The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

ABOUT FACULTY OF SCIENCE

The Faculty of Science is a Constituent Institution of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda under the direct management and control of the University. The Old Baroda College which was founded in the year 1881 consisted of Arts and Science Sections. The Faculty of Science started its independent existence in March, 1951 with Dr. C.S. Patel as its First Dean. The Old Building which houses the Faculty of Science at present was completed in early 30s during the reign of Srimant Sayajirao III Gaekwad, a far sighted Ruler and maker of modern Baroda. The building is conspicuous by its small copper dome and is flanked on the west by the building of Faculty of Education and Psychology and on the east by the majestic building of the Old Baroda College, now the Faculty of Arts. The Faculty comprise of 12 Departments including Biochemistry, Botany, Chemistry, Computer Applications, Environmental Studies, Geography, Geology, Mathematics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Physics, Statistics and Zoology. The Faculty also houses the Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology and Prof. Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Center. The faculty boasts of excellent teaching and research facilities and has contributed immensely in form of research grants, articles and patents. The faculty has also the rare distinction of producing a Noble laureate Dr. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

FOREWORD

It is my pleasure to invite you all for the annual OPEN HOUSE at Faculty of Science. Science an ever learning platform for better celebrations. The open house has gone online this year and can be accessed via a dedicated portal created for this purpose @ http://msuopenhouse.in. Open house portal will have videos with information about the various aspects of Faculty of Science as well as its Departments and institutes. It will feature videos of participants explaining various phenomenon of science through Posters, Models, interactive boards etc. as part of a competition at Faculty level. The event is aimed at exposing school children/teachers to latest advancements in science and inculcate curiosity in their young minds. I hope the OPEN HOUSE will be of immense help in popularizing science and scientific temper amongst the school children of Vadodara and will be a joyful experience for all.

Sincerely Yours, Prof. Hari Kataria Dean, Faculty of Science The M.S. University of Baroda

Head of the Departments

Prof. C. RatnaPrabbha (Biochemistry) Prof. N. Krishnayya (Botany) Prof. Anjali Patel (Chemistry) Prof. Rakesh Srivastava (Computer Applications) Prof. Kauresh Vachharajani (Environmental Studies) Prof. Bindu Bhatt (Geography) Prof. Atul Joshi (Geology) Prof. Prof. Rajendra G. Vyas (Mathematics) Prof. G. Archana (Microbiology) Prof. S.K. Mukherjee (Physics) Prof. Vipul Kalamkar (Statistics) Prof. Dolly Kumar (Zoology) Prof. Hari Kataria (Director, CMB)

Organizing Committee Department Committee Member(s) Biochemistry Dr. Devesh Suthar and Dr. Ravi Vijayvargia Botany Mr. Sanket Charola Cell and Molecular Biology Dr. Ravi Vijayvargia and Dr. Muskaan Belani Chemistry Prof. Prasanna Ghalsasi (Convener), Dr. Arun Patel and Dr. Rajendra Jadeja (Dean of Students) Computer Applications Ms. Heta Parekh and Dr. Kshitij Tripathi Environmental Studies Dr. Neha Singh and Dr. Manthan Tailor Geography Dr. Ami Raval Geology Prof. Manoj Limaye, Dr. V. Sharma and Dr. Aditya Joshi Mathematics Prof. Bhadresh Dave and Ms. Shilpa Gupta Microbiology & Biotechnology Prof. Devarshi Gajjar, Dr. Nandita Baxi and Dr. Poonam Mishra Physics Dr. P. H. Soni, Dr. Mitesh Sarkar and Ms. Urmi Doshi Statistics Dr. Deepa Kandpal and Dr. Khimya Tinani Zoology Prof. Vihas Vasu and Dr. Hetal Roy

ABSTRACTS INDEX

S.No. Name of the Department Page No.

1. Bio-Chemistry 6-7 2. Botany 8 3. Cell and Molecular Biology 9-15 4. Chemistry 16-24 5. Computer Applications 25-26 6. Environmental Sciences 27-28 7. Geography 29-48 8. Geology 49 9. Mathematics 50-58 10. Microbiology and Biotechnology 59-67 11. Physics 68-77 12. Statistics 78-83 13. Zoology 84-86

1. DEPARTMENT OF BIO-CHEMISTRY

CHARACTERIZATION OF XYLANASE ENZYME PRODUCED BY Bacillus subtilis. Dimpal J Aghera & Jigna H Patel Department of Biochemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Xylanase is a class of enzymes which is produced by microorganisms. Xylanase degrades xylan into monomers of various sizes by catalysing, possessing potential in wide industrial applications, along with uses in agriculture and for human health. Xylanase has applications in the food and paper making industries. There are different types of xylanases produced by different type of microorganisms. These enzymes act under different conditions, such as different pH levels, different salt levels, and different temperatures, different salts and different solvents. Xylanase is industrially important enzyme which is produced by natural resources like agricultural waste. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium which is isolated from farm soil. Xylanase enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis was partially purified by 70% ammonium sulphate saturation. Different temperatures (20°C,30°C,40°C,50°C,60°C,70°C), pH (4,5,6,7,8,9,10), salt concentration (0%,1%,2%,5%,10%,15%,20%) different metal salts like BaCl2, CaCl2, FeCl3, HgCl2, KCl, MnCl2, NaCl, MgSO4, different inhibitors like SDS, EDTA, CTAB, Urea and different solvents like methanol, ethanol, butanol, acetone, isoamyl alcohol, chloroform, isopropanol, n-hexane were experimented for the characterization of enzyme. Enzyme is found to be stable at various conditions.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ENZYMATIC POTENTIAL OF ACTINOBACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH SEA WEED DICTYOPTERIS SP. Krishna B. Bhutiya and Sangeeta D. Gohel Department of Biochemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Seaweeds are sessile multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes that are differentiated from plants by their lack of specialized tissues. The seaweeds are ecologically important primary producers, competitors, and ecosystem engineers that play a central role in coastal habitats ranging from kelp forests to coral reefs. They are the part of highly productive ecosystems and are habitats of numerous bioactive compounds producing microorganisms. Actinobacteria are one of the active marine bacteria which are heterogeneous group of gram positive, high G+C bacteria noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern. Thus, the present study focused on actinobacteria species associated with Dictyopteris sp. Total10 actinobacterial strains were isolated from Dictyopteris sp. from the coastal region of Veraval, Gujarat, India. The selected actinobacterial strains displayed consistent antimicrobial and antifungal activity along with enzymatic potential. The actinobacteria strain Ds-11 showed comparatively batter antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Proteus sp., Shigella sp., B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus and E. faecalis and antifungal

6 activity against A. niger and A. flavus. Whereas, actinobacteria strain Ds-11 secreted comparatively high protease on gelatin agar medium supplemented with 0-10 % NaCl (w/v). The effect of various physical and chemical parameters such as pH, temperature and salt on the growth and protease production was studied in liquid culture medium. The actinobacteria strain Ds-11 produced protease even at 10% NaCl (w/v) in liquid culture media while the protease production was optimum at 6% NaCl (w/v).

2. DEPARTMET OF BOTANY

SCIENCE AN EVER-LEARNING PLATFORM FOR BETTER FUTURE Kachariya prince Dilipbhai T.Y. B.Sc. Department of Botany The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The Value of Learning Science Beyond the potential scientific breakthroughs, there are individual benefits to learning science, such as developing our ability to ask questions, collect information, organize and test our ideas, solve problems, and apply what we learn.

Insulin is very important for the metabolism of glucose in the body. If its amount increases or decreases, some defects occur in the body. for example, Diabetes. This insulin is first obtained from the pancreas of cattle taken to the slaughterhouse but is not in pure form, which can lead to many diseases. To prevent this, biotechnology was invented using science platforms. Man-made insulin was then made. Thus, science always provides a platform to learn something new. Sonam Wangchuck has recently set up a tent in Ladakh for the Indian Army, which is very useful for soldiers. Thus, Science always provides a platform to learn and do something new. Just as water is universal, so is science universal. Science has a vast ocean.

3. INSTITUTE OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CYTOGENETIC STUDY IN CRIMINALS (MURDERERS): ROLE OF XYY CHROMOSOME IN CRIMINALITY Yash Darji & Nikunj Parmar Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

Crime & criminals are a curse to society. All types of advanced scientific methods should be used for detection of crime to prove the guilt of criminal and also to see that innocent subjects are not victimized. Although there are many methods of detecting crime, cytogenetic study has a unique character of its own in its application to forensic science. The crime rates in India are increasing and approximately 5% of the criminals are murderers. the famous Danish `Adoption Studies` states that in addition to socio-economic factors, hereditary plays an important role in the determination of criminality. In this study an attempt has been made to find out if there is any definite association between the criminality and chromosomal aberrations. Hence the individuals who were convicted by the court of law under IPC 302 as murderers are subjected to that there is a definite association between the criminal behaviour and XYY chromosome. It's also suggested that this positive association should be studied in a large population before this observation can be used as a biological indicator of criminality.

AGEING AT CELLULAR LEVEL: ROLE OF TELOMERES AND GENES Dhruva Bhatt Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Ageing occurs when intrinsic processes and interactions with the environment that leads to the failure of the whole organism. One of the most prominent causes of ageing at a cellular level is the shortening of telomeres and subsequent formation of senescent cells. Mitotic somatic cells divide continuously till they reach their programmed cell death. This programmed cell death happens after the cell undergoes a certain number of divisions called the Hayflick Limit. The cause lies in the telomeres, originally made from telomerase enzyme during zygote stage. Every time a cell divides, the telomeres on chromosomes are a bit shorter than those in the parent cell. This occurs due to the intrinsic inability of DNA polymerases to completely replicate the telomere C-rich lagging-strand. During the process of lagging-strand synthesis, RNA primers come into play allowing DNA polymerases to initiate DNA replication. However, upon removal of the last primer at the 3′ end, the newly synthesized strand will inevitably be a few nucleotides shorter, resulting in loss of telomere repeats. First hypothesized independently by Olonikov and Watson, this phenomenon was confirmed experimentally in nineties. When the telomeres become so short that further division may cause damage to coding sequence of DNA, the cell reaches replicative senescence and becomes a senescent cell. They decrease effective tissue and organ function and may lead to age related diseases.

Furthermore, genes are essential in determining the age of an organism. In a research conducted by Cynthia Kenyon on C. elegans suggested that a single gene DAF-2 caused them to age and when mutated, worms lived twice as long. In humans, research is focused upon one gene that produces a growth hormone called the IGF-1 gene. In experiments done on mice, it was observed that silencing this gene increased the lifespan by 33%, however there have been no human trials. It was also suggested that calorie intake stimulates IGF-1 to direct food and energy towards growth, shifting the metabolism from maintaining the existing cells and building resistance; to growing Some ways to slow down/reverse the aforementioned processes can be observed in stem and cancer cells that have their own telomerase and can divide indefinitely without their chromosomes getting damaged. Due to risk of potential tumor, injecting telomerase to cells could be done following proper research and experimentation. Scientists have also tried to genetically engineer mice so they can destroy their senescent cells when they pleased, leading to an increase in survival up to 30%.

