse Epidermis1 Michael J. Connor Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024 ABSTRACT of retinal, which may explain its ability to inhibit both steps in The food and fragrance additive citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) retinoic acid synthesis from retinol, since as an aldehyde it can inhibits the oxidation of retino! to retinole acid in mouse epidermis on act as a substrate for both the alcohol- and aldehyde-dehydro- local application. This inhibitory property was used to test the hypothesis genases involved. that oxidation to retinole acid is rate limiting for the biological activity The ability of citral to inhibit retinol oxidation provides an of vitamin A (retinol) in epithelial tissues. Citral was tested as a modulator experimental tool for testing the paradigm that retinoic acid is of the biological activities of retinol and retinole acid using two bioassays an obligatory intermediate in at least some aspects of vitamin performed in Skh.hrI (hairless) mice: (a) the ability to induce epidermal A activity in the epithelia in vivo. Citral was proposed as a hyperplasia; (/>)the ability to inhibit the induction of epidermal ornithine vitamin A antagonist in 1956 (7). Aydelotte (8, 9) studied the decarboxylase activity by tumor promoters. Citral treatment inhibited interaction of citral and retinol in whole organ cultures of chick the ability of retinol, but not of retinoic acid, to induce epidermal epithelial tissues and concluded that citral had a competitive hyperplasia.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigment Palette by Dr
    Tree Leaf Color Series WSFNR08-34 Sept. 2008 Pigment Palette by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Autumn tree colors grace our landscapes. The palette of potential colors is as diverse as the natural world. The climate-induced senescence process that trees use to pass into their Winter rest period can present many colors to the eye. The colored pigments produced by trees can be generally divided into the green drapes of tree life, bright oil paints, subtle water colors, and sullen earth tones. Unveiling Overpowering greens of summer foliage come from chlorophyll pigments. Green colors can hide and dilute other colors. As chlorophyll contents decline in fall, other pigments are revealed or produced in tree leaves. As different pigments are fading, being produced, or changing inside leaves, a host of dynamic color changes result. Taken altogether, the various coloring agents can yield an almost infinite combination of leaf colors. The primary colorants of fall tree leaves are carotenoid and flavonoid pigments mixed over a variable brown background. There are many tree colors. The bright, long lasting oil paints-like colors are carotene pigments produc- ing intense red, orange, and yellow. A chemical associate of the carotenes are xanthophylls which produce yellow and tan colors. The short-lived, highly variable watercolor-like colors are anthocyanin pigments produc- ing soft red, pink, purple and blue. Tannins are common water soluble colorants that produce medium and dark browns. The base color of tree leaf components are light brown. In some tree leaves there are pale cream colors and blueing agents which impact color expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0
    77:222 Spring 2005 Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine Page 0 This student paper was written as an assignment in the graduate course Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine (77:222, Spring 2005) offered by the Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program B-180 Med Labs The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242-1181 Spring 2005 Term Instructors: GARRY R. BUETTNER, Ph.D. LARRY W. OBERLEY, Ph.D. with guest lectures from: Drs. Freya Q . Schafer, Douglas R. Spitz, and Frederick E. Domann The Fine Print: Because this is a paper written by a beginning student as an assignment, there are no guarantees that everything is absolutely correct and accurate. In view of the possibility of human error or changes in our knowledge due to continued research, neither the author nor The University of Iowa nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. All material contained in this paper is copyright of the author, or the owner of the source that the material was taken from. This work is not intended as a threat to the ownership of said copyrights. S. Jetawattana Lycopene, a powerful antioxidant 1 Lycopene, a powerful antioxidant by Suwimol Jetawattana Department of Radiation Oncology Free Radical and Radiation Biology The University
    [Show full text]
  • Canthaxanthin, a Red-Hot Carotenoid: Applications, Synthesis, and Biosynthetic Evolution
    plants Review Canthaxanthin, a Red-Hot Carotenoid: Applications, Synthesis, and Biosynthetic Evolution Bárbara A. Rebelo 1,2 , Sara Farrona 3, M. Rita Ventura 2 and Rita Abranches 1,* 1 Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; [email protected] 2 Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Plant and AgriBiosciences Centre, Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, H19 TK33 Galway, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 13 August 2020; Published: 15 August 2020 Abstract: Carotenoids are a class of pigments with a biological role in light capture and antioxidant activities. High value ketocarotenoids, such as astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, are highly appealing for applications in human nutraceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed industries due to their color- and health-related properties. In this review, recent advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology towards the production of ketocarotenoids, in particular the red-orange canthaxanthin, are highlighted. Also reviewed and discussed are the properties of canthaxanthin, its natural producers, and various strategies for its chemical synthesis. We review the de novo synthesis of canthaxanthin and the functional β-carotene ketolase enzyme across organisms, supported by a protein-sequence-based phylogenetic analysis. Various possible modifications of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and the present sustainable cost-effective alternative platforms for ketocarotenoids biosynthesis are also discussed. Keywords: canthaxanthin; metabolic engineering; carotenoid biosynthesis pathway; plant secondary metabolite; chemical synthesis 1.
