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The First Geological Map of Patagonia

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Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64 (1): 55 - 59 (2009) 55 THE FIRST GEOLOGICAL MAP OF PATAGONIA Eduardo O. ZAPPETTINI and José MENDÍA Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino (SEGEMAR) - Av. Julio A. Roca 651 (1322) Buenos Aires Emails: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT This contribution analyses the first geological map of Patagonia drawn by Darwin around 1840, and colour-painted by Darwin himself. It had remained unpublished and only a small version in black and white had been printed before. The different units mapped by Darwin are analysed from a modern perspective, and his ability to show a synthesis of the complex geological structure of Patagonia is stressed. Keywords: Geological map, Patagonia, Patagonian Shingle, Darwin geologist. RESUMEN: El primer mapa geológico de la Patagonia. La presente contribución analiza el primer mapa geológico de la Patagonia reali- zado por Darwin cerca de 1840, pintado en colores por el mismo Darwin, que ha permanecido inédito y del que sólo se cono- cía una versión de tamaño reducido en blanco y negro. Se analizan las diferentes unidades mapeadas por Darwin desde una perspectiva actual, destacándose su habilidad para mostrar en esa síntesis la compleja estructura de la Patagonia. Palabras clave: Mapa geológico, Patagonia, Rodados Patagónicos, Darwin geólogo. DARWIN AND THE VOYAGE OF HMS BEAGLE At the time Charles Darwin set sail on board HMS Beagle on a journey that was to last two years and ended up lasting five, he was not more than an amateur naturalist that had quitted his medical courses and after that abandoned his in- tention of applying for a position in the Church of England, just to embrace the study of natural history. In those years Charles Lyell (1830-1833) published his theory of gradualism (the present is the key of the past) as a counterpart to catastro- phism then prevailing in geological thought. During the five years (1831- 1835) that his journey on board HMS Beagle lasted - of which three years and one month were spent ashore - Darwin made countless observations on geology and biology and even on the communi- ties that he visited (Fig. 1). These altoge- ther paved the way towards his famous theory on natural selection and the origin of species and the influence that the en- vironment - including its geological cons- Figure 1: Itinerary of HMS Beagle and landings and titution and evolution - has on the suc- journeys of Charles Darwin cess and adaptability of species. in the interior of South America. 56 E. O. ZAPPETTINI AND J. MENDÍA DARWIN'S CONTRIBUTIONS on the topography produced by (1826- of gneiss and granitic slates that compri- TO GEOLOGICAL 1830) and published in London by John se the Cordillera presently bearing his KNOWLEDGE Murray. The watercolour is from the time name (Eastern Metamorphic Complex of of Darwin's voyage on the Beagle or Aysen and Magallanes in Chile and La- Darwin's contributions to the geological maybe just a few years later, circa 1840. pataia Formation in Argentina). Towards knowledge of South America were re- On the back of the map there is an anno- the northeast he pointed out the predo- corded in four main papers, i.e., On the tation reading "p 94", which suggests minance of gneiss and granites (Coast connection of certain volcanic phenomena in that it was drawn for inclusion as an illus- Batolith in Chile). Between Cabo Tres South America (1838), On the distribution of tration to one of the volumes of the Montes and the north of the Chonos erratic boulders and on the contemporaneous Geology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Islands the predominant rock is a Mica stratified deposits of South America (1841), (1846c), but it was never printed. slate with organic matter (presently Canal An account of the fine dust which often falls on The only previous regional maps are tho- King Formation). vessels in the Atlantic Ocean (1846a,[Read 4 se published by d'Orbigny (1842) toge- June 1845), On the Geology of the Falkland ther with the geological sketch of the UNIT 2 (Trappean rock and porphyries). It Islands (1846b), and finally the book Geo- provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, Entre includes intrusive and extrusive rocks logical Observations on South America (1846c) Ríos, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires, inclu- exposed in Hoste and Londonderry reprinted in 1876 as part of his Geological ding northern Patagonia down to Valdés Islands (Chile) and also Mesozoic ophio- observations on the volcanic islands and parts of Peninsula. litic rocks exposed in Wollaston Island. the South America visited during the voyage of It comprises Paleogene monzodiorites, H.M.S. Beagle. On the other hand, a first GEOLOGICAL MAP diorites and gabros and Mesozoic basal- unpublished essay of his geological ob- OF PATAGONIA tic lavas of the Hardy Formation, and the servations was written during his voyage Sarmiento and Tortugas ophiolitic com- on board H.M.S. Beagle ca. 1834 which is The observations by Darwin recorded on plexes in Chile. titled Reflection on reading my geological notes. the map are mainly referred to coastal In Wollaston Island Darwin described In this work Darwin put forward a the- areas surveyed by HMS. Beagle (Fig. 2) "greenstones" with pyrite and epidote with ory on the geological formation of South and involve seven geological units: evidence of metamorphism, and basaltic America and included his interpretations submarine volcanic rocks. In Hardy Pe- on the history of life in the continent 1) Granite, Mica slate, ninsula he recorded the pyrite-rich "trap- which, albeit not evolutionist is neverthe- 2) Trappean rock and porphyries, pean and basaltic rocks", trachytes with less sequential (cf. S. Herbert 1995). 3) Purple porphyries and infra metamorphics, columnar jointing, and diorites rocks. In these works there are numerous and 4) Clay slate, Darwin's precise drawing of the contact detailed descriptions of geological units. 5) Tertiary [newer - crossed out -] (Pliocene?), between this unit and Unit 1 is especially However, figures representing his obser- 6) Recent, remarkable when compared to modern vations are few and of limited interest. 7) Basaltic lava. maps. Despite of this, Darwin at some stage of About units 2 and 3 he states "These two his life as a scientist tried to synthesize in are perhaps very closely allied". UNIT 3 (Purple porphyries and infra meta- a map the main units that were subject of morphics). This unit was recognized by his work, although such a map was never UNIT 1 (Granite, Mica slate). It mainly Darwin on the coast of Santa Cruz. It published. involves the Cretaceous so-called Coast comprises the volcanic rocks of the The Library at Cambridge University Batolith that Darwin stated as exposed in Chon Aike Formation, which in this sec- keeps an original unpublished map pain- Chilean Patagonia south of the Strait of tor represents the easternmost exposures ted with water-colours by Darwin him- Magellan. It includes outcrops at the of the Deseado Massif. Darwin descri- self. This is the earliest known Regional notheastern corner of Hoste Island and bed these volcanics as trachytic porphy- Geological Map of the Patagonian re- at the northwestern sector of Navarino ries. The unit includes the tectonic silici- gion of Chile and Argentina (Fig. 2). A Island. In this unit are also included the fied breccias assigned to the Bahía Laura black and white version was published by Mica slates of the southernmost end of Group, and exposed at Cabo Blanco. Rhodes (1991, Fig. 3) who stated "the the Chonos Archipelago in the Taitao These were erroneously interpreted by magnificent structure of this map" in contrast and Tres Montes peninsulas. Darwin as siliceous sedimentary rocks with the other Darwin's unpublished In his description of this unit Darwin and compared them to those of the Mal- map of Patagonia which is rather simple recorded different lithologies, among vinas Islands. (Herbert 1991 and 2005, plate 6). The which he distinguished - west of the Off-limits he describes purple to pink, geological observations were represented Beagle Channel bifurcation - a complex and sometimes laminated, porphyric The first geological map of Patagonia 57 Figure 2: Geologic map of Patagonia (Darwin, circa 1840, unpublished). rocks, which are slightly vesicular with north and points out the presence of Navarino Island. He describes slates ex- feldspar and quartz crystals. He stated local chert beds. posed along the Beagle Channel between these as the dominant rocks in between its bifurcation and Lemaire Strait, consti- Port Santa Elena, Camarones and Ma- UNIT 4 (Clay slate). According to Dar- tuting Navarino Island to the south and laspina up to the "Paps of Pineda" (sic). win's description, it comprises siltstones, the eastern sector of Hoste Island and At Puerto Deseado he records the pre- feldspar volcanics, graywackes, scarce Hardy Peninsula. North of the Beagle sence of porphyries up to 40 km west of black limestones with Lower Cretaceous Channel this unit runs in a northwestern the coast, covered by Tertiary deposits. fossil remains, and metamorphic schists. direction towards Brunswick Peninsula He indicates that the composition is These are the core of the mountain ran- on both coasts of Admiralty Strait, con- similar to that of those described further ges of southern Tierra del Fuego and tinuing north along the eastern flank of 58 E. O. ZAPPETTINI AND J. MENDÍA the Cordillera. Darwin collected fossils his description he indicates that not all ral inability to translate his images into visual from the limestone beds he recorded. the gravel beds are from recent times, representations". These indicate a Cretaceous age. particularly those of higher tablelands Lastly, it should be stressed that if it had Darwin stressed the change in the direc- (see discussion in Martínez et al.
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  • VOYAGE of the BEAGLE (1831-1836 CE) Macquarie University Big History School: Core