BRAIN IMAGING Tamanna Mulani, Isha Gosai & Vaidehi Ghotikar Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine, neuroscience, and psychology. Brain imaging falls into two broad categories: -  Structural Imaging  Functional Imaging

Methods of Brain Imaging: -  Computed axial tomography (CAT)  Diffuse optical imaging (DOI)  Event-related optical signal (EROS)  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Magnetocephalography (MEG)  Positron emission tomography (PET)  Cranial ultrasound (only used in babies)  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Future uses of neuroimaging: -  Biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment monitoring  Other potentially informative biomarkers  Early detection and prevention of neurodegeneration

 Monitoring treatments in development  Monitoring available intervention

HOW CARBOHYDRATES CAN BE TARGETED FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT? Pooja Sandip Shah, Roshni Janakkumar Patel, Ruchi Rajendrabhai Patel Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Carbohydrates structures decorate the surface of the pathogens and malignant cells and could be exploited as potential targets for vaccine design. Indeed, most vaccines against the bacterial infections are carbohydrate vaccines. The steady increase in drug resistance has catalysed a renewed interest in carbohydrate vaccine development against wide range of pathogens as well as cancer. A number of challenges are associated with targeting glycan structure in a vaccine context. Generally speaking, the main challenges include the poor immunogenicity of carbohydrates, low affinity of protein-carbohydrate interactions, and structural diversity of glycans between species or strains and micro-heterogenicity. Using carbohydrates to induce immunity is relatively a new strategy. The poor quality of the antibody responses to carbohydrate is one of the many obstacles with developing carbohydrate-based vaccines and is largely attributed to T-cell independent immune response, which are typically triggered by repetitive carbohydrate antigens. B cell receptor cross linking through binding repetitive motifs activate antigen-specify B cells independent of CD4- helper T cells. Such T cells independent responses are less robust, short lived and primarily consist of IgM antibodies. By contrast, CD4- T cells, which are typically generated in response to proteins, enable the generation of high affinity; class- switched antibodies and subsequently, long lived antibody mediated protection. Zwitter ionic capsular polysaccharide from some bacteria is exception as these carbohydrates, like proteins, can be processed and presented on major histocompatibility complex class2 molecules for activation of CD4 – helper T cells and the generation of T cells dependent immune responses. To recruit CD4 T cells for antibody responses against the vast majority of glycans, exogenous CD4 T cell epitopes must be provided, usually in the form of a carrier protein. Bacteria capsular polysaccharide repeats associated with particular species (and serotypes). As early as 1931, Avery and Goedel reported that conjugation of glycans to a suitable protein scaffold enhanced to immunogenicity of carbohydrates. It is now well known that immunisation with neoglyco-conjugates composed of capsular polysaccharide - derived glycans covalently coupled to an immunogenic protein carrier (conjugate vaccines) induces long - lasting protection against encapsulated bacteria.

DESIGNER BABY Dwisha Raval, Sneh bhalani &Shreya Basu Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

The term 'designer baby' refers to a baby that has been given special traits through genetic engineering. This is done by altering the genes of the egg, sperm, or the embryo. These traits can, in theory, vary from lower resistance to diseases to even gender selection. Adam Nash is considered to be the first designer baby, born in 2000 using in vitro fertilization with pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, a technique used to choose desired characters When you alter a baby’s genetic makeup to remove a particular gene(s) associated with a disease, you successfully create a designer baby. One way is to use a process is called preimplantation genetic diagnosis. This process analyses a wide range of human embryos associated with a particular disease and selecting seeds that have the desired genetic makeup. Another less popular method is called Germline engineering, which enables altering a baby’s genetic information before birth. The desired genetic material is introduced into the embryo itself or the sperm and egg cells, either by delivering the selected genes directly into the cell or using the gene-editing technology. Genetic editing is done either by removing small sections of the existing genome or by introducing new segments of DNA into the genome. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a genome editing technology introduced by researchers Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna. The technology allows scientists to cheaply and very rapidly alter the genome of almost any organism. CRISPR makes use of an enzyme called Cas-9, which is used to cut out selected sections of DNA or and add new units to existing DNA. For example the eye colour of the embryo can be designed by following conditions-(enrolment of eye colour selection program) parents carry the genetic codes, or “building blocks” of the eye colour they wish to choose for their child, undergoing the actual fertility procedure that will allow the scientists and physicians to examine the embryos you produce with in vitro fertilization to determine which of the embryos carry the genes necessary to greatly increase the chance of the chosen eye colour. Over generations, gene editing could affect entire gene pools. For screening of Down Syndrome in kids in Britain, promote vaccines to eliminate illnesses, and now there is embryo testing for eradicating genetic conditions. It gives an opportunity to the parents to give their child a better shot at a healthy lifestyle, Prevents genetic diseases such as Down Syndrome, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s Disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, and many others. Reduces risk of inherited medical conditions such as obesity, anaemia, diabetes, cancer, etc.

INJECTABLE OXYGEN MICROPARTICLES Shruti Panchal, Rushali Mehta & Yeshaba Zala Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002 Scientists have developed an injectable foam suspension containing self-assembling, lipid base microparticles encapsulating the core of pure oxygen gas for Intravenous injection. The microparticles used to package oxygen gas, covered by a layer of fatty molecules and stabilizing agents. Lipidic oxygen containing microparticles are called LOM. They usually store energy or serve as a component to cell membranes. Upon contact with the oxygen-poor Red blood cells, it releases Oxygen, which rapidly bind to the cell. The lipid shell is metabolized by the body. The study details the development of an Oxygen gas filled microparticles that could keep us alive, even if we can’t perform the physical act of breathing for 15 minutes. There are several theoretical approaches rapidly increasing arterial Oxygen content in the setting of an emergency. The most obvious may be directly bubbling Oxygen gas into bloodstream. Historically, direct infusion of free Oxygen gas into bloodstream has resulted in pulmonary emboli. At extremely low infusion rates corresponding to only 8% of measured oxygen consumption of a healthy human adult. Due to the introduction of nanoparticles or microparticles of Oxygen, the pulmonary emboli can be prevented. The plot for Oxyhaemoglobin Vs Time gives all the useful information regarding the experiment.

CELLS' SENSE AND ADAPTIBILITY TO OXYGEN AVAILIBILITY Rahul Patel, Maitreyi Rohra & Juhi Shah Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002 In this project we are going to try to understand how cells sense and adapt to the oxygen availability in the environment by identifying the molecular machinery that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen. We will be discussing how this seminal discovery has revealed the mechanism for one of life's most essential adaptive processes by establishing the basis for our understanding of how oxygen levels affect cellular metabolism and physiological function. And we will be also looking for how it has paved the way for new strategies to fight anemia, cancer and many other diseases. As we know till now, various mechanisms have been developed in the course of time through evolution in our body which ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues and cells. The discoveries in 1938 by Corneille Heymans which won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine was about How the blood oxygen levels were sensed via a specialized cell adjacent to the large blood vessels on both the sides of our neck called the carotid cells controlled the respiratory rate by communicating directly with the brain. In addition to carotid body-controlled hypoxia there are other fundamental physiological adaptations such as rise in the level of the

13 hormone erythropoietin which leads to the increased production of red blood cells, which is increased erythropoiesis. The importance of the hormonal control of erythropoiesis was already known at the beginning of 20 century but how this process was itself controlled by oxygen was discovered in 2019 by William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza in their various studies of the EPO gene, the HIF factor and etc.

Thus, we will be exploring all the responsible factors, genes, mechanisms which play a role in the sensing and adaptation of our cells in response to the availability of oxygen.

3-D BIOPRINTING Nandini R Joshi Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful tool for building tissue and organ structures in the field of tissue engineering. This technology allows precise placement of cells, biomaterials and biomolecules in spatially predefined locations within confined three-dimensional (3D) structures. Various bioprinting technologies have been developed and utilized for applications in life sciences, ranging from studying cellular mechanisms to constructing tissues and organs for implantation, including heart valve, myocardial tissue, trachea and blood vessels. Here I have taken, the general information of the most widely used bioprinting technologies. Application-based research focused on tissue

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pooja Rathod Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

As many of us know that the field cell and molecular biology is very scopeful and less competitive field. But there are a lot many students/people who are not at all aware about this field. They don’t know about how interesting this field is and its expediency. So, through my topic (poster-video) I am trying to make people/students aware about this field. Cell and Molecular Biology studies the structure and function of the cell, which is the basic unit of life. Cell biology is concerned with the physiological properties, metabolic processes, signaling pathways, life cycle, chemical composition and interactions of the cell with their environment. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level as it encompasses prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences; it is also essential for research in bio-medical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and cytochemistry. CMB provides students with a solid foundation in cell biology, molecular biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics. Further, experiential learning is an integral part of this

14 degree program. This training will enable students to make meaningful contributions to global medical and environmental issues including the study of the molecular basis of cancer and infectious disease, heart disease, the development of next generation biofuels, and the genetic engineering of crops for increased productivity and improved disease resistance. I hope that my message aware all students/people.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN CLONING Dhara Patel, Shriya Varma, Shaliha Pathan Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Cloning is the process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially. In nature, many organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction. Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones of organisms or copies of cell. There are three different types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. Reproductive cloning produces copies of whole animals. Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues. In reproductive cloning, researchers remove a mature somatic cell, such as a skin cell, from an animal that they wish to copy. They then transfer the DNA of the donor animal's somatic cell into an egg cell, or oocyte, that has had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed. Researchers can add the DNA from the somatic cell to the empty egg in two different ways. Several mammalian species have been cloned by transferring nuclei from various adult somatic cells into enucleated oocytes. The cloning procedure is still inefficient, and only one in a hundred of manipulated oocytes develop to adulthood. Reasons for the low efficiency of cloning are unknown and are probably both technical and biological. The incomplete or incorrect reprogramming of the donor nuclear genome — its inability to completely adapt and function in the new environment — is the most significant factor contributing to low cloning efficiency. The cloning of large farm animals from genetically manipulated donor nuclei will have significant practical benefits. Benefits of cloning include being able to create tissue and organs that doctors can use when needed for surgery on the original. Other benefits include growing stem cells, cloning lab mice genetically engineered for the specific study, bringing back extinct species, reproducing a pet that died and cloning livestock for food. Several risks involved in of human cloning are It risks the possibility of faster aging and It interferes with nature. It can bring forth a reduced sense of individuality. It can cause a divide among people. It might decrease the overall value of human life. It goes against religious ethics. It might be used for exploitation.

4. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CRYO-ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: 2017 NOBLE PRIZE Rohan. M. Dhomse & Kavan Chauhan Department of Chemistry The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the following three pioneers: Dr. Joachim Frank, Dr. Jacques Dubochet, and Dr. Richard Henderson. They all contributed to the development of a Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) technique for determining the high-resolution structures of bio molecules in solution, particularly without crystal and with much less amount of bio molecules than X-ray crystallography. Cryo-EM is a suitable technique for visualizing radiation-sensitive specimen like biological macromolecules or soft matter materials consisting of light atoms such as organic polymers. In the cryo-EM procedure, specimens are created by rapid freezing of biomolecules in solution and loaded into the column of an electron microscope operating at high-vacuum and at low temperature to keep the ice in amorphous state and to reduce the effect of radiation damage. Unlike X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, cryo-EM requires a much smaller amount of sample and it accepts a larger variation of specimen types, such as single protein molecules, large protein complexes, thin-protein crystals, virus particles, helical fibre complexes, bacteria, cells and even entire tissue sections.

Modern cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) began with the introduction of a unique specimen preparation method by Dubochet and co-workers in the 1980s resulting in the preservation of biological specimens at near native condition within a thin amorphous ice film, which allowed direct observation on a low dose transmission electron microscope operating at liquid nitrogen temperature or below.

This technique has an advantage in that it can be used to view and characterize a wide range of samples. Using cryo-electron microscopy, it becomes possible to view cells, cell organelles as well as macromolecules complexes of well over 500 kD.

Disadvantages: -Very low signal to noise ratio & Tilt Imaging

Here, we give a review of cryo-EM and introduce the technique as one of the modalities for studying molecular dynamics in proteins and protein complexes. Compared with other methods, cryo-EM covers a larger range of molecular weights and sample conditions. Even the structure of proteins inside the cell can now be analysed. Cryo-EM, a just recently matured technique, is a strong contender to contribute novel insights for the study of molecular dynamics of proteins in the future.

ELEPHANT TOOTHPASTE Bhadania Anny & Ashok Kumar Department of Chemistry The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Elephant's toothpaste is a foamy substance caused by the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using potassium iodide or yeast and warm water as a catalyst.This experiment shows the catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposes into water and oxygen gas, these bubbles of Oxygen would usually escape from the liquid and pop quickly. But adding a little dish soap provides additional surface tension, allowing the bubbles to get trapped and creating lots of foam. This foam looks like a giant squeeze of toothpaste—almost big enough for an elephant!

