DOCSLIB.ORG

Patterns and Determinants of Physical Inactivity in Rural and Urban Areas in Peru: a Population-Based Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patterns and Determinants of Physical Inactivity in Rural and Urban Areas in Peru: a Population-Based Study Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2016, 13, 654 -662 http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0424 © 2016 Human Kinetics, Inc. ORIGINAL RESEARCH Patterns and Determinants of Physical Inactivity in Rural and Urban Areas in Peru: A Population-Based Study J. Jaime Miranda, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Robert H Gilman, Jose L. Avilez, Liam Smeeth, William Checkley, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, and the CRONICAS Cohort Study Group Background: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors have been linked with impaired health outcomes. Establishing the physical inactiv- ity profiles of a given population is needed to establish program targets and to contribute to international monitoring efforts. We report the prevalence of, and explore sociodemographical and built environment factors associated with physical inactivity in 4 resource-limited settings in Peru: rural Puno, urban Puno, Pampas de San Juan de Miraflores (urban), and Tumbes (semiurban). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the CRONICAS Cohort Study’s baseline assessment. Outcomes of interest were physical inactivity of leisure time (<600 MET-min/week) and transport-related physical activity (not reporting walking or cycling trips) domains of the IPAQ, as well as watching TV, as a proxy of seden- tarism (≥2 hours per day). Exposures included demographic factors and perceptions about neighborhood’s safety. Associations were explored using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are presented. Results: Data from 3593 individuals were included: 48.5% males, mean age 55.1 (SD: 12.7) years. Physical inactivity was present at rates of 93.7% (95% CI 93.0%–94.5%) and 9.3% (95% CI 8.3%–10.2%) within the leisure time and transport domains, respectively. In addition, 41.7% (95% CI 40.1%–43.3%) of participants reported watching TV for more than 2 hours per day. Rates varied according to study settings (P < .001). In multivariable analysis, being from rural settings was associated with 3% higher prevalence of leisure time physical inactivity relative to highly urban Lima. The pattern was different for transport-related physical inactivity: both Puno sites had around 75% to 50% lower prevalence of physical inactivity. Too much traffic was associated with higher levels of transport-related physical inactivity (PR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.01–1.54). Conclusion: Our study showed high levels of inactivity and marked contrasting patterns by rural/urban sites. These findings highlight the need to generate synergies to expand nationwide physical activity surveillance systems. Keywords: physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, television, prevalence, Peru There is no doubt about the role of physical activity in accruing studies have reported that low levels of physical activity are common health gains.1 The benefits of physical activity have been widely in urban cities in Peru, for example 39% in Lima14 and 58% in documented in young2–4 and adult populations.5–7 Conversely, Arequipa.15 The opposite, higher levels of physical activity, has been sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity have been established as documented in rural settings.14,16 These differences between rural risk factors for certain types of cancer such as breast or colorectal and urban areas could be due to urbanization, and understanding cancer.8,9 In addition, behavioral changes, such as slight reductions the role the built environment plays in this difference is important to in time spent sitting down, do have positive health effects.10 intervene. However, most of these were small studies conducted in A 10% reduction in the prevalence of insufficient physical specific sites, in isolation, which highlights the lack of nationwide activity by 2025 is 1 of the 9 global voluntary targets in the global data in Peru. action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable Peru is a diverse country with varied geographical scenarios diseases for the period 2013–2020.11 These country-level indicators spanning sea level, Andean mountains and Amazonian environ- should be monitored over time, yet Peru does not have a national ments, and with combinations of urban/rural and low/high-altitude survey to comply with such need.12 settings in each of them. The diversity of contexts, which will likely Physical activity is