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Kainga Rapa Nui Rapa Nui Kainga Rapa Nui Octubre 2010 Octubre Tierra Ancestral Ancestral Lands MOE VARUA INBOUND brasil 21,5 X 27,5.pdf 1 24-09-10 12:04 Con motivo del Eclipse visité Rapa Nui en Julio pasado y entre otras actividades, tuve la oportunidad de desarrollar algunas mediciones del estado de la Calidad del Cielo y los niveles de contaminación lumínica presentes en la Isla. A continuación una breve reflexión a este respecto. Contaminación Lumínica Light Contamination In conjunction with the solar eclipse, I visited Rapa Nui in July and, among other activities, had the opportunity to take some measure- ments of the state of sky quality and the levels of light contamination on the Island. I offer a short reflection on this topic. blocks our view of the stars Evita Ver las Estrellas By Prof. Carmen G. Jiménez Pino PHD. Dpto. de Astronomía, Universidad de Dept. of Astronomy, University of Concepción Internacional Dark-Sky Association. l mirar una foto de la Tierra vista desde la Estación bserving a photo of Earth taken from the EspacialA Internacional, se distinguen claramente las InternationalO Space Station, the cities and most heavily ciudades y las zonas más pobladas de nuestro planeta. populated areas of our plant are clearly distinguished. A Una gran parte del alumbrado público sale proyectado large part of our public lighting is projected into space. al espacio. Inicialmente esta imagen nos puede parecer Initially this image seems beautiful because we think of hermosa porque solemos asociar la luz con algo muy light as something positive. But, as the saying goes, all positivo. Pero, como reza el dicho, no todo lo que brilla that glitters is not gold. On each of our streets we have es oro. En cada una de nuestras calles existen luminarias lamps which, unfortunately, don’t send all their light to the que lamentablemente no envían toda la luz hacia al suelo ground where it is really needed, but let over 50% escape (que es donde efectivamente se necesita) sino que más del skyward. The cumulative effect over time of all this light 50% se escapa hacia el cielo. El efecto acumulativo en el escaping upward is not only a great waste of energy and tiempo de toda esa luz proyectada hacia arriba no es sólo money, but also harmful to research being done about the un gran derroche de energía y dinero, sino también un universe. We can see that for ourselves just by noting the daño para los estudios realizados en torno al universo, diminished number of stars visible in the night sky over que podemos comprobar de manera simple, a través de la areas with a high level of light contamination. From a dark disminución de la cantidad de estrellas visibles en el cielo site, and if our eyes are good, on a moonless night we can durante la noche, en zonas que sobrepasen un determinado distinguish around 6,000 of the 100,000 million stars to be rango de contaminación. Desde un sitio oscuro y siempre found in the Milky Way, our galaxy. Light contamination que nuestros ojos no tengan defectos, podemos distinguir deprives us of this view of the heavens and limits the a simple vista 6.000 estrellas en una noche sin luna, information which comes to us from the cosmos. comparado con los 100.000 millones de estrellas que 2 tiene la vía láctea que es la galaxia a la que pertenecemos. La Over half of the inhabitants of our planet now contaminación lumínica nos priva de ver el firmamento y live in cities which require an immense quantity limita la información que nos llega desde el cosmos. of electricity to function. One of the countries which most consumes electricity is the United Más de la mitad de los habitantes del mundo viven en States, due to its great economic activity. It is ciudades, las cuales requieren cantidades inmensas de estimated that the USA uses more light just in electricidad para funcionar. Uno de los países que consume its exterior illumination than the total amount of más energía es Estados Unidos debido a su gran actividad energy produced by a small country like Chile. económica. Se estima que en ese país se ocupa en iluminación The economic loss from light which escapes into exterior más que la cantidad total de energía producida por the sky as light contamination in the USA costs at un país pequeño como Chile. ¡La pérdida económica de la luz least a billion dollars a year! To this we must add que se escapa hacia el cielo como contaminación lumínica en the environmental damage caused by the extraction EEUU es de al menos mil millones de dólares al año! A esto and burning of fossil fuels (8 million tons of coal, hay que sumar el daño ambiental causado por la extracción the equivalent of 30 million barrels of petroleum) y quema del combustible fósil ( 8 millones de toneladas de just to generate