In normal conditions, this reaction takes place very slowly, therefore a catalyst is added to speed up the reaction, which will result in rapid formation of foam. The iodide ion from potassium iodide acts as a catalyst and speeds up the reaction while remaining chemically unchanged in the reaction process.

The reaction is exothermic. GLOW STICK EXPERIMENT Patel Ajaykumar Manibhai, Mayuri Shaiwale, Varsha Bharadwaj Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Glow sticks consist of two separate compartments with two different chemical solutions. One solution, contained within an inner glass cylinder, is

17 hydrogen peroxide. In the case of most glow sticks, the other solution surrounding the glass cylinder contains a diphenyl oxalate compound along with a fluorescent dye. The inner glass cylinder keeps the two solutions separated to prevent their reaction. The action of snapping the glow stick breaks the glass cylinder, allowing the two solutions to mix and initiate the chemical reaction. The reaction occurs between the H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and the diphenyl oxalate. When the two solutions are mixed, hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the diphenyl oxalate ester, which produces phenol plus an unstable compound called 1,2- dioxetanedione. This unstable ester breaks apart releasing energy and CO2. The energy gets transferred to the dye molecule causing the electrons to jump to higher levels. The dye molecule finally relaxes back to the ground state, with the release of a photon of light at a specific frequency which our eyes can see because it falls in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum

BLUE BOTTLE EXPERIMENT Samridhi Parayil Department of Chemistry The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The blue bottle experiment is a color changing, redox chemical reaction. This experiment only requires 3 reagents; methylene blue, glucose solution and sodium hydroxide. These reagents are mixed and then the flask is covered shut. Glucose (an aldohexose sugar) in alkaline medium gets slowly converted into gluconic acid by oxygen present in the atmosphere:

- - - CH2OH (CHOH)4-CHO + ½O2 → CH2OH (CHOH)4 CO2H In the presence of NaOH, gluconic acid is converted into gluconate. Methylene blue speeds up the reaction furthermore acting as an oxygen transfer agent. The initial colour of the solutions is blue, as the reaction proceeds, the alkaline glucose solution reduces the methylene blue to a colourless leuco methylene blue, and the blue colour of the solution gradually fades and then disappears.

On shaking the flask again, the colour changes back to the initial blue colour. This happens because of the oxidation of leuco methylene back to methylene blue, as the shaking causes oxygen from the head space air dissolve in the solution. On standing the solution again it becomes colorless. This reaction can be repeated couple of more times.

CARBON DIOXIDE: FIRE EXTINGUISHER Rushik Vasava and Komal Kolte Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Carbon dioxide, which weighs more than oxygen. Fire needs oxygen and fuel to burn. These three components are called the fire triangle or the combustion triangle. Taking just one of these things away will make the fire go out. Oxygen is a gas present in the atmosphere. When we placed the carbon dioxide over the flame, the carbon dioxide replaced the oxygen. This caused the fire to die because it was not getting oxygen.

The (sodium bicarbonate) is a base and vinegar (acetic acid) is weak acid. When they combine, the immediate reaction creates carbonic acid. However, carbonic acid is very unstable and it quickly decomposes into and water (H2O). A carbon dioxide (CO2) gas that is heavier than oxygen

(O2), it stays in the bottle.

As it pours out of the bottle, it pushes the lighter oxygen away from the candle. The fire, now deprived of oxygen, can no longer burn.

ACETONE FLASHLIGHT Vishva Tarbadakoli and Shaily Patel Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Acetone flashlight experiment is based on the catalytic oxidation of acetone by copper exothermic process regeneration of original copper metal. A copper wire is heated and suspended above the surface of acetone in a beaker, the copper surface of the hot wire catalyzes the oxidation of acetone. Hot copper reacts with oxygen in the air to produce a coating of copper oxide, CuO. The copper oxide reacts with acetone, producing ketene and methane and regenerating copper metal. Reaction

19 with acetone, the copper surface becomes bright because of the transfer of the oxygen and begins to glow red hot because of the energy that's released from the reaction. In this reaction a great deal of heat is released, so the copper wire does not cool down, and heats up even more, which explains why it glows. This exotherm keeps the wire glowing. In the absence of oxides on the copper surface the copper glows yellow in the reducing gas mixture. The flicking on the surface of the wire is caused by the changing of temperature. As the vapor touches the surface, the copper wire alternately cools down and then glows again.

DRUG POLLUTION Mohil Thanki, Rahul Parmar, Shreedutt Oza, Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Drugs or pharmaceuticals are those chemicals which are used as medicines to cure, halt or prevent diseases; ease symptoms; or help in diagnosis of illnesses. Nowadays, these chemicals are very important in one’s life. There are many industries all over the world which produces tons of medicines over a year. These are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment are in the same range (µg L-1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for developing countries too. This can cause water pollution and we can denote it by pharmaceutical pollution. In this video, a detailed explanation about pharmaceutical pollution is given. These can reach to water sources by excretion or directly as a waste without any treatment. As bioavailability of drugs can’t be 100%, most of the ingested drugs go to the sewage. This increases TDS, BOD, COD and other water quality parameters. Although there is no proper evidence, this can lead human health to risk and chances of getting ill may be increased. This drug pollution can affect fertility of agricultural land and also aquatic lives. We need to aware people about and how to prevent this is discussed precisely in the video. In addition to drug pollution, drug addiction is explained here. Reasons to get addicted, common drugs which are utilized by drug addicts, their mental, biological and social effects and how to surmount this situation is also briefly described.

NON-BURNING MONEY WITH MAGIC OF FLAMES Feni Modi Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

What do you think what would happen if I decided to light a piece of paper?? You were right, it would burn!! But here the case is little different…

When the currency note is soaked into the solution of 50ml of ethyl alcohol and 50ml of water, the water molecule soaked into the currency note, while alcohol remains on the surface. When the match is put to the currency note, the alcohol is what actually burns. The temperature at which alcohol burns is not high enough to evaporate the water and burs the currency note. So after the alcohol has burned, the currency note is slightly wet and fire goes out. Here the combustion reaction is:

C2H5OH + 4O2 ------> 2CO2 +3H2O + Heat Energy Here we also add different metal salts into the solution of alcohol and water so we get its corresponding flames. For example: Lithium salts: Red flame, copper salts: blue flame, Barium salts: apple green flame

CHEMICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT Twara Kikani and Astha Dwivedi Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The chemical traffic light is a color-changing redox reaction that consists of glucose, sodium hydroxide, indigo carmine, and water. When all chemicals are added together then the color appears yellow. After shaking, the color turns green and then changes to red after it is left untouched. This reaction occurs by oxidation and reduction of the solution where alkaline glucose solution is acting as a reducing agent. When the glucose solution is added to the solution containing indicator (dye indigo carmine) the color changes occur. When solution is shaken, oxygen dissolves in the

21 solution and oxidizes indigo carmine. Solution becomes red if a small amount of oxygen is dissolved, and green if all of indigo carmine is oxidized. The solution will turn back to original yellow color when the concentration of oxygen level drops. Due to this reversible color change this reaction is called chemical traffic light.

SPARKLING WATER! Arpita Desai, Priyanka Mathur, Meera Mori, Nidhi Kahar, Jayesh Sarvaiya. Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Magnesium silicide can be made by heating magnesium power (5 g) and an excess of white sand (10 g) in a soda-glass test tube over a roaring Bunsen flame. After a short time an exothermic reaction takes place, producing intense heat and a red glow accompanied by a loud pop. The first product is silicon, which reacts with magnesium to produce Mg2Si Interestingly, the glass also contains silica and becomes involved in the reaction. After the test tube has cooled it can be broken with a gentle blow from a hammer to expose the Mg2Si(s). A mixture of hydrides of silicon, containing up to six silicon atoms in a chain can then be obtained by tipping the magnesium silicide into 150 Cm3 of 20% HCl in water. This gives sparkles in dark.

SiO2(s) + 2Mg(s) 2MgO(s)+ Si(s)

2Mg(s) + Si(s) Mg2Si(s)

+ 2+ Mg2Si(s) + H (aq) Mg (aq) + SiH4(g) + H3Si-SiH3(g)

SiH4(g) + 2O2(g) SiO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

FUNCTIONAL CARBON DOTS: A COUNTERMEASURE TO HUMAN CORONA VIRUS Radhika Ashwin Rao Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Corona virus in these times has become a well-known term, but to discover the chemistry behind the virus and thereby discovering a remedy for the same is the actual challenge. Here in the topic that I have chosen, carbon dots are used in the delivery of the nanomedicine and thereby displaying an inhibitory mechanism to the growth of the virus. Seven carbon dots for the treatment of human coronavirus have been investigated in this paper. We now have a vaccine as the remedy but this paper on which I am presenting had been published during the lockdown period.

THE ROMAN GOD OF FIRE (VOLCANO) Rahul Mahendrasinh Chauhan, Jatin Balkrishna Kahar, Palkesh Nileshbhai Chauhan Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

A volcano is an opening on a planet’s surface or crust which allow hot magma, volcano ash and gases to escape from below the surface. Some well-known volcanoes around the world are Mount Rainier, USA, Mount Etna, Italy; Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA; Sakurajima, Japan. A volcano in Iceland called Eyjafjallajokull erupted in March 2010. It happens when the hot magma finds cracks on the surface of the planet and forces up or erupts. I made a model using a chemical reaction between baking soda and vinegar to simulated the gasses and magma flow. When the baking soda(base) and react with vinegar (acid) it forms the gas, carbon dioxide. The gas expands and escapes through the opening of the bottle. The gas, flour and food coloring make foam which looks like the glowing magma in a volcano.

MERCURY BEATING HEART Vedaang Suresh Krishnan Department of Chemistry The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002 The Mercury beating heart experiment is a quaint demonstration of the redox principle. A small drop of mercury (Hg) is placed in a watch glass. The Hg drop is immersed in a solution of dil. H2SO4 and potassium dichromate. When an iron nail is brought near the Hg drop, a pulsating motion is observed, resembling a beating heart. The contraction and relaxation of the mercury is due to changes in the surface tension of, and charge on, the mercury drop. When the mercury is not in contact with the iron nail, its surface becomes oxidized and the positive mercury ions repel each other, causing the mercury pool to relax (to lower its surface tension). The relaxation causes

23 the mercury to come into contact with the iron nail, which has a sufficiently negative electrochemical potential to reduce the mercury ions to mercury metal. The surface tension of the mercury increases and the pool contracts, causing the contact with the nail to be broken. The mercury surface reacts with the acid and becomes oxidized again, thereby, completing one cycle of the oscillation.

MAGICAL ASSEMBLY: CONVERT INVISIBLE TEXT INTO SILVERY TEXT Khushboo D. Bhanderi, Rupal Solanki, Mukesh Nakum Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University Of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002.

The coating or staining of metal is widely used in conductive material preparation. Specifically silver staining have attracted huge attention due to its applications in silver printing, lithography, e-textile technologies, wearable electronics, conductive material preparation and solar applicants. Only few techniques are reported and used technically to obtain metallic coating mainly film formation is obtained by staining material or spray deposition of solution and vapor phase deposition. These procedures have main drawback that it results into staining over entire area or fabric, apart from that it requires huge techniques and high temperature conditions. Thus we have developed a simple law coast method to obtain staining over substrate in selective Figure 1 shows sublimation assembly area by modifying sublimation method using phenol derivative. The Silver ammine complex solution was added on the substrate (paper and/or cotton), which is colorless and kept in the center part of sublimation assembly as shown in figure 1. After heating Sublimated 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol comes into the contact of silver ammine complex, where the C-C coupling reaction of phenol accurse. The resultant metallic silver stains only selectively over that area only and results into metallic silver staining, one of the photographs after staining is shown in figure 2. This coated silver was found chemically stable and conductive in nature, which is admirable and coast effective. Ultimately this method has open up the corridor to obtain silver staining which can be useful for silver printing or lithography in comparative mild conditions, which have main advantage of selective area staining. To present it interestingly we have represented reagent as magical water. By keeping this paper in empty assembly due to heating it results into black silver oxide formation but by putting it into Figure 2 shows Silver stained paper using given method another magical assembly containing phenol results into metallic silver staining over paper.

5. DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

CHATBOTS Arpitha Sreenivasan Department of Computer Applications The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

What are chatbots? Computer programs that are designed to stimulate conversations with human users.

How did chatbots evolve?  1950 Turing test: It is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

 1966 ELIZA: A natural language processing program designed to imitate a therapist who would ask open ended questions and even responds with follow ups

 1972 Parry: it’s a natural language processing program that stimulates the thinking of paranoid individual

 1988 Jabberwacky: its stated aim is to stimulate natural human chat in an interesting, entertaining and humorous manner

 1992 Dr. Sbaitso: a program that is assumed the role of a psychiatrist while interactive with others. Showcased a digitized voice

 1995 Alice: a natural language processing chatterbot that engages in a conversation with a human by applying some huiristical pattern

 2001 smaterchild: enables users to access real time news and information via IM or AIM MSN messenger and yahoo messenger

 2006 IBM's Watson: a question answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language

 2010 Siri: a virtual assistant part of apple INC's IOS, Watch OS, MAC Os, Homepad and TV OS operating system

 2012 Google now: a future of google search offering predictive cards with information and daily updates in google app for android and IOS.

 2015 Alexa: a virtual assistant developed by Amazon first used in Amazon echo and amazon echo dor smart speakers

 2015 Cortana: Cortana responds to natural languages and can perform a variety of organizational tasks for RND users, including setting reminders and scheduling calendar events

 2016 bots of messenger: a piece of software that uses AI to communicate with customers

What next? Current and future advances in Chatbots:  Chatbots will be more human like:  Deep customer insights to drive chatbot behaviour:  Use of AI in contact centres:  Voice bots are becoming mainstream  The customer experience (CX) will drive chatbots adoption  Messaging platforms as a growth driver for chatbots  Social media will dominate the adoption of AI  Bots for internal use for enterprises  Chatbots will become an integral part of daily lives

Example: An example of an IOT chatbot. Elements of an IOT chatbot: IOT device 1. Consists of Sensors and Actuators 1. Sensors 2. Actuators IOT gateway or framework Product cloud Mobile / laptop chatbot

6. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

GRAPHENE-TITANIA NANOCOMPOSITE CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION Haldankar Shruti Abhijit Chauhan Digant & Parikh Adhwaita Department of Environmental science The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

As we all know ‘Graphene’ is our coming future. It is such a material with indigenous properties, which can be applied to solve several problems and to make existing systems more efficient. Here is one of its applications. Graphene-titania nanocomposite is a photocatalyst which can convert air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxides, VOCs, etc. into harmless compounds. Air pollution is becoming a growing worldwide issue. To tackle this problem, a group of scientists working under the ‘Graphene Flagship’ initiative has developed this nanocomposite, which is proven to be effective at downgrading at least 70% more NOx than current methods can achieve. For this purpose, researchers created graphene via the process of liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite, which they did in the presence of nanoparticles of Titania, and in the absence of any other materials apart from water. This process formed a new graphene-titania nanocomposite. This nanocomposite is used to create a coating which can be applied to various surfaces and resulting into passive photo degradation of air pollutants. In summary, the products of photo degradation then sit on the coating until they are washed off by wind or rain factors. According to the scientists working under ‘Graphene Flagship’ project, this nanocomposite is found to be successful at downgrading 70% more NOx and 40% more rhodamine B (used as a model for volatile organic pollutants) than current photocatalytic coatings. Graphene-titania nanocomposite was found to be in powder form and is predicted that this powder can be easily coated on various composite materials including concrete. Even though this project has some drawbacks but science never stops further investigations, experiments and research will surely overcome the problems. Ambient air pollution accounts for an estimated 4.2 million deaths per year due to stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. Around 91% of the world's population lives in places where air quality levels exceed WHO limits. To change this scenario, we should now walk out with solution. Hence this project is a big hope to have sustainable development and sustainable health too.

AMPHIBIAN DISTRIBUTION IS DRIVEN BY MICROHABITAT IN WESTERN GHATS BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT Harsha L R, Prerak Pathak, and Nisha M. Talati Department of Environmental Studies The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

Importance of patch quality for amphibians is overlooked in distribution models. A study was carried out to demonstrate relationship between individual species and their microhabitat. The authors collected data in two monsoon seasons for 21 amphibian taxa from 14 lateritic plateaus. 12 taxa had significant associations with microhabitat. Microhabitat distribution was spatially structured and driven by climate and human activity. 44 % high elevation taxa were associated with woody plants while water bodies associated with 67% of low-elevation taxa. Rocks were important for 3 caecilians. Anthropogenic activities, edaphic and macroclimate affect their availability. The authors concluded that amphibian distribution varies on plateaus that are individualistic patches whose habitat quality is defined by their microhabitats. Amphibian conservation should therefore include preservation of these plateaus.

FOAM IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT- AN UNSOLVED RIDDLE Nisha M. Talati and Harsha L R Department of Environmental Studies Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Surface water contamination is a serious issue all over the world. Foaming in the streams, rivers, lakes and sea water is now increasing. They often are assumed to be anthropogenic in origin as they are aesthetically unpleasant, but they may be indicating a natural origin. Surfactants like substances from these sources combined with turbulence and water are the main cause of foam formation. The natural cause of foaming is due to decomposition of algae, macrophytes etc. Phaeocystis globosa is one such marine phytoplankton that can cause foam in the water bodies. Untreated discharge of sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff leads to nutrient enrichment that triggers foam formation. This foaming has negative impacts like oxygen depletion in water, affecting aquatic organisms etc. Some solutions to these problems exist but implementation is less. Not controlling this problem may have unforeseen effects in future.

7. DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH GIS (CURRENT CASE STUDY OF COVID 19) Sujata Iyer T.Y B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

While analysing the principal topic “Science – an ever-learning platform for better future”, the first thing that comes to my mind is what purpose does a dynamic field like geography serve towards new innovations backing science. The most vibrant and ever reformative GIS plays a key role. And speaking of being an ever-learning platform, what better field to test it around being one of the most challenging periods of human evolution time, this Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, my topic, “Role of Geospatial Technology in Health GIS with the current case study of Covid- 19”. Geospatial technology can be used to overcome the greatest challenge in war against any disease. The disease surveillance and health information management is one of the important areas where it is tried to understand the disease related parameters and how the information systems can be developed. It is said that if disease travels faster, information has to travel even more faster so because of the geospatial technology all these things can be really taken in a real- time mode and one can provide lot of solutions in order to eradicate these types of epidemics

INTRODUCTION TO GREENREVOLUTION Upasani Nandini T.Y B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The Green Revolution in India refers to a period in India when agriculture was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology, such as the use of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of cereals, especially dwarf wheat and rice. It was associated with chemical fertilizers, agrochemicals, and controlled water-supply (usually involving irrigation) and newer methods of cultivation, including mechanization. Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output in some regions in the world, there was and is still room for improvement. As a result, many organizations continue to invent new ways to improve the techniques already used in the Green Revolution. Frequently quoted inventions are the system of Rice Intensification, marker-assisted selection, agro ecology, and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world. There were problems with both perspectives on the green revolution policies. Critics avoided providing realistic alternatives for solving national food deficits, poor individuals continued to be hungry, despite the increased supplies. The green revolution was a change in agricultural practices with secondary social and political effects. Both industrialized and less-industrialized countries adopted the practices. Almost all wheat and rice grown today originated in the green revolution.

PLANTS- OUR REAL HEROES Komal Varma F. Y B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

We are known that the person who protect us and world to the enemy and problems they called as "HERO”. We are known them and we give respect, honor, award etc. But we forget who is our real heros.do you know who protect our earth? That is "TREE" who protect us without any selfness. They are help to reducing heat produced by industries. It’s also filter harmful dust and gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide and Sulphur dioxide etc. If a tree observed 1 ton of carbon over its lifespan, it's like erasing 11,000 million of car emissions. One hundred natural tree can capture up to 100,000 gallons of rainfall per year reduce runoff and filtering water. Plants are reduced landscape. They are also used for our health and it’s had a different medical property. According to Morton Arboretum, the since of tree reduced blood pressure, exposure to tree makes children less stressed. Without trees survival is almost impossible as there will be no food for animals or for us to it. "" Don't make trees rare, keep them with care.""

BOX SEXTANT Riddhi Dodiya & Yashvi Viradiya T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The critical development was made independently and almost simultaneously by John Hadley in England and by Thomas Godfrey, a Philadelphia glazier, about 1731. The fundamental idea is to use of two mirrors to make a doubly reflecting instrument—the forerunner of the modern sextant. Box sextant is a small pocket instrument which looks like a sextant enclosed in a box and is 75mm in diameter. Similar to the nautical instrument, it is also used for measuring both the horizontal and vertical angles. Box sextant is a very small and handy instrument which is easy to carry. A sextant is a doubly reflecting navigation instrument that measures the angular distance between two visible objects. The primary use of a sextant is to measure the angle between an astronomical object and the horizon for the purposes of celestial navigation. Mainly used at sea, the tool is so named because its arc is one-sixth of a circle – 60 degrees. It adheres to the principle of double reflection hence it can measure angles up to 120 degrees.

WORKING MODEL OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION Goswami Mital Rampuri. Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Cyclicity is the whole of erupted materials, inside volcanic structure, which are generated during one volcanic activity period, and is generally formed through the erupted volcanic rocks overlaid from several edifices and sedimentary rocks between different volcanic Edifices. The volcanic eruption-cyclicity framework is under magma-migration joint control, evacuation and filling in of magma chambers, reflecting the entire volcanic activities, process from starting time to peak time, then into recession time and dormant time. The thickness variation and framework spatial geometrical shapes are related to the volcanic eruption mode and the eruption center position. The thickness of the high value zone shows that the eruption center is near and the eruption has large scale characteristics high frequency long lastic time and an abundant supplement of eruption material. The low value zone shows a long distance far from the eruption center, the eruptive material supplement is relatively poor, the rock thickness is low and is in depression area between volcanic edifices. Framework shapes represent volcanic eruption modes and volcanic rock spatial distribution patterns, generally under the fracture-eruption type the formed volcanic stratum is independent or is bead spread along fault belts, which shows cone shape apparent features, moundy shape and strata thickness varies greatly.

FLOODS IN BARODA Shruti Mahajan Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from a water body such as a river, lake or an ocean, in which the river overtops or breaks the levees, resulting in some of the water escaping its usual channels. It may also occur due to the accumulation of rainwater. Floods can occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel. Floods cause damage to life and property, particularly in flood plains. In Vadodara, a city in Gujarat India, floods are a common phenomenon in monsoon. Majority of the in this city are caused on the VISHWAMITRI river which is a tributary of river DHADAR. A very recent example of such event is the 2019 Vadodara flood. Due to heavy rainfall in the month of July and August, Vadodara city and the surrounding districts were severely affected. The resulting flood took a toll on several lives. Various economic sectors were hindered because of the same. The schools and colleges were shut for 2-3 days. The low- lying areas of the city such as SAYAJIGUNJ, AKOTA and PARSHURAM BHATTA were almost submerged under 10 fts. of water. The transportation facilities were interrupted, including public and private transports. Electricity supply was interrupted for 48 and many people faced life challenging situations.

To conclude, floods are such catastrophic events that can cause major economic setback to the affected areas. Hence, flood preventions and mitigation strategies should be set up to avoid all the above losses.