widely recognized as one of the key driv- impact on the profiles associated with physical activity, calls for ers of health changes related to urbanization.13 For example, some a better characterization of physical activity profiles in Peru and similar settings, especially since there is a lack of information regarding physical activity in high altitude settings with clear rural/ urban differences. These efforts could garner sufficient data and ini- Miranda ([email protected]), Carrillo-Larco, Gilman, Avilez, tiate momentum to step toward collection of nationwide prevalence Smeeth, Checkley, and Bernabe-Ortiz are with the CRONICAS Center of estimates to contribute to international monitoring mechanisms.11,12 Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, This study had 2 objectives: to report prevalence estimates Lima, Peru. Miranda is also with the Dept of Medicine, School of Medicine, of physical inactivity levels and TV watching, as a proxy of sed- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Gilman and Checkley entarism, and to explore sociodemographical and neighborhood, are also with the Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, as a proxy of built environment, factors associated with physical Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, inactivity in 4 low-socioeconomic areas—Pampas de San Juan de Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and the Asociación Benéfica Miraflores (highly urbanized), urban Puno, rural Puno and Tumbes PRISMA, Lima, Peru. Smeeth and Bernabe-Ortiz are with the Faculty (semiurban)—in Peru with a combination of rural/urban and low/ of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and high altitude settings. We hypothesized that people in urban settings Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. would be more physically inactive and sedentary than in rural areas. 654 Physical Inactivity in Peru 655 Methods Other Study Variables Study Design and Setting Demographic (sex, age); socioeconomic variables, based on number of years of education (6 years or less, 7–11 years, 12+ years) and The CRONICAS Cohort Study was designed to address the geo- socioeconomic status (measured using a wealth index based on graphical variation in the progression toward some noncommuni- assets and household facilities separately for each study site20 and cable diseases in Peru, and its methodology has been described in then combined into a single variable and presented in tertiles); study detail elsewhere.17 As a result, 4 Peruvian settings that differed by site (Lima, urban capital, sea level; urban Puno and rural Puno; and, level of urbanization and altitude, were included. Urban areas are Tumbes, semiurban, sea level) were recorded. defined as those sections which have at least 100 households grouped Behavioral risk factors included daily smoking (≥1 cigarette/ together. Rural areas have either dispersed households or less than day, self-report), heavy alcohol drinking (2 or more nights of 100 households grouped together. The sites were: Pampas de San alcohol intake in the past month and having ever drunk 6 or more Juan de Miraflores in Lima, a highly-urbanized low altitude setting drinks at a time, self-report), and fruits and vegetables intake (<5 (sea level), which has experienced significant but unplanned popula- portions per day, 5+ portions per day, self-report); body mass index tion growth; Puno, a high altitude area in the Peruvian Andes (3825 (normal weight, BMI = 18.5–24.9; overweight, BMI = 25–29.9; and m above sea level), divided into rural Puno and urban Puno, due obesity, BMI ≥30). Hypertension status (systolic blood pressure to the many small villages which surround the urban sections; and ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or self-report Tumbes, a semiurban low altitude (sea level), coastal setting where of physician diagnosis and current use of antihypertensive drugs)21 rural areas, comprising vast traditional landscapes, have become and type-2 diabetes (self-report of physician diagnosis and currently intermixed with rapidly-growing urban areas. For this analysis, receiving antihyperglycemic medication; or, fasting glucose ≥126 information of the baseline assessment, conducted between 2010 mg/dL)22 were also measured. and 2012, was used. Perceptions about neighborhood safety as a proxy of built environment characteristics (traffic, crosswalks, street illumina- Study Participants tion, walking safety during the day or night) were measured using questions of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale.23 Potential participants were randomly identified from the settings The aforementioned variables were treated as exposure vari- and stratified by age and sex. Subjects aged≥ 35 years with full-time ables and potential confounders in the regression models: when one residence in the area were invited to participate in the study. A sex- was the exposure of interest, the others were included as potential and age-stratified (35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65+ years) single-stage confounders in the regression analysis. random sampling procedure was performed using information of the most updated census in each site. Only 1 participant per household