    VOYAGE of the BEAGLE (1831-1836 CE) Macquarie University Big History School: Core

    READING 5.2.4 VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE (1831-1836 CE) Macquarie University Big History School: Core Lexile® measure: 780L MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY BIG HISTORY SCHOOL: CORE - READING 5.2.4. VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE: 1831-1836 CE - 780L 2 Below are the highlights of the 5-year voyage of the HMS Beagle. On this voyage, Charles Darwin formed his ideas around evolution by natural selection. VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE (1831-1836 CE) By David Baker DECEMBER 27 1831: The HMS Beagle set sail from England on a journey around the world. The ship was under the command of Captain Fitzroy. Also on board was 22- year old Charles Darwin. Darwin is the ship’s naturalist. JANUARY 16 1832: The Beagle made landfall at St. Jago, Cape Verde Islands. The islands are just off the coast of West Africa. Darwin investigated the geology of the volcanic island. Darwin also collected many tropical animals. He was very interested in these creatures. He saw octopi that changed colours. There were also birds, which weren’t afraid of humans. Darwin also saw a layer of seashells in the rocky cliffs of the island. This implied that the Earth was slowly changing over time. New islands were being created and rising out of the sea. FEBRUARY 28 1832: The Beagle reached Brazil. Darwin saw slavery here, which disgusted him. The following year, the British Empire would abolish slavery. Darwin visited the lush forests and islands of Brazil. He collected more fascinating specimens. Darwin stayed for a time in Rio di Janeiro. Here, a deadly illness spread through the Beagle’s crew.