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Custodial Heroes, Moral Soldiers, and Willing Sacrifices

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Custodial Heroes, Moral Soldiers, and Willing Sacrifices CUSTODIAL HEROES, MORAL SOLDIERS, AND WILLING SACRIFICES: HEROIC MASCULINITY IN MODERN EPIC FANTASY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in English University of Regina By Sean David McKenzie Regina, Saskatchewan October, 2009 ©2009: S. D. McKenzie Library and Archives Bibliothfeque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'6dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votrn reference ISBN: 978-0-494-65688-4 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-65688-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent §tre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Sean David McKenzie, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts in English, has presented a thesis titled, Custodial Heroes, Moral Soldiers, and Willing Sacrifices: Heroic Masculinity in Modern Epic Fantasy, in an oral examination held on October 16, 2009. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: "Dr. Brian Attebery, Idaho State University Supervisor: Dr. Susan Johnston, Department of English Committee Member: Dr. Noel Chevalier, Luther College Committee Member: "Dr. Lynn Wells, Department of English Chair of Defense: Dr. Alison Hayford, Department of Sociology and Social Studies *Participated via video conference **Not present at defense Abstract In this thesis I will argue that modern epic fantasy, fantasy which follows Tolkien's generic conventions and examines the human condition, uses its suspension of disbelief to consider important issues of masculine identity, particularly custodial masculinity. My definition of custodial masculinity is from Jamie Paris, who defines it as male identities predicated on taking responsibility for ensuring the human flourishing of another person. Such masculinity perceives others, not as means to its own ends, but as ends-in-themselves, whose flourishing helps to ensure the higher-order goods of the community. Custodial masculinity, then, is a communitarian notion, which may even call for a knowing sacrifice of the self in order to ensure these larger goods, (ii) I compare this conception of masculinity to those proposed by theorists such as Michael Kimmel, Larry May, and R.W. Connell, noting particularly how this concept undermines their arguments for a hegemonic, destructive masculinity. Each of the three chapters of my thesis will explore a different facet of custodial masculinity, expanding upon Paris' definition, and specifically focusing on how modern epic fantasy authors provide models for custodial conduct and moral masculinity. In my first chapter, I will discuss masculine morality in The Sword of Truth series by Terry Goodkind, and The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliver series by Stephen R. Donaldson, particularly concentrating on the role of the soldier, and the idea of moral redemption. In my second chapter, I will discuss the concept of fatherhood in fantasy, using the same primary sources, but focusing on the physical and emotional absence of i fathers, and the power dynamic between father and child. My third chapter will consider the role of the surrogate and the sacrifice in J.K Rowling's Harry Potter series and Guy Gavriel Kay's Fionavar Tapestry, examining the relationship between custodial care and sacrifice, and considering how the question of motive and intent relates to both. Thus, my thesis will begin with considering what it means to be a custodial man, examine how that masculine identity is passed on, and discuss the resolution and ramifications of choosing to become a custodial male. ii Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without my supervisor, Dr. Susan Johnston, who offered endless discussion, argument, encouragement and support. I am additionally thankful for my committee members, Dr. Noel Chevalier and Dr. Lynn Wells, who supported me despite the magnitude of my project and its extensive reading list. I would also like to thank the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Regina and the Social Sciences and Humanities Counsel for their gracious funding. Finally, thank you to my family, who may not have completely understood why I chose this path, but love me regardless. iii Dedication To my loving wife, Christina, who has patiently listened to my ranting, tolerated my vehement arguments with books, and supported me through my bleakest and brightest hours. Post-Defense Acknoledgement A special thank you to Dr. Brian Attebery, who took the time out of his busy schedule to serve as the external examiner for my thesis defense. v List of Abbreviations Donaldson, Stephen. The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever—The Chronicles -Lord Foul's Bane—LFB -The Illearth War—IW -The Power that Preserves—PtP Goodkind, Terry. The Sword of Truth - Wizard's First Rule- WFR -Stone of Tears—SoT -Blood of the Fold—BotF -Temple of the Winds—TotW -Soul of the Fire—SotF -Faith of the Fallen—FotF Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter. -Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—Philosopher's -Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets—Chamber -Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban—Prisoner -Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire—Goblet -Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix—Order -Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince—Half-Blood -Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows—Deathly Hallows vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION POST-DEFENSE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE: Masculine Morality: The Role of the Soldier and the Redeemed in The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever and The Sword of Truth CHAPTER TWO: On Sons, Fathers, and Surrogates in The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever and The Sword of Truth CHAPTER THREE: Custodialism and Sacrifice: Caregivers, Teachers, and Saviours in Harry Potter and The Fionavar Tapestry CONCLUSION AND REFLECTION WORKS CITED APPENDIX A Introduction Though the "sword and sorcery" movement actually began with Robert Howard's series of Conan (1932)1 stories, it was not until Tolkien's Lord of Rings (1954-5) that the fantasy genre began to find acceptance as literary art,2 and the imprint that Tolkien left upon the genre is unmistakable: fantasy novels are filled with knowledgeable wizards, estranged and ostracized heroes, and vulnerable characters that reenact and complicate Frodo's necessary moral choice between good and evil. These conventions often provoke critics to suggest an ironic lack of imagination in the fantasy genre, and indeed there are many formulaic fantasy authors that seek only to retell Tolkien's tale ad nauseum without significant engagement with the genre and the literary values behind it. However, there is significant evidence, both textual and critical, that supports epic fantasy's ever-evolving ingenuity, and its status as a literary art form; writers such as Stephen R. Donaldson, Guy Gavriel Kay, Terry Goodkind, and J.K. Rowling have all created brilliant fantasy worlds entirely worthy of academic critique. I will examine how the genre fits into literature and addresses contemporary issues through these authors by focusing upon the most heavily foregrounded and important element in fantasy: the hero. Because the vast majority of fantasy heroes are male, any constructive examination of heroism implicitly requires consideration of the masculinity behind that heroism as well. By studying the hero in the works of Tolkien, and some of the better fantasy authors that ' Howard actually began his barbarian stories in 1929, writing about a character named King Kull, but this character was usurped by Conan, when the first stories about the Cimmerian appeared in Weird Tales in 1932 ("Robert E. Howard"). 2 This is certainly not to say that the entire fantasy genre made the leap; there are far more pure escapist adventure stories than there are literary ones, and many of those who try to write in modern epic fantasy completely ignore the literary requirements of the genre in favour of blind generic adhesion. I will outline my criteria for differentiating both types of'pulp' fantasy from literary fantasy further on. followed him, I intend to discern the common masculine elements which tie the unique male heroes of fantasy together, and explain what kind of masculinity modern epic fantasy proposes, and why.
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