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Relación De Agencias Que Atenderán De Lunes a Viernes De 8:30 A. M. a 5:30 P
    Relación de Agencias que atenderán de lunes a viernes de 8:30 a. m. a 5:30 p. m. y sábados de 9 a. m. a 1 p. m. (con excepción de la Ag. Desaguadero, que no atiende sábados) DPTO. PROVINCIA DISTRITO NOMBRE DIRECCIÓN Avenida Luzuriaga N° 669 - 673 Mz. A Conjunto Comercial Ancash Huaraz Huaraz Huaraz Lote 09 Ancash Santa Chimbote Chimbote Avenida José Gálvez N° 245-250 Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa Calle Nicolás de Piérola N°110 -112 Arequipa Arequipa Arequipa Rivero Calle Rivero N° 107 Arequipa Arequipa Cayma Periférica Arequipa Avenida Cayma N° 618 Arequipa Arequipa José Luis Bustamante y Rivero Bustamante y Rivero Avenida Daniel Alcides Carrión N° 217A-217B Arequipa Arequipa Miraflores Miraflores Avenida Mariscal Castilla N° 618 Arequipa Camaná Camaná Camaná Jirón 28 de Julio N° 167 (Boulevard) Ayacucho Huamanga Ayacucho Ayacucho Jirón 28 de Julio N° 167 Cajamarca Cajamarca Cajamarca Cajamarca Jirón Pisagua N° 552 Cusco Cusco Cusco Cusco Esquina Avenida El Sol con Almagro s/n Cusco Cusco Wanchaq Wanchaq Avenida Tomasa Ttito Condemaita 1207 Huancavelica Huancavelica Huancavelica Huancavelica Jirón Francisco de Angulo 286 Huánuco Huánuco Huánuco Huánuco Jirón 28 de Julio N° 1061 Huánuco Leoncio Prado Rupa Rupa Tingo María Avenida Antonio Raymondi N° 179 Ica Chincha Chincha Alta Chincha Jirón Mariscal Sucre N° 141 Ica Ica Ica Ica Avenida Graú N° 161 Ica Pisco Pisco Pisco Calle San Francisco N° 155-161-167 Junín Huancayo Chilca Chilca Avenida 9 De Diciembre N° 590 Junín Huancayo El Tambo Huancayo Jirón Santiago Norero N° 462 Junín Huancayo Huancayo Periférica Huancayo Calle Real N° 517 La Libertad Trujillo Trujillo Trujillo Avenida Diego de Almagro N° 297 La Libertad Trujillo Trujillo Periférica Trujillo Avenida Manuel Vera Enríquez N° 476-480 Avenida Victor Larco Herrera N° 1243 Urbanización La La Libertad Trujillo Victor Larco Herrera Victor Larco Merced Lambayeque Chiclayo Chiclayo Chiclayo Esquina Elías Aguirre con L.
    [Show full text]
  • Country – Peru
    D AT E – 4/27/10 COUNTRY – PERU COMMODIT Y – Almonds & Pistachios BOTANICAL NAME – Prunus spp., Pistachia vera PRODUCT FORM – Nuts PHYTO FORM – Fed IMPORT PERMIT – Yes RESTRICTIONS – Prohibited SUMMARY INFO – Almonds with & without shells – Import Permit and Federal Phytosanitary Certificate Required. DO NOT CERTIFY UNLESS AN IMPORT PERMIT IS PRESENTED.. Pistachios – Import Permit and Federal Phytosanitary Certificate Required. DO NOT CERTIFY UNLESS AN IMPORT PERMIT IS PRESENTED. Fruit must enter through and authorized port of entry. Ports of entry for fruits and vegetables: 1) The International Airport of Lima-Callao 2) The Post Office at Arequipa, Chiclayo, Iquitos, Lima, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Piura, Puno, Tacna, Trujillo, and Tumbes. 3) The airports at Arequipa, Chiclayo, Iquitos, Piura, Tacna, Trujillo, or Tumbes. 4) The ports are Aguas Verdes, Callao, Chicama, Eten, Ilo Iquitos, Matarani, Mollendo, Piata, Pimentel, Pisco, Puerto Maldonado, Puno, Salaverry, Tacna, Talara, Tumbes, and Yunguyo. SUBSIDIARY INFO – Phyto Certificates must be accurate and legible with no alterations or erasures and should always include the weight of the commodity in kilograms. Phyto inspections must be done within 30 days of shipment. COUNTRY – PERU D AT E – 4/21/10 COMMODIT Y – Apples, Grapes, Kiwi, Peaches, Pears BOTANICAL NAME – Malus domestica, Vitis vinifera, Actinidia chinensis, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis PRODUCT FORM – Fruit, Vegetables PHYTO FORM – Fed IMPORT PERMIT – Yes RESTRICTIONS – Prohibited SUMMARY INFO – (From CA) Import Permit and Federal Phytosanitary Certificate required. DO NOT CERTIFY UNLESS AN IMPORT PERMIT IS PRESENTED. Fruit must enter through and authorized port of entry. Ports of entry for fruits and vegetables: 1) The International Airport of Lima-Callao 2) The Post Office at Arequipa, Chiclayo, Iquitos, Lima, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Piura, Puno, Tacna, Trujillo, and Tumbes.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They?