CORONAVIRUS (IN TECHNOLOGY GROWTH) Verma Kiskanti Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020. These pandemics have been resulting in loss of life and source for living. It had impacted on people for emotionally and economically. These pandemics have been resulting in loss of life and source for living. It had impacted on people for emotionally and economically. Today, you only need a laptop and a good Internet connection to access your office server, work on your project and deliver the desired outcomes. Work from home is the future as it will help to save costly office, transportation and increase efficiency. Use of robotics for isolation wards. Tele- medicine us by large hospitals across US to safely screen and treat the people from remote places. Use of drones and autonomous vehicles from delivering essential goods like medicine. Artificial intelligence is lending a hand in diagnosing and helps in curing illness. We should appreciate our people and technology. We had never thought of studying online but now we are doing it. We can say that technology is applied in every aspect of our life. We should keep exploring and learning from the technology. But we should always keep in our mind that it should not harm mankind.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT Bhagyashree Patil & Rashmita Patel T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Disaster Management refers to the conservation of lives and property during natural or manmade disasters. Disaster management plans are multi-layered and are planned to address issues such as floods, hurricanes, fires, mass failure of utilities, rapid spread of disease and droughts. India is especially vulnerable to natural disasters because of its unique geo - climatic condition, having recurrent floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and landslides.

As India is a very large country, different regions are vulnerable to different natural disasters. For example, during rainy season the peninsular regions of South India is mostly affected by cyclones and states of West India experience severe drought during summer. The steps being taken by the Government emanate from the approach has been outlined above. The approach has been translated into a National Disaster Framework (a roadmap) covering institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention strategy, early warning systems, disaster mitigation, preparedness and response, and human resource development. The expected inputs, areas of intervention and agencies to be involved at the National, State and district levels have been identified and listed in the roadmap. This roadmap has been shared with all the State governments and Union Territory Administrations. Ministries and Departments of the Government of India and the State Governments/Union Territory Administrations have been advised to develop their respective roadmaps taking the national roadmap as a broad guideline. There is, therefore, now a common strategy underpinning the action being taken by all the participating organizations/stakeholders.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF INDIA Anushka T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

1. The Indian Drainage System is divided into 3 categories: (1) Major River Basin with catchment area up to 20000 sq. km. and above, accounts for 83% of the total run off and are 13 in number in India. (2) Medium River Basin with catchment area of 2000-20000 sq. km. and above accounts of 8% of the total run off all the rivers and are 45 in India. (3) Minor River Basin with catchment area up to 2000 sq. km. It accounts for 9% of the total run off among all the rivers with 55 basins in India. 2. On the basis of physiographic origin, the Indian drainage may be distinguished as the Himalayan drainage and the peninsular drainage. Himalayan drainage system mainly comprises the basin areas of the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These are mostly perennial and youth having gorges, V-shaped valley and depositional like Deltas 3. Many of the rivers are older than the Himalayas and cut across it. Whereas Peninsular Rivers is much older and includes numerous rivers. Rivers are matured with almost graded Profiles and mostly superimposed in nature i.e., follow the gradient or fault valley. These are devoid of meanders and have fixed course unlike Himalayan drainage. 4. River Indus flows through Ladakh and Zaskar Range. Gilgit is a right bank tributary of Indus. 5. Ganga River enters into plain at Haridwar. The number of tributaries of the River Ganga is more in Avadh Plain as compared to that in Rohilkhand Plain. Bhagirathi and Alaknanda meet at Devprayag and after that it takes the name of river Ganga. 6. Brahmaputra or Tsangpo flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh and forms the largest delta of the world along with Ganga. 7. Important tributaries are Subansiri, Kameng, Dhansiri, Dihang, Lohit, Tista, Manas, etc. River Brahmaputra is called as Sikiang in Arunachal Pradesh and Jamuna in Bangladesh.

8. East flowing rivers of Peninsular India are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery and West flowing rivers are Narmada, Tapi, Mahi, Kalinadi and other small rivers. 9. Mahanadi originates from Sihawa North foot hills of Dandakarnaya. Godavari originates from Trimbak Plateau of North Sahyadri near Nasik and Godavari makes boundary between Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. 10. Krishna originates North of Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghat and along with Godavari it forms the 2nd largest delta in India. Koleru Lake lies in this delta. 11. Cauvery rises in Brahmagiri Range in Western Ghat. This is the only Perennial River in Peninsular India and creates contention among Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. Cauvery forms a quadrilateral delta at its mouth. 12. Among the West flowing rivers Tapi and Narmada are flowing through rift valleys. Tapi rises near Multai in Betul Plateau and flows between Satpura and Ajanta-Satamala hills. Narmada flows between Vindhya and Satpura range. Rivers Luni, Ghaggar, Rupnarain, Medha, etc have inland drainage. 13. We can define the river interlinking project and Dams and reservoir 14. Case study of Sardar Sarovar Dam.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION Aneesha Kumari Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Definition: - A Volcanic Eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano. Volcanic eruptions can be quite calm and effusive, or they can be explosive. A Volcanic Eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth’s Interior are thrown out of a volcano. For example: In 2020, erupting volcanoes included Taal Volcano in the Philippines, La Cumbre in the Galapagos, Mount Shishadin in Alaska, Pacaya Volcano in Guatemala, Mount Semeru and Mount Sinabung in Indonesia, Piton de la Fournaise on Réunion Island, Mount Etna in Sicily. • CAUSES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION Major causes of volcanic eruption: - Tectonic movement. - Sea floor spreading. - Earthquake. - Tsunami. - Subsurface magma movement. Deep within the Earth it is so hot that some rocks slowly melt and become a thick flowing substance called Magma. Since it is lighter than the solid rock around it, Magma rises and collects in magma chambers. It is a geological event where the magma erupts from the Earth’s events. This occurs due to the Earth’s Internal Energy sourced from three things. - Radio Activity of heavy material within the Earth’s Crust. - Due to Earth’s Gravitational Energy converted into Heat Energy.

- Primordial Solar Energy (Energy trapped interior of the Earth) 1). Disintegration of radioactive elements deep within the earth bed causes the heated rock to take the shape of molten lava. 2). Origin of Magma because reduction in the pressure due to splitting of plates and their movement in different direction. 3). Origin of gases and vapor due to heating of water which reaches underground through percolation of rain water and snow melt water. • BENEFITS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION. 1. Volcanic materials ultimately break down and weather to form some of the most fertile soils on Earth, cultivation of which has produced abundant food and fostered civilizations. 2. The Internal heat associated with young volcanic systems has been harnessed to produce geothermal energy. 3. Most of the metallic minerals mined in the world – such as gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc are associated with magmas found deep within the roots of extinct volcanoes.

SOLAR ENERGY Loknath Patel F.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Solar energy is good renewable source for our society. It is essential source of renewable energy. Active solar technique includes the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power, solar water heating. Solar power is conversation of sunlight into electricity. In U.S. has some of the richest solar resources in the world. And also, Gujarat state is the top in India for domestic rooftop solar installations. Gujarat has already achieved 11,000 MW of production capacity and has set a target of producing 30,000 MW of green energy by 2022, which will largely include wind and solar energy. Moreover, Gujarat has successfully implemented the Solar Rooftop Scheme and is currently generating around 800 MW of solar energy from it. In 2017 the international energy agency showed that solar had become the world's fastest growing source of power Solar energy more useful than all other source of energy. Solar energy helpful for clean economy, reduce electricity bill, low maintenance costs. It is reduced pollution and clean environment we use electric vehicles charge through solar power so maintain pollution. Why the government increase a cost of fuels? because government think when more people use electric vehicles and control the level of pollution.

STUDYING EARTH FOR A BETTER LIVING Anjali Vinod F.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The desire of sustainable development is not new. Humans are constantly finding ways that leads to sustainable living. With this, the concept of green houses became popular. But these types of savings are not enough. We have to go beyond and study our nature and earth more precisely. It is evident that whenever humans moved against nature, it always ended with huge losses. For instances, poor town planning invites many disasters. Infrastructures without proper planning and execution are now the prime factors of increasing health problems. Therefore, it’s a high time we need to spend time to understand earth.

ORGANISMS WITH THEIR UNIQUE STYLE OF ATTRACTING THEIR OPPOSITE GENDER FOR MATING Susama Dey T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

No single species can be found everywhere in the world. Although our nature is so full of wonders as we know human being is the most intelligent organism on this globe as we can utilise everything around us but there are many unbelievable minds works beyond the range of humans, some species of insects, pisces give great astonishing examples by showing their unique lifestyle at their level. They also evolved themselves to use nature to their advantage –  Bird of Paradise  Japanese puffer fish  Blower Bird  Peacock spider  Great Sage Grouse Are such examples. They perform a very unique and interesting style to attract females for mating practice. We will be inspecting those organisms in detail.

ARSENIC CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER AND ITS SOLUTION Akshat Adarsh F.Y B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Arsenic is a natural component of the earth’s crust. It exists in the form of oxides in the soil, sediments, and water. It is highly toxic in its inorganic form and causes Arsenicosis including pigmentation changes, skin lesions, hard patches on the palms and soles of the feet (hyperkeratosis), and eventually results to skin and bladder cancer. Arsenic contamination in groundwater is one of the most major challenge faced by humankind. The groundwater of at least107 countries are arsenic affected. In India, the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Chhattisgarh are reported to be most affected by arsenic contamination of groundwater above the permissible limit (10 ppb), i.e. regions along the parts of Gangetic and Brahmaputra river plains are severely affected because of natural cause, mostly concentrated to eastern and few north-eastern parts of India.It also depends upon local geological factors and human activities such as irrigation and disposal of industrial chemical wastes to water. Therefore, it becomes necessary to treat Arsenic for the safe consumption of water. Looking to the shortcomings of existing technologies for Arsenic mitigation, we develop an Arsenic Filtration Unit based on magnetic treatment of Arsenic (along with other metallic contaminants) from water by applying magnetic field which performs with maximum efficiency and sustainability, minimum consumption and infrastructure without wasting single drop of water. It’s easy to operate & maintain, and is affordable & reachable to every section of community with best quality of drinking water.

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF SOLAR RADIATION ON NIGERIA PRIYANKA GOSWAMI T.Y B.Sc., Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The sun is the source of most energy on the earth and is a primary factor in determining the thermal environment of a locality. The challenge about technical consideration on the effect of solar radiation could be as a result of incompetency of the engineers that may not be able to make estimates of solar radiation intensity and know how to make simple solar radiation measurements. It could also be that the instruments that are used for solar radiation measurement are not accurate thereby leading to a false result. The main aim of the study is to examine technical consideration of the effect of solar radiation. Other specific objectives of the study include; 1. to determine the extent to which technical radiation affects solar radiation in Nigeria. 2. to determine the impact of technical consideration on solar radiation in Nigeria.

3. to determine the factors affecting technical consideration on solar radiation in Nigeria. 4. to proffer possible solutions to the problems The study on the technical consideration of the effect of solar radiation will be of immense benefit to the entire Nigeria in the sense that it will enable the solar technical engineers to be well equipped in order for them to be able to handle challenges of any sorts that has to do with solar radiation. The study will also educate the government to be fully aware of the kind of people they employ into this sector for the benefit of the citizens in the country. Finally, the study will contribute to the body of existing literature and knowledge to this field of studies and basis for further research.

THE SHRINKING OF ARAL SEA (DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, DEMISE, & FACTS) Sanskruti P. Patanwadiya Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Aral Sea is a huge terminal lake which is located in the desert of Central Asia. This lake has repeatedly filled and dried due to both natural and human causes over the past 10 millennia. Aral Sea has gone through a drastic shrinkage during the past century, from more than 68,000 km2 in 1960s to less than 10,000 km2 in 2015. The desiccation was highly severe in 2009 and 2014 due to the west basin changed to an exposed bottom for several months. The Aral Sea depression was formed toward the end of the Neogene Period (which lasted from about 23 to 2.6 million years ago). The Aral Sea area is characterized by a desert-continental climate that features wide-ranging diurnal air temperatures, cold winters, hot summers, and sparse rainfall. The rate of precipitation— an annual average of 4 inches (100 mm) in all, occurring mainly in the spring and autumn—is only a tiny fraction of the lake’s traditional rate of evaporation. The rapid shrinkage of the Aral Sea led to numerous environmental problems in the region. The salt and mineral content of the lake rose drastically because of that, making the water unfit for drinking purposes and killing off the once- abundant supplies of sturgeon, carp, barbell, roach, and other fishes in the lake. The fishing industry along the Aral Sea was thus virtually destroyed.

