Selected Case Studies in Nepal, Philippines and Vietnam
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Partner Report Series No 9 Understanding Adaptation Planning: Selected Case Studies in Nepal, Philippines and Vietnam Adaptation Knowledge Platform REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONKNOWLEDGEPLATFORM for Asia 1 The Partner Report Series highlights the insights and outcomes of studies, assessments and other field activities that our national implementing partners have undertaken in their countries to mainstream adaptation into plans, policies and programmes. The intention of the series is to disseminate their findings to partners and relevant professionals in Asia. We welcome suggestions or comments. Suggested citation: Adaptation Knowledge Platform (2013), Understanding Adaptation Planning: Selected Case Studies in Nepal, Philippines and Vietnam, Adaptation Knowledge Platform, Partner Report Series No. 9. Stockholm Environment Institute, Bangkok. Available online at www.asiapacificadapt.net or weADAPT.org. About the authors Lisa Schipper is a Senior Scientist and co-leader of the Reducing Climate Risk research theme at the Stockholm Environment Institute, currently based in the office in Davis, and previously at the Asia Centre in Bangkok. Lisa is the co-editor of the Earthscan Reader on Adaptation to Climate Change (2009, with Ian Burton) as well as an IPCC Lead Author in the Fifth Assessment Report (2014). The Nepal Foresters’ Association is the only professional organization representing foresters of Nepal. It promotes sustainable forest management in Nepal and provides scientific expertise in forestry, biodiversity and issues relating to natural resource management. WWF Nepal is one of the country offices of the World Wildlife Fund, the world’s leading conservation organization working in 100 countries for nearly half a century. Michael D. Pido is the Vice President for Research & Extension and concurrently Director of the Center for Strategic Policy and Governance, Palawan State University, Philippines. He has an MSc in Rural Resources and Environmental Policy (University of London, UK) and a PhD from James Cook University of North Queensland in Australia. Manuel “Nong” C. Rangasa is known as the Community Adaptation Practitioner and Chairman and Executive Director of Local Climate Change Adaptation for Development (LCCAD) Inc. He advocated for the early passage of two laws, Republic Act 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009) and Republic Act 10121 (Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010). He previously served as the Project Manager of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund 1656: Albay Demo Joint Programme between the Government of the Philippines (GOP), Government of Spain (GOS) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). He conceptualized for the establishment of the Climate Change Academy for LGUs in the Philippines. He is a member of the Philippine negotiators to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Bach Tan Sinh is the Director of the Department of S&T Human Resource Policy and Organization, National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies (NISTPASS), Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam. He has more than twenty years of experience in policy analysis and governance in science, technology, environment and development in Vietnam. Vu Canh Toan is a researcher working at the National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies (NISTPASS), Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam, since 2008. Nguyen Duy Can is the Dean of the College of Rural Development, Can Tho University, Vietnam. Nguyen Tuan Anh is a Senior Researcher at the Asian Management and Development Institute, Vietnam Disclaimer The views or opinions expressed in this document belong to the author and do not reflect those of AKP, its partners, or donors. Copyright SEI and AKP 2013 Editor: Marion Davis Front Cover: Photo Credit: creativecommons | Soma-Samui Back Cover: Photo Credit: creativecommons | Witcha Suyara How to obtain the digital copy: This publication can be electronically downloaded from www.asiapacificadapt.net or weADAPT.org. This digital publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Regional Climate Change Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a reference. Contents List of figures iii List of tables iii Preface iv Lessons for adaptation planners and practitioners from natural resource management and disaster risk reduction planning in Nepal, Philippines and Vietnam – a Summary 1 Key messages 1 Generating new knowledge 1 How well do we understand adaptation planning? 