    Desarrollo y Sociedad ISSN: 0120-3584 [email protected] Universidad de Los Andes Colombia Zegarra, Luis Felipe Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Desarrollo y Sociedad, núm. 68, diciembre, 2011, pp. 213-259 Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169122461007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista 68 213 Desarrollo y Sociedad II semestre 2011 Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Ferrocarriles en el Perú: ¿Qué tan importantes fueron? Luis Felipe Zegarra* Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution and main features of the railway system of Peru in the 19th and early 20th centuries. From mid-19th century railroads were considered a promise for achieving progress. Several railroads were then built in Peru, especially in 1850-75 and in 1910-30. With the construction of railroads, Peruvians saved time in travelling and carrying freight. The faster service of railroads did not necessarily come at the cost of higher passenger fares and freight rates. Fares and rates were lower for railroads than for mules, especially for long distances. However, for some routes (especially for short distances with many curves), the traditional system of llamas remained as the lowest pecuniary cost (but also slowest) mode of transportation. Key words: Transportation, railroads, Peru, Latin America. JEL classification: N70, N76, R40. * Luis Felipe Zegarra is PhD in Economics of University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).
    [Show full text]
  • Distributional Notes on the Birds of Peru, Including Twelve Species Previously Unreported from the Republic
    Number 37 26 March 1969 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY Baton Rouge, Louisiana DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF PERU, INCLUDING TWELVE SPECIES PREVIOUSLY UNREPORTED FROM THE REPUBLIC By John P. O’Neill During eight years of participation in Louisiana State University Peruvian expeditions my field companions and I have collected a number of specimens that represent extensions of known range for the species involved. Two of the specimens here reported are in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. All the others were collected by personnel of the Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology and deposited in that museum. Sub­ specific determinations have been made with the use of comparative material at these two institutions. Extensions of range represent departures from previously known status as given by Meyer de Schauensee (1966). Most of the specimens here reported came from two localities: (1) Balta, a Cashinahua Indian village on the Río Curanja (at the point where the streams known to the local Cashinahuas as the Xumuya and the Inuya enter the Río Curanja, lat. 10°08' S, long. 71°13' W, elevation ca. 300 m), Depto. Loreto; (2) Yarinacocha, an oxbow lake about 15 km by road NNW of Pucallpa, Depto. Loreto. Other localities are identified in the accounts of the species under discussion. Dean Amadon of the American Museum of Natural History kindly per­ mitted me the use of collections in his care. Charles E. O’Brien of the same institution and Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia supplied information pertaining to the status of certain species in Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • Descripción Fact Sheet
    DESCRIPCIÓN FACT SHEET Belmond Andean Explorer is South America’s first luxury train that combines genuine daytime getaways with sleeping accommodations at night, all while traversing the Peruvian Andes. The Belmond Andean Explorer train travels along one of the highest train routes in the world, crossing through breathtaking cities on its way from Cusco to Lake Titicaca (Puno) and Arequipa, and exploring natural wonders and ancient kingdoms on one and two-night trips. SPIRIT OF THE WATER JOURNEYS (Cusco to Puno) 1 night / 1 day: With a morning departure from Cusco aboard the elegant cars of Belmond Andean Enjoy travelling through some of the most breathtaking scenery Explorer, you will travel across the giant peaks and wide in the world by choosing from these four possible routes: open spaces of the highest plains of the Andes, finally PERUVIAN HIGHLANDS reaching Lake Titicaca, birthplace of the Incas. (Cusco - Lake Titicaca - Arequipa City) 2 nights / 3 days: SPIRIT OF THE ANDES With a morning departure from Cusco, the capital of the (Puno to Cusco) 1 night / 1 day: Travel from Puno to Cusco ancient Inca Empire, you will cross the Altiplano towards Puno, along one of the most beautiful train routes in the world, and discover the spectacular beauty of Lake Titicaca. Next visit across the highest plains of the Andes. the Sumbay Caves, home to the rock art of the first humans that lived in the Peruvian highlands, before reaching the volcanic “White City” of Arequipa. CABINS ANDEAN PLAINS AND ISLANDS OF DISCOVERY (Arequipa - Lake Titicaca - Cusco) 2 nights / 2 days: Experience true relaxation as you step into your own personal With an evening departure from the Baroque city of Arequipa, sanctuary.