THEODOLITE Kanvi Pandya, Nency Babariya & Vishal Sindhav Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Theodolite is very useful instrument this is an optical instrument for measuring angles between two points. This instrument is useful to find angles between two points. This is useful to measure the vertical and horizontal distance of plane. There are so many parts in theodolite for levelling, internal type of telescope and two reading scale or reading screen in the digital theodolite there are focusing screw and also different screws for stable the instrument on the tripod stand. There are two spirit levels for levelling and the minimum reading of the digital theodolite is 1 second while

38 in the traditional type or non-digital theodolite have 20 seconds as there minimum reading. The digital theodolite is accurate and sensitive for minor readings too.

SATELLITE IMAGE BASED CROP CLASSIFICATION USING SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION IN THE BARA TRACT REGION, BHARUCH DISTRICT. Sukanta Kumar Saha and Rolee Kanchan Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy. More than 50% of the rural households depend on agriculture. It contributes about 17% to the total GDP and provides employment to over 60% of the population. In recent day satellite based optical Remote Sensing images are widely used in the monitoring of agriculture. It uses visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared sensors. Optical bands are very helpful in the identification of crop land. Vegetation indices like NDVI, EVI, SVI etc. arc widely used method for identification of crop. In the optical Remote sensing NIR band (0.85 – 0.88 μm), Red band (0.64 – 0.67 μm) and sometimes Green Band (0.53 - 0.59 μm) are very useful band for the crop identification. In this study an attempt has been made to identify the crop type using Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification with the help of training data of the crop type. For this analysis NIR band of Sentinel Satellite Images was used. The area under study was Bara Tract region, Bharuch district. The main crop of this region is cotton and tur. Analysis of the results states that the overall classification accuracy of the method was satisfactory. The highest accuracy was found in cotton crop whereas the lowest accuracy was found in tur crop.

AMAZON RAINFOREST DEGRADATION Parmar Siddharth Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Amazon forest fire was orchid in 2019 and it has led to destruction of 7600 square kilometers by October that year according to the global free fire emissions database project run by NASA fire in the Amazon in 2020 surpassed those of 2019 in fact 2020 fire I have been the worst since at least 2012 when the satellite force first. Due to the degradation of the Amazon rainforest have severe consequences because of the climate change and because of the Amazon rainforest degradation it will have CVR consequences on global health. Area which is covered by Amazon rainforest is 8 million square kilometers Amazon rainforest has abundant amount of biodiversity which is affected by the 2019 Amazon forest fire. Due to the degradation of Amazon rainforest, it has indirectly affected the balance of the global carbon budget Amazon rainforest absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and it helps in

regulating the global carbon budget but because of the degradation the global carbon budget has been disturbed. Amazon rainforest plays an important role in stabilizing global climate and rainfall.

INTRODUCTION TO CARBON FOOTPRINT Philip Angel V. & Thakor Krishna. T.Y. B.Sc Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse emissions that result directly and indirectly either from an individual's lifestyle. Carbon footprints can be reduced through improving energy efficiency and changing lifestyles and purchasing habits. Switching one’s energy and transportation use can have an impact on primary carbon footprints. For example, using public transportation, such as buses and trains, reduces an individual carbon footprint when compared with driving. Individuals and corporations can reduce their respective carbon footprints by installing energy efficient lighting, adding insulation in buildings, renewable energy sources to generate the electricity they require. For example, electricity generation from wind power produces no direct carbon emissions. Additional lifestyle choices that can lower an individual’s secondary carbon footprint include reducing one’s consumption of meat and switching one’s purchasing habits to products that require fewer carbon emissions to produce and transport. Large carbon foot prints deplete resources on large and small scales, from a country’s deforestation. Activities to one home increased use of air conditioning. The more those with large carbon footprints use resources, the more greenhouse gases increase and spur further climate change. Carbon emissions affect the planet significantly, as they are the greenhouse gas with the highest. Levels of emissions in the atmosphere. This, of course, causes global warming and ultimately, climate change. This warming causes extreme weather events like tropical storms, wildfires, severe droughts and heat waves.

TURNING UNWANTED ORANGES INTO ELECTRICITY Bhumika Rohit Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

In spring, the air in Seville is sweet with the scent of azahar, orange blossom, but the 5.7m kilos of bitter fruit the city’s 48,000 trees deposit on the street in winter are a hazard for pedestrians and a headache for the city’s cleaning department. So, now a scheme has been launched to produce an

40 entirely different kind of juice from the unwanted oranges: Electricity. The aim for now is to use the energy to run the water purification plants and provides electricity to homes.

LAND SOIL LAYERS Chavda Dhruvi Muljibhai Chavda Lili Jesingbhai Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002 . Soil is a very important layer of biosphere where all living being survive... Soil is made up of distinct horizontal layers. These layers are called horizons...they range from rich, organic upper layers (humus and topsoil) to underlying rocky layers (subsoil and bedrock).

GLOBAL WARMING Dashrath Luva Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Global warming is the cumulative rise in average global temperatures on earth Measured over a long period. It has been attributed to the large-scale deforestation by Man for different purposes. We consume a lot of fuel annually. With an increase in the Human population, it has become impossible to meet people’s fuel requirements. Natural resources are limited, and we must use them judiciously. If we exploit natural resources like forests and water bodies, it will create an imbalance in the ecosystem. Global warming is not limited to the rise in temperature. It has other effects too. Many parts of the world are witnessing natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, and Avalanches. All these phenomena are a direct result of global warming. To prevent our Environment from the harmful effects of global warming, we must restore us Ecosystem. Man has been exploiting natural resources without giving the environment anything in return. This needs to be stopped. We must all join forces to make this world a better place for our future generations who deserve this planet as much as we do. The basic step that we can follow to increase the overall health of our planet is planting trees. Afforestation should be our primary goal. The earth can become a better place if we pledge to plant as many trees as we can in our lifetime.

GLACIER STUDIES USING REMOTE SENSING DATA Vanya Bajpai and Rolee Kanchan Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

In the recent years, the Himalayan glaciers have acquired a lot of value as they play a significant and active part in the climate change scenario. As a result, it has become crucial to preserve the repository of these strong freshwater resources in the form of the Digital Glacier Inventory. Using Resourcesat-1 satellite data, a systematic inventory of all the glaciers in the Eastern Himalayan region covering the north-eastern state of Sikkim and the Kingdom of Bhutan was carried out on a scale of 1:50,000. Geocoded satellite data at the end of the ablation season (July to September) was used to map the glacial features using FCC (False Colour Composite) with standard band combination 2 (0.52-0.59 µm), 3 (0.62-0.68 µm) and 4 (0.77-0.86 µm) and additional SWIR band 5 (1.55-1.70 µm). The tabular glacier inventory data sheet was designed in the GIS environment to provide insight into parameters such as glacier location, dimensions, elevation, moraine dammed lakes, supra glacial lakes, etc. To understand the characteristics of the glacial systems, intra basin level analysis of glacier inventory data was carried out. An insight into the behavior and overall health of the glaciers can be provided by critical review of the glacier inventory data. Glaciers with a higher accumulation area are said to be more stable, since even after summer melt, glaciers have an immense volume of water preserved within them. Similarly, glaciers with more debris serves as a shielding layer against glacier melt. Therefore, the region under study had large areas of accumulation and large debris areas, thereby contributing to the glaciers' good health. For both the areas under study in the Eastern Himalayan Region, the general orientation of the glaciers, independent of the geographic distribution, was north-east and east.

HOW SCIENTISTS CAPTURED THE FIRST IMAGE OF A BLACK HOLE Suthar Jaymin Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Scientists have obtained the first image of a black hole, using Event Horizon Telescope observations of the center of the galaxy M87. The image shows a bright ring formed as light bends in the intense gravity around a black hole that is 6.5 billion times more massive than the Sun. Though scientists had theorized they could image black holes by capturing their silhouettes against their glowing surroundings, the ability to image an object so distant still eluded them. A team formed to take on the challenge, creating a network of telescopes known as the Event Horizon Telescope, or the EHT. They set out to capture an image of a black hole by improving upon a technique that allows for the imaging of far-away objects, known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry, or VLBI.

Telescopes of all types are used to see distant objects. The larger the diameter, or aperture, of the telescope, the greater its ability to gather more light and the higher its resolution (or ability to image fine details). To see details in objects that are far away and appear small and dim from Earth, we need to gather as much light as possible with very high resolution, so we need to use a telescope with a large aperture.

That’s why the VLBI technique was essential to capturing the black hole image. VLBI works by creating an array of smaller telescopes that can be synchronized to focus on the same object at the same time and act as a giant virtual telescope. In some cases, the smaller telescopes are also an array of multiple telescopes. This technique has been used to track spacecraft and to image distant cosmic radio sources, such as quasars.

The aperture of a giant virtual telescope such as the Event Horizon Telescope is as large as the distance between the two farthest-apart telescope stations – for the EHT, those two stations are at the South Pole and in Spain, creating an aperture that’s nearly the same as the diameter of Earth. Each telescope in the array focuses on the target, in this case the black hole, and collects data from its location on Earth, providing a portion of the EHT’s full view. The more telescopes in the array that are widely spaced, the better the image resolution. To test VLBI for imaging a black hole and a number of computer algorithms for sorting and synchronizing data, the Event Horizon Telescope team decided on two targets, each offering unique challenges.

IMPORTANCE AND METHODS OF FIELD SURVEY IN GEOGRAPHY Aparna Datta Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The relation between man and his surrounding is continuously changing. It is extremely important and interesting to cohere the natural changes to other fields of study. To observe, learn and apply this natural change for mankind, curriculum setters have included ‘field survey’ as one important aspects of Geography. There are different methods and tools for field survey. There should be prior planning before proceeding towards selected field. Topographical map, geology, geomorphology and agricultural geography are some of the important areas for field survey. There are different methods and tools to carry out field survey. Prismatic compass, Theodolite, Dumpy level or spirit level, camera etc. are some prominent devices used by geographers all over the world.

DEFORESTATION: COMPROMISES OF A GROWING WORLD Paras Mahida F.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Deforestation is the permanent removal of a trees to make room for something besides forest. This can be include clearing the land for agriculture and grazing or using the woods for a fuel, construction or manufacturing and other causes like mining, forest fires, overpopulation etc. Forests cover more than 30% of the Earth’s land surface but they are disappearing at an alarming rate. These forested areas can provide food, medicine and fuel for more than a billion people. Worldwide, forests provide 13.4 million people with jobs in the forest sector.

Today most deforestation is happening in the tropics. Areas that were inaccessible in the past are now within reach as new roads are constructed through dense forests. The World Bank estimated that about 3.9 million square miles of forest have been lost since the beginning of the 20th century. The Guardian reported that every second, a chunk of forest equivalent to the size of the soccer field is lost. Forests can be found from the tropics to the high-latitude areas. They are home to 80% terrestrial biodiversity, containing a wide array of trees, plants, animals, and microbes. They are also an important resource for many living species around the World. Trees also absorb carbon dioxide, mitigating greenhouse gas emission produce by human activities. We need trees for a variety reasons not least of which is that they absorb not only the carbon dioxide that we exhale but also heat trapping greenhouse gases that human activities emit. Many effects of deforestation like climate change, increasing in Green house gases, soil erosion, floods, loss in bio-diversity. The best solution to deforestation is to curb the felling of trees by enforcing a series of rules and laws to govern it. Reforestation and Afforestation is also a good solution, last skinned of its tree cover for urban settlements should be urged to plant trees in the vicinity and replace the cut trees. Reducing in a usage of paper is also a solution or use recycled paper and finally educate others because still many are entirely unaware of global warming problem Educate community by sharing the deforestation facts. indeed “Save trees, save life”.

