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University Micrcxilms International 300 N THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN THE WEST AFRICAN SAVANNA: A VILLAGE IN NORTHEAST GHANA Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Cleveland, David A. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 00:58:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/281901 INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have Aimed the best available copy. University Micrcxilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8107444 CLEVELAND, DAVID ARTHUR THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN THE WEST AFRICAN SAVANNA: A VILLAGE IN NORTHEAST GHANA The University of Arizona PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright i«so by CLEVELAND, DAVID AKIHUR All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed 1n the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages \»^ 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows 11. Poor carbon copy 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy 14. Original copy with light type 15. Curling and wrinkled pages 16. Other University MicnSiims International 300 N Z = = = RD. ANN AHSOfi Ml J8106 '313! 761 -4700 THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN THE WEST AFRICAN SAVANNA: A VILLAGE IN NORTHEAST GHANA by David Arthur Cleveland A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 0 © Copyright 1980 David Arthur Cleveland THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by David Arthur Cleveland entitled THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE IN THE WEST AFRICAN SAVANNA: A VILLAGE IN NORTHEAST GHANA and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree' of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Date Date A Date /A />/*£/?<> Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accented as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Z/7 u/z Dissertation Director / Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: PREFACE The field work on which this dissertation is based was sup­ ported through a United States Agency for International Development (AID) 211d grant to The University of Arizona. I was employed as a Research Assistant by the Office of Arid Lands Studies and funds were also provided for equipment and operational expenses. Preparation of the dissertation was supported by The University of Arizona through a Graduate Student Program Development Fund Award in 1979 and a Department of Anthropology Graduate College Fellowship for 1979-80. Under the 211d grant The University of Arizona worked with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) of Ghana in carrying out the Northeast Ghana Savanna Research Project (NGSRP). While my activities were not officially a part of the NGSRP, I did benefit from this association by gaining some support from the AID mission and CSER while in Ghana. I was also appointed a Research Associate with the Land Administration Research Center (LARC) at the University of Science and Technology in Kumasi. LARC was carrying out the Socioeconomic Sub-Project of the NGSRP, and I received very valuable help from the LARC staff both in getting started in the field, and in support during the field work, especially on trips to Kumasi. I would like to thank Morris Juppenlatz, Director of LARC; Martin Avis, who took over for him when he left in 1977; and Peter Cheshire, who directed the field work for the NGSRP. iii iv Robert Netting, Professor of Anthropology and Gerald Matlock, Director of the Office of International Agricultural Programs, served as co-principal investigators for the 211d project which funded the field work. Netting is also my dissertation director, and has been a constant source of advice, criticism, and inspiration from the time I first started thinking about this project. Matlock has also been a constant and constructive critic of my work, and provided me with some welcome support during his visits to Ghana. Jane Underwood and William Stini, both professors in the Department of Anthropology of which Stini is head, have served with Netting on my dissertation committee. I have been fortunate to have a committee composed of three individuals whose interests and expertise have contributed so complementarily to the development of the disserta­ tion. Their help is very much appreciated. My father, A. B. Cleveland, also made many helpful comments on this dissertation. Of the many people who helped me in Ghana I would like to single out just a few. Gill Gordon shared with me insights gained during her long experience in nutrition education, research, and clinical rehabilitation in Bawku District. Isaka Diddliman, Chief Magistrate of Bawku, became a friend who gave me many valuable in­ sights into life in the northeast. The chief of Bawku kindly gave me permission to work in the District. The District Chief Executive, Mr. Dibar, and his staff not only talked with me about life in the District, but allowed me to use their duplicating machine to print field forms. The staffs in the District offices of the Ministries of Agriculture, V Education, and Health, especially Bawku Hospital, were also willing to share information and ideas. I worked with ten different assistants in the field. John Anyagre Nbod was with me from the start and became my chief assistant. I am greatly indebted to him for his excellent work and companionship. The others who helped with my work in the village of Zorse are Imoru Mohamed, Kwabena Asari, Asambo Abimbilla, George Atule Ayaba, Joe Asam, Alex Apaka, Apambila Abaliga, and Steven Ndebugri. All but two of them were from Zorse. Asana Tangiba, from a village near Zorse, discussed Kusasi life with me and accompanied me on several trips to other villages in the District. The people to whom I owe the greatest gratitude are the farm families of Bawku District, especially the people of Zorse, where I carried out most of my field work. Not only did they provide me with the information upon which this dissertation is based, but many of them became my friends. The chief of Zorse and the subchiefs of the sub- villages gave me permission to work there and supported me throughout my stay. Even when food was scarce, as it was during most of my stay, the people of Zorse offered flour water, peanuts, eggs, and invited me to join them in their meals during my continual visiting from house to house throughout the village.
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