    [Show full text]
  • Branch Overview on Sustainable Tourism in Peru. Sippo.Ch Welcome
    Branch Overview on Sustainable Tourism in Peru. sippo.ch Welcome. The Andes, which originate in Patagonia and extend over seven thousand kilometers in South America, have shaped a variety of landscapes, peoples and cultures. Amidst the Andes, Peru is the repository of immeasurable wealth, both tangible and intangible. Icons and “Unique Selling Positions” are Machu Picchu and the mystical city of Cusco, the birthplace of the Inca Empire. But the country offers a lot more to visitors. Our vision is to expand tourism destinations in Peru beyond Machu Picchu to give greater value to the country‘s rich cultural heritage, its abundant biodiversity and world-class gastronomy. The State Secretary for Economic Affairs SECO has been sup- porting sustainable tourism in Peru since 2003, together with two strategic Swiss partners. In cooperation with Swisscontact, SECO promotes the concept of Destination Management Organi- sations (DMOs), which represents a dynamic platform where public and private actors jointly position their regional tourist des- tinations in the international market. This project has led to the establishment of six DMOs in Southern Peru as well as one covering the north of the country. SECO is also financing the Swiss Import Promotion Programme SIPPO which assists leading SMEs with a clear focus on quality and sustainability in their efforts to market their touristic offers internationally. The Branch Overview on Sustainable Tourism in Peru is a useful milestone in these efforts, providing Swiss tourism business partners and consumers with suitable products in Peru. I wish all readers of the Branch Overview a successful reading and Disclaimer can promise them that SECO will continue to work towards the The information provided in this publication is believed to be ac- growth of tourism in Peru for the benefit of both the Peruvian and curate at the time of writing.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildpotato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru
    A Arner J of Potato Res (1999) 76:103-119 103 Wild Potato Collecting Expedition in Southern Peru (Departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua Puno, Tacna) in 1998: Taxonomy and New Genetic Resources David M. Spooner*\ Alberto Salas L6pez2,Z6simo Huaman2, and Robert J. Hijmans2 'United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1590. Tel: 608-262-0159; FAX: 608-262-4743; email: [email protected]) 'International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Peruhas 103 taxa of wild potatoes (species, sub- Wild and cultivated tuber-bearing potatoes (Solanum species, varieties, and forms) according to Hawkes sect. Petota) are distributed from the southwestern United (1990; modified by us by a reduction of species in the States to south-central Chile. The latest comprehensive tax- Solanum brevicaule complex) and including taxa onomic treatment of potatoes (Hawkes, 1990) recogllized 216 described by C. Ochoa since 1989. Sixty-nine of these tuber-bearing species, with 101 taxa (here to include species, 103 taxa (67%) were unavailable from any ofthe world's subspecies, varieties and forms) from Peru. Ochoa (1989, genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less than three 1992b, 1994a,b) described ten additional Peruvian taxa rais- germplasm accessions. We conducted a collaborative ing the total to 111. We lower this number to 103 with a mod- Peru(INIA), United States (NRSP-6), and International ification of species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Potato Center (CIP) wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) Sixty-nine of these 103 species (67%) were unavailable from collecting expedition in Peru to collect germplasm and any ofthe world's genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less gather taxonomic data.