NEW HOME: UN-EARTHING” [INTRO TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND MARTIANS OF THE RED PLANET] Vishwa Pandya F.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Applications to use: - WE WILL USE AUGMENTED REALITY FEATURE IN MOBILE APPS: SOLAR SYSTEM AR, SPACECRAFT AR. “Cosmos”. Some of us are familiar with this word, some are not. COSMOS is related to Universe. Our Planet is a part of a star system in Milky Way Galaxy in Universe. We will Discuss about that Planetary system “The Solar System”. Also, A short note on GRAVITY. We will further Discuss about the expected possibility of life on our neighboring “THE RED GIANT" planet “MARS". We will analyse how mankind is eager to expand and humans are in race to become “MARTIANS". NASA has sent many spacecrafts to Mars. India also succeeded in their “MANGALYAN MISSION”. Therefore, We will Discuss How we can probably say “Mars is our Second (New) Home!”. So fasten your seatbelts, here we go...3. 2..1 Solar System is a heliocentric system in which Nine planets and other heavenly bodies revolves around a star named “The Sun". Planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto revolve around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. You Know Why they are doing this? Are they loving to do Merry-go-round?? Naaah! All these Planets are attracted by Gravitational Force implemented on them by the Sun.

Mars: - Few Years Ago Mars was just A Red Colour Planet often seen shining in the night sky. But Today, Sight Is Different. Scientists are expecting and researching about the possibility of Sustainability of Life on Mars. NASA and other Space Agencies of different Countries has launched many Space Missions for Mars. NASA has sent Spacecrafts like Curiosity, Perseverance Rover Etc. AGENCIES like SpaceX are planning to establish Human Life on Mars. The Atmosphere of Mars has Much Similarities with Earth which may be Comfortable for Humans to live. They are finding some sources of Water on Mars. Let us hope that one day Science will Make us that much successful in COLONIZATION OF HUMANS ON MARS

WATER CYCLE Malaviya Darshankumar Sanjaybhai Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Water cycle is one of the most important processes in the world. Describe the storage and movement of water between the: Biosphere, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere. The Water cycle is composed of the following components: Evaporation, Transpiration, Sublimation, Condensation, Precipitation, Run-Off, Infiltration and percolation, and Ground water. Process of Hydrological cycle start with ocean water in oceans, gets evaporated dye to heat energy provided by solar radiation and forms water vapor. This water vapor moves upwards to higher altitudes forming clouds. Most of the clouds condense and precipitate in any form like rain, hail, snow, sleet. A part of cloud is driven to land by winds, precipitation while falling to the ground, some part of it evaporates back to atmosphere. Portion of water that reaches the ground, enters the earth’s surface infiltrating various strata of soil and enhancing the moisture content as well as water table. Vegetation sends a portion of water from earth’s surface back to atmosphere through the process of transpiration. Once water percolation and infiltrates the earth’s surface, runoff is formed over the land, flowing through the contours of land heading towards river and takes and finally joins into oceans after many years. Some amount of water is retained as depression storage. Further again the process of the hydrological cycle continues by blowing into water vapor then clouds getting condensed and precipitates as rain fall. Similarly, then water gets percolated into soil, increasing water table then formation of runoff waters heading forwards water bodies thus the cyclic process continues. The Hydrological cycle is important because it is how water reaches plants, animals and us! Besides providing people, animals and plants with water, it also moves things like nutrients, pathogens and sediment in and out of aquatic ecosystems.

WORLD'S LONGEST SALT CAVE Parmar Pritiben Dhirajlal Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Cave explores in Israel have unveiled the world's longest salt cave. Stretching for nearly 10 kilometers under Mount Sodom, the salt cave eclipses the previous world record holder in Iran. Researchers became aware of Malhan through the work of Amos Frumkin, the founder and director of the Hebrew University's Cave Research Center, who in the 1980s mapped around 5 kilometers of it. In the cave, thousands of salt stalactites and some of the walls have salt crystals. These were formed by the dissolution of the overhead rock by rainwater. This presentation explain how this cave was formed and the depositional landforms in the caves

DUMPY LEVEL Mahesh Makwana T.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The dumpy level is an optical surveying leveling instrument consisting a telescope tube firmly secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage by the vertical spindle. … He invented dumpy level in 1832 while using the conventional Y level. A dumpy level is also called a builder’s level, an automatic level. Components of Dumpy Level • Telescope. • Bubble tubes. • Compass. • Vertical spindle. • Tribrach screws. • Foot screws. • Leveling head. • Tripod.

Use of Dumpy level in Surveying: Dumpy level holds significant importance in the surveying of a construction site. The level of accuracy and handiness of dumpy level has made it a prominent choice amongst surveyors. • The prime reason for performing levelling on a construction site is to make the field level and even. • To determine the differences in height between two points. • To measure the height and distance of different locations of surveying land through the principle of relativity. • To measure following distance amongst various point on the surveying land. • Setting out levels and inclined surfaces for construction. • To draw contours on land

SCIENCE HAS TRANSFORMED HUMANS FROM ‘FOREST WANDERERS’ TO ‘SPACE WANDERERS’ Zankat Shruti Bharatsinh T.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geography The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Science has made immense contribution in uplifting human society, filling our minds with knowledge and intelligence. It helped us notice the marvels of mother nature to which we were previously oblivious. It also reminded us that we are just an infinitesimally small part of this ever- expanding universe. Right from invention of wheels to building a supercomputer, science has made our lives easier while we enjoy the comfort of everyday life. Below are few of the many areas where science has played an important role Preventing Outbreak of Deadly Diseases In early 14th century, ‘plague’ wiped out nearly a third of entire human population. In 2009, a similar pandemic called ‘swine flu’ was brought under control before it could cause significant damage (Source: Wikipedia). Even diseases such as cancer, HIV are curable when detected in early stage. Reason: Advancement in medical technology, Availability of medical facilities, Improved disease prevention mechanism like vaccinations. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Early warning against Natural Disasters In 1999, super cyclone ‘05B’ lashed the east Indian state of Orissa killing more than 15000 people and leaving an estimated 1.5 million people homeless with damages amounting $4.4 billion. It was the strongest cyclone ever recorded in the north Indian ocean with wind speed reaching 260 kmph (Source: Wikipedia). After 13 years a similar cyclone hit Orissa, but this time the casualties were close to 40. How did India manage to reduce this number? Reason: Improved weather forecasting from Remote sensing and meteorological satellites launched after 1999 helped in developing an early warning system. How India went from 15,000 cyclone deaths in 1999 to just 38 last year Uninhabitable lands turned into modern day Oasis. Although 71% of Earth’s surface is covered with water, less than 1% is drinkable and not every available land on earth is cultivable. However, desserts of middle east with the dry and hot climatic conditions have managed to become global finance and tourism hubs. These gulf countries with depleting water resources have installed several desalination plants to tackle and prolong impending water crisis. Moreover, countries like Israel have managed to turn their barren lands into productive fertile agricultural fields that feeds millions of people. Reason: Innovation in the field of Agriculture, Improved crop storage facilities, Water harvesting techniques. For UAE, hope in deep ocean water desalination 12 top ways Israel feeds the world Science has become an integral part of our existence. Moreover, in the 21st century it is more embedded into our life than it was ever before. It has made things easier for us by providing comfort and security. But does it mean we can’t survive if someday we are thrown back to the stone age? Yes, we most certainly can because that’s what our ancestors did thousands of years ago and they lived a happier life even before the advent of science. So, Science has a important role but there is more to life than science itself.

VOLCANOES Makwana Shruti Ashokbhai B.Sc 1 Semester Geography Principal Faculty of Science The Maharaja Sayajirao University Of Baroda A Volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often where tectonic plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. Strictly speaking there are two broad types of Volcanoes:- a stratovolcano and a shield Volcano, although there are lots of volcanic features that can form from erupted magma ( such as cinder cones, or as lava domes ) as well processes that shape volcanoes.

REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS USING IN AGRICULTURE Ramjiyani Drashti Laxmichand and Shaikh Nameera Sulemanbhai Department of Geography, Faculty of Science

What is remote sensing applications? Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information, detecting, analysing, and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by recording. It is reflected and emitted radiation energy without having any physical contact with the object under study. This is done by the capturing the reflected radiation energy.

☆ Applications of remote sensing in agriculture 1 Identifying crop conditions => satellite imagery and normalized difference vegetation index NDVI technologies are used in order to monitor global food supplies. Healthy crop area reflects green whereas other areas reflect red and blue. 2 Increasing precision farming => The health of crops can be measured using remote sensing applications. 3 Determining the soil moisture content => Active and passive sensor of a satellite in space are used in order to determine the soil moisture content. 4 water content determination of the field crop => Apart from determining the soil moisture content.

As per upper applications remote sensing are very useful in agriculture nowadays, as we know in India 70% livelihood is based on agricultural activity and it contributes 35 % of the net national product. Remote sensing can provide valuable information for land and water management. Knowledge of food grains production before harvesting, helps country to manage shortage, buffer stock, imports and fixing of support price. As we know nowadays technology is overcome in every sector, by using technology our work became easier. Currently under FASAL (forecasting agricultural output using space agro meteorology and land based observations) project, national state level multiple forecasts are being issued for 5 crops – rice (kharif – rabi ) jute rapeseed and mustard winter potatoes and wheat. Precision farming is an integration of various technologies such as RS, GPS,GIS and field equipment. By this way we use RS applications to get better future for farmers and steps towards a developed nation.

8. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

What is inside the earth?

Ms. Charmi Golaviya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

We all are aware about the atmospheric layers of the earth but what do we know about the interior of the earth? In the video, the earth’s internal structure is explained that involves the discussion on three principal layers of the earth. The first and outermost layer of the earth, the ‘crust’ is thinnest of all and has the lowest density. The second layer, ‘mantle’ is in molten state which is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium. The innermost layer, ‘core’ has a composition of iron and nickel in general. Core is further divided into inner core and outer core that are in solid and liquid states, respectively. The video also throws light on how these layers are discovered.

Concept of rock cycle Ms. Charmi Golaviya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Rocks! We generally find the rocks all around us. In earth science, the rocks are considered to be of most importance since they are the geologists’ clock to infer the earth’s history. In the video, three main type of rocks are discussed with respect to their origin, namely, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Rock cycle is one of the fundamental concepts of geology that explains the transition between three basic type of rocks given above. Igneous rocks are considered as primary rocks. They are formed from the crystallization of magma and lava. They are divided into two sub-categories viz. plutonic igneous rocks and volcanic igneous rocks with respect to their depth of formation. Sedimentary rocks are secondary rocks that are formed when sediments broken from primary rocks on account of weathering and erosion are bound by natural cement and lithified further. The third basic type of rocks is metamorphic, yet they are not considered as tertiary kind of rocks! Metamorphic rocks can be formed either from igneous or sedimentary rocks. Here, the processes and agents that are responsible for the formation of all three type of rocks are discussed. The formation of these basic type of rocks is the endless cycle that goes on. Hence, A ROCK CYCLE! Igneous rocks Ms. Chaitali Shirude, Ms. Vidhi Pathak S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

This video explains how the primary rocks viz. igneous rocks are formed and the basis of classification of igneous rocks with respect to depth of formation. Also, various magmatic operations on surface are briefed about.

Sedimentary rocks Ms. Pragya Sharma S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

This video gives the basic idea of the secondary type of rocks i.e., sedimentary rocks and briefly explains their process of formation. The collection of various hand-specimens of sedimentary rocks in the department of geology is also displayed.

Metamorphic rocks Ms. Nandani Kulkarni, Ms. Charmi Golaviya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. This video gives us the basic idea about the formation of metamorphic rocks and their classification along with the agents which carry out metamorphism.

Rock-forming minerals Mr. Aditya Shandilya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

This video gives us primary idea about the minerals. It contains some samples of rock forming minerals that shows how these minerals are formed and also throws some light on from where they could be mined.

Ore-forming minerals Mr. Aditya Shandilya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

A mineral from which economical amounts of metal extraction is possible is called as ore. This presentation shows us the basic idea about the ore minerals. It contains the samples of ore minerals and some basic information about them.

