India Exclusion Report 2015

India Exclusion Report 2015 India Exclusion Report 2015 India Exclusion Report 2015 A comprehensive, annually updated analysis on the exclusion of disadvantaged groups in India ISBN: 978-93-82579-39-7 First Edition: 2016 Provided they acknowledge the source, users of this content are allowed to remix, tweak, build upon and share for commercial and non-commercial purposes under the same original license terms. YODA PRESS 268 A/C Vasant Kunj New Delhi 110 070 www.yodapress.co.in Typeset in Minion Pro by Ram Das Lal Printed at Saurabh Printers Pvt. Ltd. Published by Arpita Das for YODA PRESS, New Delhi h e India Exclusion Report 2015 is supported by UNICEF, UNFPA and UN Women. h e opinions expressed in the Report do not rel ect the views of these organisations. Contents Preface vii India Exclusion Report 2015 1 An Overview Harsh Mander Part I – Public Goods ‘Who Cares?’ 29 Urban Health Care and Exclusion V0:@1 :IG1:`5`: .1G.::JV:J:JRR1:Q Tracing Exclusions in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation 67 VV@:J:JR5:01 ::J@.:RV:JR:=108:I:J11 .J%.`VVVG:JR1.J%!" Women’s Exclusions from Just Conditions of Work, and the Role of the State 107 J:I1@:#:.1`15$.1@.:$V .1:5:=:J7:&QV5:R.1@:".:5'QVJQI]1V`:JR):`.!:JRV` Part II – Budgets and Planning Towards a Tax System for Inclusive Development 141 Some Aspects of Tax Incidence and Tax Mobilisation in India :=VV0!:C.Q `::JR$`1R.:`%JR% Part III – Highly Excluded Groups Living Single 165 Being a Single Woman in India :JH.:J:JR.15$`1I:&.:1J5):`.!:JRV`:JR:R.1@:".: Survivors of Mass Communal Violence in Muzafarnagar 189 Proiles of Loss, Dispossession, and Recovery $:==:R)::J Survivors of Ethnic Conlict 206 $:J=:7^QJ<Q1_&:`GQ`::JR$:G:$.:`I: Devadasis 229 Cultural Practice or Unacceptable Form of Work? $I1 :`VIH.:JRV`58`:IVVC:5$.1@.:$V .1::JR'QVJQI]1V` he Jarawa of the Andamans 259 .V:$%:J"Q.J:JR):`.!:JRV` About the Authors and Contributors 282 Preface his is the second edition of the India Exclusion Report, for the year 2015. As with the irst Report 2013–14, the attempt of this highly collaborative, trans-disciplinary annual enterprise is to bring together experts from many ields—scholars, human rights and development workers, policy makers, and persons from disadvantaged communities—to examine the outcomes of public policy, law, programmes, budgets, institutions and their functioning for all peoples, and speciically for peoples of disadvantage. he particular questions that these Exclusion Reports ask are: who, if anyone, is excluded—or adversely included—from equitable access to public goods, why and by what processes is such exclusion or adverse inclusion accomplished, and what can be done to change this to a more just and equitable set of outcomes? his series of Exclusion Reports attempts to be strongly evidence-based and empirical. At the same time, the diverse contributors to these Reports are bound by a kernel of shared normative and political convictions related to ideas of the just state, the just society, equity and solidarity. he Exclusion Reports are guided by speciic constructs of the public good, exclusion and the role of the state, on which we elaborate in the introductory chapter. Structure of the Report here are ive parts to the India Exclusion Report 2015. 1. India Exclusion Report 2015: An Overview his irst part of the report begins with a discussion of the major conceptual elements that form the foundation of the report, particularly the ideas of public goods and exclusion. It goes on to present an overview of the entire report, and attempts to present a tapestry which brings together some of the major indings of the report, across the various chapters and sections. 2. Public Goods he second part of the report examines exclusion in relation to equitable access to three public goods. hese are (i) urban primary health care; (ii) urban water and sanitation; and (iii) just conditions of work for women. he reason we chose to bring the irst two together in the same report, despite the worry of an urban bias to this report, is that water and sanitation are important determinants of health. herefore, chapters examining the complementary public goods of urban primary health care, and urban water and sanitation would be able to speak to each other. vii Preface In the context of each of the public goods interrogated in the current report, we ask the same questions. Why do we believe that this is a public good as deined in the irst section? Which individuals or groups, if any, are excluded from equitable access to these public goods? Is this exclusion total, or are the individuals and groups identiied included, but on unjust and discriminatory terms? he next question is: why does this exclusion occur? In particular, since our focus is on the role of the state, what is it in the functioning of the state that contributes to this exclusion? Is it the design or implementation of law, policy and programmes, the allocation of budgets, the functioning of institutions, or a combination of these, that results in the outcome of exclusion from equitable access to these public goods? We further ask: what are the consequences of this exclusion for the excluded populations? In particular, does exclusion from one public good jeopardise access to other public goods? he next major questions relate to identifying examples of inclusion in access to public goods. Once again, what is it in the functioning of the state—law, policy, programmes, budgets, institutions—that contributes to this inclusion? And inally, we seek to suggest recommendations for law, policy, programmes, budgets, and oicial data collection and dissemination that would contribute to ensuring better, more equitable outcomes of access to the identiied vulnerable groups. 