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Karta Rahardja KARTA RAHARJA 1(2) (2019); 15-30 KARTA RAHARDJA http://ejurnal.malangkab.go.id/index.php/kr STRATEGI PERLAKUAN TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI METRO DI RUAS PAKISAJI – KEPANJEN DI KECAMATAN PAKISAJI – KEPANJEN KABUPATEN MALANG Arief Setiyawan Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang Jl. Sigura - Gura No.2, Sumbersari, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur 65152 Dikirim: 10 Oktober 2019; Direvisi: 12 November 2019; Disetujui: : 20 Desember 2019 Abstrak Meningkatnya aktivitas manusia, perubahan guna lahan dan semakin beragamnya pola hidup masyarakat perkotaan yang menhasilkan limbah domestik menjadikan beban pencemar di Sungai Metro semakin besar dari waktu ke waktu. Sungai Metro ruas Pakisaji – Kepanjen terindikasi mengalami penurunan kualitas air sungai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kondisi daya tampung beban pencemaran eksisting sungai metro ruas Pakisaji – Kepanjen dan untuk mendapatkan skenario , strategi perlakuan terhadap kualitas air. Pendekatan penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan adalah melakukan simulasi parameter (pH, Temperature, DO, BOD, COD, NO3, NH4, PO4, dan TSS) dalam berbagai skenario dengan menggunakan aplikasi QUAL2Kw. Selanjutnya dilakukan perhitungan daya tampung beban pencemaran dan besar penurunan beban pencemar yang harus dilakukan. Hasil sungai brasi model sebesar 0,6599 sehingga model dapat digunakan untuk rata tiap segmen di sungai metro yaitu BOD : 401,9 kg/hari, COD : 4.191,76 kg/hari, NO3 : 2.093,4 kg/hari, simulasi karena berada pada nilai fitnes 0 – 1. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa daya tampung rata- NH4 : 122,72 kg/hari, PO4 : 44,71 kg/hari, TSS : 44.199,71 kg/hari . maka dari itu diperlukan penurunan rata-rata beban pencemaran pada parameter NO3 sebesar 53,32%, NH4 sebesar 40,23% dan PO4 sebesar 77,36%. Kata Kunci : kualitas air, Sungai Metro, beban pencemaran * Korespondensi Penulis © 2019 Arief Setiyawan Telepon : +62 812-3478-8337 Ciptaan disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi- NonKomersial-BerbagiSerupa 4.0 Internasional. 15 I. PENDAHULUAN sebagai tempat pembuangan air limbah dari aktivitas rumah tangga seperti MCK, industri dan Jumlah penduduk di Kecamatan Pakisaji dan limpasan dari aktivitas pertanian. Pemanfaatan Kecamatan Kepanjen berkembang sangat pesat. sungai sebagai tempat pembuangan air limbah Perkembangan jumlah penduduk Kecamatan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat tersebut dapat Kepanjen pada tahun 2016 sebesar 106.668 menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kualitas air jiwa, tahun 2017 sebesar 107.323, tahun 2018 sungai. Berdasarkan hasil pemantauan kualitas sebesar 107.955 jiwa. Sedangkan perkembangan air yang dilakukan oleh Badan Lingkungan Hidup jumlah penduduk Kecamatan Pakisaji pada tahun Kabupaten Malang di titik pantai Jembatan 2016 sebesar 88.030 jiwa , tahun 2017 sebesar Metro Talangagung Kecamatan Kepanjen 89.091, tahun 2018 sebesar 90.140. Bersumber secara periodik menunjukkan konsentrasi BOD, dari Kabupaten Malang Dalam Angka diketahui phosphat dan nitrit telah melebihi baku mutu air, kepadatan penduduk di Kecamatan Kepanjen sehingga diindikasikan air Sungai Metro telah yaitu 2.334 orang/km2 sedangkan Kecamatan mengalami pencemaran terutama disebabkan air Pakisaji justru memiliki kepadatan penduduk limbah domestik, industri dan pertanian. lebih tinggi yaitu 2.346 orang/km2. Peningkatan jumlah dan kepadatan penduduk Kecamatan Penelitian terdahulu tentang Sungai Metro Pakisaji dan Kecamatan Kepanjen membawa juga telah dilakukan oleh Ali (2013). Penelitian konsekuensi peningkatan kebutuhan air bersih ini dilakukan dengan mengambil 3 titik sampel untuk kebutuhan sehari – hari juga termasuk di Kecamatan Sukun untuk mengukur kualitas untuk kebutuhan sanitasi yang menghasilkan air, yaitu di Karangbesuki sebagai bagian hulu limbah. (stasiun 1); Pisangcandi sebagai bagian tengah (stasiun 2); dan Bandungrejosari sebagai bagian Peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan hilir (stasiun 3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perkembangan suatu kota berakibat pula pada bahwa kualitas air Sungai Metro untuk parameter pola perubahan konsumsi masyarakat yang DO pada 3 stasiun berada dibawah baku mutu cukup tinggi dari tahun ke tahun, dengan luas sesuai peruntukannya dan parameter BOD pada lahan yang tetap akan mengakibatkan tekanan stasiun 2 dan 3 telah melebihi baku mutu air terhadap lingkungan semakin berat. Aktivitas sesuai peruntukannya yaitu peruntukan untuk manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya golongan air Kelas III. Sedangkan untuk kondisi yang berasal dari pertanian, industri dan kegiatan status mutu air Sungai Metro pada stasiun 1 dan rumah tangga akan menghasilkan limbah yang 2 menunjukkan “kondisi baik” , sedangkan pada memberi sumbangan pada penurunan kualitas