    [Show full text]
  • (Se, Vitamin E and Carotenoids) in Broiler Diets on the Growth
    Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola The Effects of Different Types of Antioxidants (Se, ISSN 1516-635X Jan - Mar 2016 / v.18 / n.1 / 101-116 Vitamin E and Carotenoids) in Broiler Diets on the Growth Performance, Skin Pigmentation and Liver http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/18069061-2015-0155 and Plasma Antioxidant Concentrations Author(s) ABSTracT Karadas FI This study investigated the effects of the addition of different Erdoğan SI antioxidants to broiler diets on their live performance, liver antioxidant Kor DI Oto GII composition and concentrations, immune response, and meat and skin Uluman MIII color. A total of 945 three-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks of both genders were randomly allocated to one of nine dietary treatments (n=105), with I Yüzüncü Yıl University Agriculture Faculty, three replicates 35 chicks per pen, as follows: T1: control (commercially Department of Animal Science, Van, Turkey II Yüzüncü Yıl University Research Hospital, available corn-and soybean-based broiler diet); T2: selenium Department of Pharmacy, Van, Turkey (control+0.5 mg/kg Sel-PlexTMSe yeast); T3: vitamin E (control+200 mg/ III Kars Directorate of Provincial Food Agricul- kg Kavimix-E-50 α-tocopherol acetate); T4: lutein (control+100 mg/kg ture and Livestock 5% Lutein Beads XB); T5: lycopene (control+100 mg/kg 5% Lyco Beads XB);T6: canthaxanthin (control+25 mg/kg 10% Carophyll®Red);T7: apo- ester (control+25 mg/kg 10% Carophyll®Yellow); T8: lutein+zeaxanthin (control+25 mg/kg Xamacol®); and T9: β-carotene (control+100 mg/kg 10% Rovimix®). Feed (starter, grower, developer and finisher phases) and water were provided ad libitum for 42 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Carotenoid Pigmentation of Salmonid Fishes Carotenoid Pigmentation Of
    71 Carotenoid pigmentation of salmonid fishes - recent progress1 Bjørn Bjerkeng AKVAFORSK, Institute of Aquaculture Research AS, N-6600 Sunndalsøra, Norway Tel. +47 71 69 53 05, Fax. +47 71 69 53 01. [email protected] ABSTRACT: The purpose of this presentation is to review recent literature on carotenoid pigmentation in salmonid fishes. Consumers have preferences for red-colored products of salmonid fishes, and this is reflected by an increased rate of publications on carotenoids in relation to aspects of quality such as coloration, variation among groups of fish and within fish, and effects of fish production and processing. Recent studies have shown that dietary carotenoid utilization for muscle pigmentation has a considerable genetic component, enabling selective breeding for color traits. Recently, studies have shown that astaxanthin (3,3´-dihydroxy-â, â-carotene-4,4´-dione) E/Z isomers accumulate selectively in fish tissues and plasma. All-E-astaxanthin accumulate selectively in muscle and plasma, and 13Z-astaxanthin in liver of salmonid fishes. The positive effect of lipid content on muscle carotenoid deposition appear to be the only interaction with macronutrients. Also it has been shown that oil composition and á-tocopherol may have slight positive effects on carotenoid utilization. Storage losses of carotenoids may be considerable, and protection from oxygene is of great importance. Carotenoid absorption is slow, and apparently governed by passive diffusion. About 60% of the absorbed carotenoids are metabolized, partly into idoxanthin (3,3´,4´-trihydroxy- â, â -carotene-4-one) which is rapidly formed from astaxanthin. Carotenoid metabolism and partitioning among body compartments is affected by sex hormones.
    [Show full text]