3. Budgets and Planning A fourth portion of the report tries to look at taxation through the prism of exclusion. It subjects to interrogation, from the viewpoint of equity, the magnitude of tax revenue and the manner of its mobilisation, its composition and incidence on diferent segments of the population, and the integrity of its collection. 4. Disadvantaged Groups he third part of the report shits focus from evidence of inclusion and exclusion from equitable access to speciied public goods, to highly disadvantaged communities. Here the attempt is to identify in each report particular highly dispossessed and oppressed groups, and to examine their situation in relation to equitable access to a wide range of public goods. he irst set of vulnerable groups identiied for this report are single women. Women sufer denials of equitable access to several public goods, but women who are by circumstance or choice single—widowed, divorced, separated, unmarried—face a variety of enhanced disadvantage. he next two chapters comprise groups who are survivors of violence: of communal violence in 2013 in Muzafarnagar in Uttar Pradesh, and of ethnic violence in the BTAD areas of Assam over an extended period. he Report then looks at adolescents and women drawn into a culturally sanctioned form of sex work, who are called Devadasis. Finally, the Report looks at the conditions of the Jarawa—or as they describe themselves, the Ang—an ancient and, until recently, isolated indigenous group living in India’s Andaman Islands. Contributors As with the irst India Exclusion Report, a very large number of persons contributed to this report as writers, researchers, advisors and reviewers. viii Preface he main authors of the chapters in this report are Aditi Rao, Agrima Bhasin, Anamika Lahiri, Chaitanya Mallapur, Coen Kompier, Devaki Nambiar, Geetika Anand, Harsh Mander, Kanchan Gandhi, Kavita Wankhade, Kinjal Sampat, Prachi Salve, Prathibha Ganesan, Radhika Jha, Rajanya Bose, Rajeev Malhotra, Rajiv K. Raman, Rhea John, Saba Sharma, Sajjad Hassan, Sanjay (Xonzoi) Barbora, Saumya Tewari, Shikha Sethia, Smita Premchander, Sridhar Kundu and V. Prameela. Akram Akhtar, Anushree Deb, Asghar Sharif, Caitlin Mackridge, Dipa Sinha, Emily Davey, Ganapathy Murugan, Girish Motwani, Indranil Mukhopadhyay, Kim Hopper, Kinjal Sampat, Prachi Salve, Radhika Alkazi, Ravi Duggal, Sameer Taware, Samir Acharya, Saumya Premchander, Sejal Dand, Shameem Banu, Shekhar Singh, Sita Mamidipudi, Srirupa Bhattacharya, Swapna Easwar, T. Sundararaman, Uma Shirol and Vishnu MJ contributed to the chapters. Alia Allana, Ajita Vidyarthi, Amrita Chhachhi, Aparna Chandra, Apoorvanand, Antara Lahiri, Arjun Bedi, Bhrigupathy Singh, Charmaine Ramos, Coen Kompier, Deepta Chopra, Devender Singh, Dipa Sinha, Erhard Berner, Indira Khurana, Jan Breman, Kinjal Sampat, Mrinal Satish, Navsharan Singh, Rachel Kurian, Rajib Dasgupta, Sara Ahmed, Sophie Grig, Subhalakshmi Nandi, Tejinder Sandhu and Yasmin Arif were very generous with their time and counsel, in advising authors and reviewing the chapters. We are grateful to Amrita Chhachhi, Andrew Fischer, Cesar Rodríguez-Garavito, Des Gasper, Jan Breman, Patrick Heller, and Peter Evans for insights on the conceptual framework of the Report. Special thanks again to Amrita Chhachhi for facilitating a review workshop for the current report at the International Institute of Social Studies at the he Hague and to Amod Shah and Shikha Sethia for agreeing to rapporteur at the event. A large number of organisations and universities were also part of this collaborative report. hese include the Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, Indian Institute of Human Settlements, IndiaSpend, International Institute of Social Studies at he Hague, Public Health Resource Network, Sampark, the Watson Institute for International and Public Afairs at Brown University, Arth Aastha, Aneka and the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex. he report was fortunate to have an excellent publisher, Yoda Press, led by Arpita Das, and assisted by Prerna Vijayeni and Sonjuhi Negi. We are grateful to Milanth Gautham for the cover design, and to Sambit Dattachaudhuri and Jasmeet Khanuja for permission to use their photographs.

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