2 Learning through case studies 3 Approach 3 Project findings 5 Multiple layers of stakeholders 5 Ownership of the planning process 5 Money matters 6 Shifting time horizons 6 Concluding remarks 6 Case Study 1: Nepal - Natural Resource Management 7 Introduction 7 Community forestry in Nepal 8 Current status of community forests 10 Evaluating the effectiveness of CF institutions in Nepal 10 Study sites 11 Results and discussion 12 Governance 12 Participation 16 Cross-level interaction 18 Perception 18 Factors affecting the CFUG planning process 19 A context for climate change adaptation planning 20 Lessons for adaptation planning 21 References 22 Case Study 2: The Philippines - Natural Resource Management, Disaster Risk Reduction Management and Climate Change Adaptation Planning 24 Introduction 24 Methodological approach 25 Case study background 25 Palawan province 25 Albay province 27 Study findings 28 i Governance 28 Participation 35 Cross-level interaction 37 Perceptions 38 Discussion 39 If this is an example of successful planning, which criteria and/or models have contributed? 39 If this is an example of unsuccessful planning, which models, processes or characteristics might contribute to this? 39 How is quantitative and qualitative information used in the planning process? 40 How are different stakeholders involved in the planning process? 40 What tools are used for planning? 40 Acknowledgements 40 References 41 Case Study 3: Vietnam - Disaster Risk Management 42 Executive summary 42 Introduction 43 Methodology 44 Study: Community-based disaster risk reduction in Binh Dinh province 44 Community-based disaster risk management in Vietnam 45 Institutionalizing CBDRM 46 The disaster risk management process in practice 47 Disaster risk management planning in Binh Dinh Province 49 The Norwegian Red Cross CBDRM project 51 Vulnerability and capacity assessment 52 Participation 53 Discussion 54 Unexpected outcomes 54 Study: The flood protected residential cluster programme in An Giang province 55 Natural disasters in An Giang province 55 The flood protected residential clusters programme 57 Living with floods 58 Four on the spot principles 58 Organizational structure 58 Planning, decision-making and participation 59 Cross-level interaction and coordination 61 The flood protected residential cluster programme in An Giang province 61 The resettlement process 63 Community participation and cross-level interaction 63 Successful and unsuccessful cases of flood protected residential cluster planning 64 Factors leading to successful planning 64 Factors that undermined the success of planning 65 Discussion 65 ii Governance and participation in the planning process 65 Comprehensive measures based on the communities’ needs 66 Cross-level interaction 66 Monitoring and evaluation 66 Recommendations 66 References 67 CBDRM Study in Binh Dinh 67 Flood Protected Residential Clusters Study in An Giang 68 Annex 1: List of Interviewees for CBRDM study 69 List of figures Figure 1: Three pillars of adaptation to climate change 3 Figure 2: Study sites 11 Figure 3: Actors involved in Nepal’s community forestry planning process 12 Figure 4: Sub-national planning process in CF management 13 Figure 5: Policy planning process leading to national level 14 Figure 6: An alternative approach to delivering resources from the national to the local level 15 Figure 7: Stakeholders involved in community forestry management 16 Figure 8: Interest–influence matrix for planning process 17 Figure 9: Location of Palawan and Albay provinces 25 Figure 10: Location map of Palawan Province and Puerto Princesa City, Philippines 26 Figure 11: Map of Albay Province 27 Figure 12: Administrative map and location of Binh Dinh province 45 Figure 13: Traditional disaster risk management planning 48 Figure 14: The CBDRM process 49 Figure 15: CBDRM planning process in Binh Dinh province 51 Figure 16: Organizational structure of the Norwegian Red Cross CBDRM project 52 Figure 17: Share of damage caused by different disaster types in An Giang (2000-2010) 56 Figure 18: Economic damage caused by floods in An Giang (2000-2010) 56 Figure 19: Number of people killed by floods in An Giang (2000-2010) 57 Figure 20: Organizational structure of the Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control and Rescue 59 Figure 21: The planning and reporting process 60 Figure 22: The Steering Committee for Residential Clusters planning and reporting process 62 Figure 23: The resettlement process 63 List of tables Table 1: Case study questions and methodological approach 4 Table 2: Status of CF in Nepal as of 2011 10 Table 3: Major government bodies involved in environment and natural resources management 30 Table 4: Planned flood protected residential cluster - the case of An Giang