REPORT 2019 New Delhi, India – November 19, 2008: 86 years old Sharbati Devi being helped by a policeman to cast her vote in Sadar Bazar Constituency. (Credits: Mohd Zakir, Hindustan Times) The Centre for the Study of the Developing Societies (CSDS) is one of India’s leading institutes for research in the social sciences and humanities. Since its inception in 1963, the Centre has been known for its critical outlook on received models of development and progress. It is animated by a vision of equality and democratic transformation. Lokniti is a research programme of the CSDS established in 1997. It houses a cluster of research initiatives that seek to engage with national and global debates on democratic politics by initiating empirically grounded yet theoretically oriented studies. The large volume of data collected by Lokniti on party politics and voting behaviour has gone a long way in helping social science scholars makings sense of Indian elections and democracy. 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[email protected] 2 | Status of Policing in India Report 2019 Contents List of Abbreviations 4 Team Members 5 Index of Figures 6 Index of Tables 8 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction: Status of Policing in India Report (2019): The Context 11 1 Structural Analysis of Police in India: Measuring Adequacy Through Official Data 16 2 Indian Police, Always on Duty! 43 3 Policing Without Resources 62 4 Reinvestigating Crime Investigation 79 5 Gender and Police 92 6 Police and the Society 110 7 People-friendly Police or Police-fearing People? 130 8 Summing Up 148 Appendices 155 Appendix 1: Technical Details of Study Design and Sample 156 Appendix 2: Questionnaire 158 Appendix 3: How indices for survey data were calculated and select tables 168 Appendix 4: How indices for official data were calculated and select tables 175 Appendix 5: Findings from the survey on select questions from Police survey 176 Appendix 6: Findings from the survey on select questions from Police Family Survey 182 Status of Policing in India Report 2019 | 3 List of Abbreviations AIGP Assistant Inspector General of Police AP Andhra Pradesh ASI Assistant Sub- inspector BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BPRD Bureau for Police Research & Development CAG Comptroller & Auditor General CCTNS Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System CIPA Common Integrated Police Application CMS Central Monitoring System DGP Director General of Police DIG Deputy Inspector General of Police DySP Deputy Superintendent FIR First Information Report ICJS Integrated Criminal Justice System IO Investigating officer IPS Indian Police Services MHA Ministry of Home Affairs MMP Mission Mode Project MP Madhya Pradesh MPF Modernisation of Police Forces NAT-GRID National Intelligence Grid NCRB National Crime Records Bureau NETRA Network Traffic Analysis System NFHS National Family Health Survey OBC Other Backward Classes PMR Professional Mobile Radio Network PAMR Public Access Mobile Radio Network SC Scheduled Castes SI Sub-Inspector SP Superintendent of Police SPIR Status of Policing in India Report SSP Senior Superintendent of Police ST Scheduled Tribes UP Uttar Pradesh 4 | Status of Policing in India Report 2019 Team Members Team Advisory Committee Ramesh Chauhan Rakesh Ranjan Sandeep Shastri Rakesh Negi Sanjay Kumar Sanjay Lodha Suhas Palshikar Shashikant Pandey Vipul Mudgal Suprio Basu Vageeshan Harathi Lead Researchers Veena Devi Anurag Jain Yatindra Singh Sisodia Radhika Jha State Supervisors Analysis and report writing Aier Achanger Akhilesh Patil Amit Kumar Dhruv Shekhar Anita Agarawal Kinjal Sampat Ashish Bhatt Manjesh Rana Balram Pradhan Jagannath Kashyap Research support Jitendra Singh Jyoti Prasad Chatterjee Amrit Negi Kiran Raj V Amrit Pandey K L Nagesh Anshi Beohar Moamren Pongen Chandan Kumar Nidhi Seth Dhananjay Kumar Singh Nurul Hasan Himanshu Bhattacharya Ramya Chitrapu Jyoti Mishra Shamshad Ansari Sakshi Khemani Shraddha Mishra Shambhu Ghatak Srinivasa Rao Shreyas Sardesai Sunil Kumar Susmita Saha Vijay Kumar Vibha Attri Yunush Chauhan State Coordinators Interns Amongla N. Jamir Abhishek Rai Anupama Saxena Anupama S Krishnan Bhanu Parmar Ananya Gupta Biswajit Mohanty Bahaar Abbas Dhruba Pratim Sharma Chandana Sai E. Venkatesu Kushang Mishra Gyanaranjan Swain Mohd. Eisa Harishwar Dayal Palashka Jha Jagroop Kaur Prakriti Bandhan K.M. Sajad Ibrahim Shubham Kumar Kushal Pal Subhesh Kumar Nitin Birmal P. Ramajayam Status of Policing in India Report 2019 | 5 Index of Figures Figure 1.1: Number of constabulary per officer as of 2016 21 Figure 3.1: One in ten police stations/units do not have drinking water facilities and one in five have no Figure 1.2: Expenditure on police training as a percentage access to clean toilets 65 of the total police expenditure vis-à-vis percentage of personnel given in-service training (2012–2016 average) 25 Figure 3.2: Seating area for public and food for suspects in police custody 65 Figure 1.3: The selected States have an average of six computers per police station 29 Figure 3.3: Lack of resources 68 Figure 1.4: Number of vehicles as a percentage of Figure 3.4: Physical, weaponry and crowd-control training benchmark on vehicles vis-à-vis area (in sq. km.) per police of Civil Police Personnel 74 station 32 Figure 3.5: Almost one in three civil police personnel never Figure 1.5: In a majority of States, the caseload of received training on forensic technology 76 women officers is much higher than the caseload of Figure 4.1: More educated police personnel more likely to overall officers 36 perceive crime as increasing over the years 82 Figure 1.6: SSPs and DIGs (range) transferred in less than Figure 4.2: Among those who say crime has increased, two years as a percentage of the total number of one in two police personnel believes that crime is rising AIGP/SP/SSP/DIG in the selected States from 2007–2016 36 due to societal problems 84 Figure 1.7: SSPs and DIGs (range) transferred in less than Figure 4.3: Among those who say crime has decreased, two years as a percentage of the total number of one in two police personnel believe that crime has AIGP/SP/SSP/DIG in the States: Chhattisgarh and Gujarat 38 decreased because of improved policing 85 Figure 1.8: SSPs and DIGs (range) transferred in less than Figure 4.5: Nearly one in four police personnel believe two years as a percentage of the total number of that measures external to policing are required for AIGP/SP/SSP/DIG in the States: Selected States (2007–2016 curbing crime 85 average) 38 Figure 4.4: Two out of five police personnel believe Figure 2.1: Majority of the police personnel work for that installing CCTV cameras and increasing police more than 8 hours a day 46 strength are the most important steps for curbing crime 86 Figure 2.2: Police personnel with more years of Figure 4.6: Two in five police personnel feel that pressures experience report longer working hours 47 on police (from various sources) are the biggest obstacle Figure 2.3: Nearly one in two police personnel work