stasiun 3 menunjukkan “cemar ringan”. air sungai. Penelitian lain terkait penilaian kualitas Meningkatnya aktivitas manusia, perubahan air sungai juga pernah dilakukan oleh Nurbaiti, guna lahan dan semakin beragamnya pola hidup Sudarno, & Istirokhatun (2013) dengan studi masyarakat perkotaan yang menghasilkan kasus Sungai Banger – Semarang Timur. Hasil limbah domestik menjadikan beban pencemar penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa di Sungai Metro semakin besar dari waktu ke kondisi lingkungan di sekitar cakupan wilayah waktu. Penurunan kualitas air terjadi sebagai Sungai Banger berpengaruh terhadap kualitas akibat pembuangan limbah yang tidak terkendali air Sungai Banger pada saat ini.Hal ini terbukti dari aktivitas pembangunan di sepanjang sungai memperburuk kondisi air di Sungai Banger. sehingga tidak sesuai dengan daya dukung sungai. beban pencemaran tertinggi ke Sungai Banger. Sungai Metro merupakan basin block StrategiAktifitas pengendalianpermukiman pencemaranmemberikan air masukan sebagai Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Brantas sub DAS aksi pengelolaan Sungai Banger dengan analisis Brantas Hulu. Sungai Metro menjadi sumber SWOT yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan perlu air bagi kegiatan manusia sebagai air bersih, adanya strategi bertahan akibat lemahnya air irigasi, air industri, air penggelontoran dan faktor internal dan banyaknya ancaman dari air tambak .Aliran Sungai Metro melalui kota faktor eksternal pada Sungai Banger. Strategi ini malang dan berakhir di Kecamatan Kepanjen. dilakukan sambil terus berupaya mebenahi diri. Sungai metro di Ruas Pakisaji – Kepanjen secara Perlu adanya ketegasan dari pihak Pemerintah administrasi melewati Kebonagung, Genengan, terhadap hukum dan sanksi pembuangan Jatisari, Pakisaji, Karangpandan, Mojosari, limbah ke badan air, perlu adanya pemantauan Ngadilangkung, Dilem, Talangagung, Kepanjen, rutin terhadap kualitas air Sungai Banger dan Cepokomulyo, Panggungrejo, Mangunrejo, dan juga partisipasi dari masyarakat dalam upaya berakhir di desa Jenggolo. Panjang sungai pada pengendalian pencemaran air. ruas ini adalah 30,7405 km Penelitian lain juga dilakukan oleh Sungai Metro yang berada di ruas Pakisaji Samudro, Agustiningsih, & Sasongko, (2012) – Kepanjen, Kabupaten Malang dimanfaatkan di Sungai Blukar Kabupaten Kendal. Hasil oleh masyarakat yang berada di sekitar sungai Karta Raharja 1 (2) (2019): 15 - 30 16 penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air (Fereidoon dan Khorasani, 2013). Model ini yang Sungai Blukar dari hulu ke hilir berdasarkan dapat mensimulasikan migrasi dan transformasi analisis mutu air sungai dengan metode indeks berbagai konstituen termasuk oksigen terlarut, pencemaran menunjukkan telah mengalami kebutuhan oksigen biokimia (Zhang, dkk, 2012). penurunan kualitas air dimana pada wilayah Analisis menggunakan QUAL2K merupakan hilir tercemar ringan. Kondisi kualitas air sungai pemodelan dengan mengutamakan tidak hanya Blukar berkaitan dengan aktivitas masyarakat di komponen kinetik pencemar namun juga daerah tangkapan airnya. Strategi pengendalian memperhatikan hidrolik data berupa kecepatan pencemaran air sungai diprioritaskan pada dan debit aliran sungai. Pemodelan ini berfungsi peningkatan peran masyarakat baik masyarakat untuk mengetahui pola penyebaran pencemar umum, petani maupun industri dalam upaya pada air Sungai Metro yang berada di ruas Pakisaji pengendalian pencemaran air melalui kegiatan – Kepanjen di Kabupaten Malang dari hulu sanitasi berbasis masyarakat, pengurangan sampai hilir dan merekomendasikan kebijakan penggunaan pupuk tunggal dan pestisida serta dan langkah pengelolaan sesuai dengan hasil pengelolaan limbah industri. Perhitungan daya tampung beban Data yang telah terkumpul dimasukkan ke pencemaran sangat dibutuhkan untuk dalamgrafik modelworksheet dan besar QUAL2Kw beban pencemar.dengan deskripsi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, maka kajian sebagai berikut : ini dilakukan untuk menghitung DTBP Sungai Data klimatologi (arah dan kecepatan Metro ruas Kecamatan Pakisaji – Kepanjen agar angin, temperatur udara) digunakan untuk dapat diperkirakan beban maksimum yang • mengetahui kondisi iklim di sepanjang boleh masuk kedalam badan air Sungai Metro Sungai Metro yang mungkin akan di Kecamatan Pakisaji – Kepanjen. Dan dapat meperhitungkan seberapa besar persentase air sungai. penurunan parameter yang mempengaruhi berpengaruh pada koefisien rekasi di dalam kualitas Sungai Metro. untuk menentukan segmen sungai yang • dikelompokkanData profil hidrolis dalam beberapasungai reachdigunakan. II. METODE Data debit dan kualitas air Sungai Kajian Strategi Perlakuan terhadap Metro digunakan sebagai acuan dalam kualitas air Sungai Metro di ruas Pakisaji – • menentukan ketepatan hasil simulasi Kepanjen di Kecamatan Pakisaji – Kepanjen di model. Kabupaten Malang ini adalah menggunakan Data debit
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