this wasted electricity. This has a carbón, equivalente a 30 millones de barriles de petróleo) direct impact on the quantity of carbon dioxide sólo para generar esta electricidad desperdiciada. Esto tiene introduced into the atmosphere, which is worsening un impacto directo en la cantidad de CO2 introducido en global warming on our planet. But the situation la atmósfera el cual empeora las condiciones respecto al isn’t much better in other countries. calentamiento global de nuestro planeta. La situación no es mucho mejor en el resto de los países. Measurements done during my stay on Easter Island, with an instrument called an SQM brought La medición realizada durante mi estadía en Isla de Pascua from the USA, indicate that levels within the mediante un instrumento llamado SQM de EEUU indica populated area of the island are not very promising. que los niveles alcanzados en la zona poblada, no son muy Changes, in accordance with current regulations alentadores. Se necesitan a corto plazo, cambios acordes a las for the protection of the quality of the night sky, actuales regulaciones de protección de la calidad del cielo, que are needed in the short term to modify the light modifiquen, tanto el plano de emisión de la luminosidad del emissions from the existing public street lamps. alumbrado, como los tipos de luminarias existentes. There is still time to discuss this topic and establish Aún es tiempo para discutir el tema y establecer medidas measures to protect the wonderful starry skies of para proteger los maravillosos cielos estrellados de esta isla, the Island, permitting the younger generations permitiendo a las generaciones más jóvenes y también a los and visitors alike the possibility of experiencing visitantes, la posibilidad de experimentar el cielo nocturno en the night sky in all its splendour, a cosmic scene todo su esplendor, un escenario cósmico comparable sólo con only comparable to the Atacama Desert, on of the el Desierto de Atacama, uno de los lugares con los mejores best dark sky areas in the world, where today the y más oscuros cielos del globo, donde se encuentran hoy los observatories with greatest reach and resolution are observatorios astronómicos de mayor resolución y alcance. found. Las consecuencias de una contaminación lumínica son graves The consequences of light contamination are serious para la fauna y flora, para la salud humana (en especial para for the flora and fauna, for human health (especially nuestros ritmos biológicos cerebrales) también se asocia al for our biological brain waves) and is also associated incremento del calentamiento global y como si esto fuera with an increase in global warming. If that’s not poco, pone en riesgo la preservación de la herencia cultural enough, it risks the loss of our cultural patrimony del cielo que – acorde a los señalado por la mayoría de in the sky which, as confirmed by most current los actuales estudios arqueo astronómicos - permitió a los studies of archaeoastronomy, allowed the ancient antiguos navegantes, llegar a esta isla que hoy es vuestro hogar. navigators to reach this Island, our home today. Flamean las banderas Rapa Nui flags are Rapa Nui en las being flown high above propiedades fiscales government properties. como asimismo en For an Rapa Nui, there algunas privadas de are strong emotional los mismos isleños. ties to the land, as Para los Rapa Nui it is their birthright. existe una ligazón They call it “Kaigna,” emocional profunda which means uterus, or con la tierra que los vio womb. Traditionally, nacer. Ellos la llaman the land was always “Kainga”, útero o considered to be an matriz y era considerada untouchable collectively tradicionalmente una owned property, propiedad colectiva divided into ancestral inalienable, dividida en districts. distritos ancestrales. Kainga Rapa Nui istóricamente el dominio de las tierras de Rapa Nui ha istorically ownership of Rapa Nui land has always been Hsido una lucha sin fin. Los primeros en adquirir terrenos en la Ha never ending battle. The first people to acquire land were the isla fueron los misioneros católicos y el francés auto proclamado catholic missionaries and the self-appointed “King” of Rapa Nui “Rey” de Rapa Nui Jean-Baptiste Dutrou Bornier, en la década Jean-Baptise Doutrou Bornier, back in the 1860’s. Together they de 1860. Juntos crearon el Consejo de Estado de Rapa Nui el created the Council of the State of Rapa Nui which ruled over the cual pasó a regir a la población que fue reunida en la llamada island’s people who were called to order and reunited in what was Villa de Santa María de Rapa Nui, actual Hanga Roa, alterando known as the Villa de Santa Maria de Rapa Nui, today’s Hanga así la estructura tradicional de poder y las relaciones de los Roa.
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