    [Show full text]
  • CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26
    Arrive: 0800 Tuesday November 22 CALLAO, PERU Onboard: 1800 Saturday November 26 Brief Overview: A traveler’s paradise, the warm arms of Peru envelope some of the world’s most timeless traditions and greatest ancient treasures! From its immense biodiversity, the breathtaking beauty of the Andes Mountains (the longest in the world!) and the Sacred Valley, to relics of the Incan Empire, like Machu Picchu, and the rich cultural diversity that populates the country today – Peru has an experience for everyone. Located in the Lima Metropolitan Area, the port of Callao is just a stone’s throw away from the dazzling sights and sounds of Peru’s capital and largest city, Lima. With its colorful buildings teeming with colonial architecture and verdant coastline cliffs, this vibrant city makes for a home-away-from-home during your port stay in Peru. Nearby: Explore Lima’s most iconic neighborhoods - Miraflores and Barranco – by foot, bike (PER 104-201 Biking Lima), and even Segway (PER 121-101 Lima by Segway). Be sure to hit up one of the local markets (PER 114-201 Culinary Lima) and try out Peruvian fare – you can’t go wrong with picarones (fried pumpkin dough with anis seeds and honey - pictured above), cuy (guinea pig), or huge ears of roast corn! Worth the travel: Cusco, the former capital of Incan civilization, is a short flight from Lima. From this ancient city, you can access a multitude of Andean wonders. Explore the ruins of the famed Machu Picchu, the city of Ollantaytambo – which still thrives to this day, Lake Titcaca and its many islands, and the culture of the Quechua people.
    [Show full text]
  • Aduana De Destino Descripción De La Ruta Plazo (Horas)
    ANEXO 5 DESPA-PG.27: CODIGOS DE RUTA Y PLAZOS PARA EL TRÁNSITO ADUANERO INTERNACIONAL DE MERCANCÍAS Plazo Código de Ruta Aduana de Partida - Aduana de Destino Descripción de la Ruta (horas) 019-019-A Tumbes - Tumbes TUMBES - TUMBES 2 019-028-A Tumbes - Talara TUMBES - TALARA 10 019-046-A Tumbes - Paita TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - PAITA 14 019-055-A Tumbes - Chiclayo TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO 27 019-082-A Tumbes - Salaverry TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - SALAVERRY 37 019-091-A Tumbes - Chimbote TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE 40 019-118-A Tumbes - Marítima Callao TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - MARITIMA CALLAO 64 019-127-A Tumbes - Pisco TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO 80 TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-145-A Tumbes - Mollendo/Matarani 125 CAMANA - REPARTICIÓN -MOLLENDO/MATARANI TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-154-A Tumbes - Arequipa 124 CAMANA - REPARTICIÓN - AREQUIPA TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-163-A Tumbes - Ilo 134 CAMANA - REPARTICIÓN - MOQUEGUA - ILO TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-172-A Tumbes - Tacna 136 CAMANA - REPARTICION - MOQUEGUA -TACNA TUMBES - SULLANA - PIURA - CHICLAYO - TRUJILLO - CHIMBOTE - LIMA CALLAO - PISCO - ICA - 019-181-A Tumbes - Puno 145 CAMANA
    [Show full text]
  • Mariano De Rivero, Mining and the Birth of Peru As a Republic, 1820-1850
    Apuntes 80, 49-74 © Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 ISSN: 0252-1865 Article received on November 24th, 2016 eISSN: 2223-1757 Approved for publication on March 17th, 2017 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21678/apuntes.80.904 Society, science, and technology: Mariano de Rivero, mining and the birth of Peru as a Republic, 1820-1850 JOSÉ R. DEUSTUA C.1 Eastern Illinois University, Illinois, Estados Unidos [email protected] Abstract: This article studies the relationships between society, science, and technology through an analysis of the personal life of the Peruvian scientist Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Ustáriz. Starting with his education at the Seminario de San Jerónimo in Arequipa, the Highgate School in London, and the École Royale des Mines in Paris, this study focuses on Rivero’s acti- vities related to mining in Peru and its vicissitudes, from the development of Simon Bolivar’s strategy for the country after Independence had been achieved, through to the uncertainties of the subsequent period of caudillaje. Particular attention is given to capital investments, especially foreign and British, and the technology employed in the mining sector (especially in Cerro de Pasco) in this early Republican period. Keywords: Scientific education; Simon Bolivar; mining technology; British capital investments; Republican Peru. Acronyms and abbreviations ACN Archivo del Congreso Nacional, Peru AGN Archivo General de la Nación, Peru CDIP Colección Documental de la Independencia del Perú CLADHE Latin American Congress of Economic History (Congreso Latinoamericano de Historia Económica) IQ Intelligence quotient 1 A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the 5th Latin American Congress of Econo- mic History (CLADHE), held at Universidade de São Paulo on July 19 to 21, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Fascinating Peru: Cusco, Puno, Arequipa
    Fascinating Peru: Cusco Puno Arequipa 02 | Fascinating Peru: Cusco Gihan Tubbeh / PROMPERÚ © Discover Its archaeological sites and colonial architectural beauty merge in each old Cusco street and neighborhood, turning your visit to Cusco into a story tale trip, taking you back in time. Nowadays, The city is full of stories and the modernity has turned it into a cosmopolitan place with lights and shows. Amid the Inca walls, convents and astonishing churches emerge alternatives for even the most exclusive expert traveller of demanding tastes. Fascinating Peru: Cusco 03 Enrique Castro-Mendívil / PROMPERÚ © Feel Five-star hotels and perfect boutique hotel deals ranging from old monasteries transformed into luxurious hotels to renovated palaces, and 300 year-old mansions with heated pools offering beauty treatments based on ancestral techniques. All of them have managed to create concepts that coexist peacefully with the history and traditions of the city. In the Sacred Valley, farms and lodges offer travellers unique experiences by the majestic Vilcanota river. Also, at the foot of Mount Machu Picchu, villages near hot springs and contemporary alternatives incorporate sustainability and greening to each detail. Indulge yourself by a fireplace, evening cocktails, gourmet dinners, and nights of contemplation. 04 | Fascinating Peru: Cusco Taste Cusco cuisine is an invitation to delight in and discover new flavors. Peruvian flavors underwent an interesting process of investigating ingredients and techniques even as it earned acknowledgment among the world's finest cuisines. Traditional stews have been reinvented keeping their essence and forgoen ingredients are now included in avant-garde menus. The relationship with producers is increasingly appreciated, and ties are established while stories are told and served on tasting menus with refined flavors.
    [Show full text]
  • Geothermal Energy in Peru
    Ministry of Energy and Mines Electricity General Directorate Electricity Concessions Directorate Geothermal energy in Perú Ing. Alcides Claros Pacheco Nairobi, June 2015 www.minem.gob.pe [email protected] Current situation of the development of geothermal energy Peruvian geothermal potential • According to the Geothermal Master Plan, there is a potential of close to 3000 MW. • The "Southern Volcanic Belt” is the region has the greatest potential. 2 Current situation of the development of geothermal energy Geothermal map Resource Potential MW DEPARTAMENTO CAMPOS OTROS PROMISORIO CAMPOS Tacna 436 132 Moquegua 192.6 140 Puno 36.8 268 Tacna ‐ Moquegua 79.4 3 1287.8 MW ≈ 45% Of potential Perú 744.8 543 FTE: Geothermal Mater Plan ‐ 2012 3 Promising fields according to the Master Plan 4 Project Area Tutupaca • MAGMA Energía Geotérmica Perú S.A. • Área: 20 000 Ha (20 areas ) • Fhases: • First: 2 years • Second : 1 year • Budget: • First: US$ 472, 450.00 • Second: US$ 3’ 346, 196.25 5 Project Area Pinaya I • Eco Energy S.A.C. • Area: 1000 Ha (1 zone) • Fhases: • First: 2 yeras • Second: 1 year • Budget: • First: US$ 262, 000.00 • Second: US$ 2’ 150, 000.00 6 Project Area Quellaapacheta – In Drilling 7 Borateras and Calientes Fields 8 Exploration Permits N° de Area Fecha de Nº Titular / EMPRESA Proyecto Ubicación Zona Total (Ha) Autorización • There are 20 1 GERONTA II 1 1000 Ayacucho 19‐may‐2011 2 UMACUSIRI I 1 1000 Ayacucho 19‐may‐2011 licenses have 3 UMACUSIRI II 1 1000 Ayacucho 19‐may‐2011 4 GERONTA I 1 1000 Ayacucho 19‐may‐2011 been granted to 5 PINAYA I 1 1000 Puno 4‐feb‐2011 ECO ENERGY S.A.C.
    [Show full text]