Geomorphology Mr. Arun Unnikrishnan S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

This video gives idea about geomorphology which is crucial branch of geology. It gives us insight about surficial expressions of the processes that take place on the surface of the earth as well as beneath the surface of the earth. In this video, basic explanations about landforms are given which will initiate more curiosity about the subject.

Structural Geology Mr. Sandeep Patel M.Sc. Final Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

This video gives a brief explanation about the structure called fold along with some on-site example of the same.

Remote sensing Ms. Nandani Kulkarni S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

The application of remote sensing, their processes and the types of remote sensing are explained in this video.

Earthquake Ms. Vidhi Pathak S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

The presentation gives the idea about the natural geo-hazard i.e., earthquake. The factors responsible for the formation of earthquake and the effects of the same on living non-living things are discussed herewith.

Landslide Mr. Aditya Shandilya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

The presentation gives us the idea about the important geo-hazard in terms of Indian perspective viz. landslide. The factors that contribute to landslides are explained here in this video. Also, the adverse effects of landslides on the environment are discussed.

Volcano Mr. Aditya Shandilya S.Y. B.Sc. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

This video explains the basics of volcanic eruptions, their formation along with their types and examples.

9. DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

FACTORIZATION USING QUANTUM COMPUTATION Rajyaguru Lomesh H & Kotadiya Hiren C Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002.

In this presentation, we talk about quantum computers and its real-life applications. Quantum computing has recently been the focus of much theoretical and experimental research. The reason is the belief that, compared to classical computers, quantum computers are able to solve a larger class of problems efficiently. One problem that quantum computers can solve is prime factorization. In this poster we will discuss about methods and algorithms for prime factorization using quantum computations.

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO NUMBERS USING LINE SEGMENTS Nidhi R. Joshi Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002.

Without using the calculator, multiplication of two numbers is time taking. Here the video shows the tricky and interesting method of multiplying two numbers using straight lines.

INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICIANS AND PLANE CURVES USING ANIMATION Patel Krupanshibahen Narendrabhai Department of Mathematics The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

There are two presentations prepared. One presentation incorporates a brief history of a few International Mathematicians; many of them are known to the pupils. The list includes Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Newton, Leibniz, Euler, Gauss, L’Hospital, de Moivre. There major contribution in Mathematics is highlighted. The second is an animated video showing a dancing Mathematician, whose moving hands show different plane curves (graph) for the different functions y = f(x). This video contains graph of the functions 푦 = 푥, 푦 = −푥, 푦 = |푥|, 푦 = −|푥|, 푦 = 푥2, 푦 = 푥3, Logarithmic graph and

54 trigonometric functions graph. Through this video, pupils can easily remember the graphs of certain functions.

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION IN REAL LIFE Chaitanya Sheth Department of Mathematics The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

The applications of single and multiple integration in real life are described by considering their few examples in our routine life. In the first section, the applications of single integration in various fields are given. The procedure of calculating the area of a circular garden using integration is described. In general, the process of calculating the area of any curved land using integration is described. The fabric required for making a designer masterpiece can be guessed using the process of integration and hence the approximate cost of the fabric can be obtained. In the second section, it has been shown that how use the of double integration simplifies the task of computing the areas of different regions and finding the volume of a solid bounded by a specific region. The use of the integration in modern architectures is also given.

THE PIGEONHOLE PRINCIPLE Shelat Revati Uday, Vaidya Prabhuti Nilay, Jadav Bansari Kishor, Pillai Adithya Satyendra, Pathan Sifat Jaha & Tanveer Ahmed T.Y. B.Sc., Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The objective of this presentation is to emphasize the importance of The Pigeonhole Principle. It was published by Peter Gustav Dirichlet in 1834, but was used since the early 1600s. In the video, we show that it is an intuitive concept that is easy to understand. The concept, while being one of the simplest ideas, is applied to many different areas of Discrete Mathematics and is a crucial proving technique. To demonstrate this, we first ask the question: If we select any five natural numbers, will we find a pair of numbers whose difference is divisible by a number less than five, say the number four? We wanted to explain that if you consider n objects (pigeons) and distribute them among n-1 containers (pigeonholes), then we will always find one container with at least two objects. To explain the basic idea of this principle, we approached an easy example in three ways. First, we picked three random cards from a deck and observed that at least two cards were of the same colour. Second, we picked five random cards, considered the suit and reached a similar conclusion. Finally, we observe the suit when picking 10 random cards. This leads to the general definition of the the Pigeonhole Principle. We revisit the aforementioned applications and explain the steps that lead to our final result. Lastly, we address our initial question of selecting any 5 natural numbers and also explain it in a general form with the intention to show an indirect application of The Pigeonhole Principle.

HOW TO FIND AREA OF CURVED SHAPE Dixit Patel, Asha Pithiya, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya, Preeti Maru, Sonali Prajapati Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

We can easily find the area of closed shape made up of straight lines using triangle & square which is known to us. But we can’t use this in general for finding area of a curved shape. So in this video, we will see how to find the area of curved shape. The idea for this comes from the concept of limit. This also involves Calculus (a branch of mathematics) and integration. We will use method of exhaustion for finding area of circle with the help of a regular polygon. Similarly, for parabola, we will use triangle shape. Every time it is difficult to find such a shape, so that our shape is exhausted. So, we should find a general shape for this. Rectangle plays a vital role in this.

SCIENCE AN EVER-LEARNING PLATFORM FOR BETTER FUTURE. Abhishek Kumar Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

My presentation video describes about the science in a very basic way and how science is a learning platform which can be used to make our life and future better. It consists of work, photographs and statements of some scientists and professors from over the globe. Basically, presentation is made in such a way that the topic of the presentation is justified and its meaning should be explained maximum to the viewers. This presentation talks about the science in daily life and how its concepts have evolved over the time, how science has contributed in the technology which further had become our necessity. How existence technology is used to invent new ways and new technologies in order to make our future brighter and better. Apart from the origin of science i have tried to show the importance, current scenario and consequences of science in my presentation. Where science will lead us? How humans and related diseases are changing with time? What will be the cure? How food can be manufactured genetically? These are some questions that have been tried to bring them in light through the video.

HOW TO MAKE A BOX FROM A SQUARE CARDBOARD HAVING MAXIMUM VOLUME Dixit Patel Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

We have a square cardboard. Our goal is to make a box from this by cutting square from each corner such that the volume of the box is maximum. For this, we will form a function for volume of the box and our aim is to maximize it. From calculus , we know the method to find a value of variable for which the function attains maximum or minimum value. For 60x60 square cardboard, we will use this to find the square to be removed from each corner so that the volume of the box obtained is maximum. AREA OF TRIANGLE Dixit Patel Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

We can classify triangles as right-angle triangle, acute triangle and obtuse triangle on the basis of their angle. In general, area of triangle is ½ x base x height. By some means, we can transform triangle into a rectangle. As we know, the area rectangle is length x breadth. By using this we can easily find area of triangle.

FIBONACCI NUMBERS Asha Pithiya, Dixit Patel, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya, Preeti ben Maru, Sonali Prajapati Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

This video is about introduction to Fibonacci numbers. How they are created and what is the general pattern for these numbers. Fibonacci numbers have numerous interesting properties, some of these properties are explained in this video. There is a brief about a rabbit problem which have solution in form of Fibonacci numbers. Leaf alignment pattern formed in some of plants also resembles to the spiral pattern observed in Fibonacci numbers. Number of petals in flower is also an important example of Fibonacci numbers. This way the video explains the importance of Fibonacci numbers in nature. Then at last about the relation of golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers.

APPLICATIONS OF NUMBER THEORY IN CRYPTOGRAPHY Kagada Vanaraj D. (Temporary Assistant Professor) Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Cryptography is the process of encrypting messages and other data in order to transmit them in a form that can only be accessed by the intended recipients. It was initially applied to the written

57 messages. With the introduction of modern computers, cryptography became an important tool for securing many types of digital data. In this presentation, I have first presented overview of Cryptography and its practical demonstration. Then historical details related to Cryptography is explained. After that general procedure of cryptography is explained. And finally, various types of techniques are discussed.

AWARDS, MEDALS AND PRIZES IN THE FIELD OF MATHEMATICS Jignesh kumar B. Shingod, Kalsariya Nayna G., Prince A. Bhuva, Ramesh K. Bera Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

As we know that in many subjects, we are getting Noble prize, but in Mathematics, there is no Noble prize. Instead of that we are having many awards/prizes/medals equivalent to Noble prize and many other famous awards, like Fields medal, Abel prize, etc. In this presentation we give details of few such prestigious awards/prizes/medals. In last we have also given a list of millennium problems.

KAPAREKAR’S CONSTANT NUMBER Parmar Jaydip Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

We chose any four digits number. For example, we take ퟖퟎퟏퟓ.Then we write this number’s digit in decreasing order. So, we get 풂ퟏ = ퟖퟓퟏퟎ and similarly we write this number in increasing order we get 풃ퟏ = ퟎퟏퟓퟖ. Then we take difference 풂ퟏ − 풃ퟏ = ퟖퟑퟓퟐ. Similarly, in this way we get 풂ퟐ = ퟖퟓퟑퟐ and 풃ퟐ = ퟐퟑퟓퟖ. And 풂ퟐ − 풃ퟐ = ퟔퟏퟕퟒ. Similarly, we get 풂ퟑ = ퟕퟔퟒퟏ and 풃ퟑ = ퟏퟒퟔퟕ and 풂ퟑ − 풃ퟑ = ퟔퟏퟕퟒ. We notice that ퟔퟏퟕퟒ is repeat. The number ퟔퟏퟕퟒ known as kaparekar constant number. He was an Indian mathematician. The number of the type ퟒퟐퟎ, ퟑퟐퟏ, ퟐퟐퟐ, ퟏퟐퟑ, ퟎퟐퟒ for e.g., ퟒퟐퟎ type means we get 풂ퟏ = 풂풃풄풅 and 풂 − 풃 = ퟒ, 풃 − 풄 = ퟐ, 풄 − 풅 = ퟎ. We reach the kaparekar numbers directly one step of the above process by the above type numbers.

MAGIC STONES Chauhan Jaydip R. (Temporary Assistant Professor) Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

This is one type of puzzle. In this puzzle, I arranged some stones and made one square such that total number of stones in any side of square are exactly eight. After adding stone one by one in random side of square and rearranging stones again the total number of stones will remain same in each side and exactly equal to eight. So, as we know mathematics is everywhere, try find out here. Which logic is working here?

PUZZLE SOLVING WITH GRAPH THEORY Jadav Haresh Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

We have a puzzle and according to puzzle rule we make a graph of this puzzle. and for finding all possible solution first we find all possible Hamiltonian circuit and Hamiltonian path. Here in this graph, we can find 2 Hamiltonian circuit and 4 Hamiltonian paths. In this circuit we put any number from 1 to 9 at any position and also increasing and decreasing order so we get 18 solution from 1 circuit and in path we start with only 1 or 9 so we get only 2 solution from 1 path. Finally, we have (ퟏퟖ × ퟐ) + (ퟐ × ퟒ) = ퟒퟒ solution in this puzzle.

DISCOVERY OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS Asha Pithiya, Dixit Patel, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya, Preeti Ben Maru, Sonali Prajapati Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

This presentation is about discovery of irrational numbers. How the first irrational number came to existence. Pythagorean philosopher, Hippassus discovered the irrational numbers. Also, the proof that this number is not the rational number that it could not be written in the ratio form. Then the definition of irrational numbers and some characteristics of them. Then there is some information regarding some famous irrational numbers are there. It also shows how some of these numbers can be plotted on number line. And also, it shows how irrational numbers appear in nature.

GRAPH THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS Hardeep Khachar Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

The concept of the graph theory is quite useful in many fields and basics applications are discussed like Königsberg seven bridge problem, seating arrangement problem and utilities problems. The applications in other fields like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computer science, puzzles and others have been mentioned.

PINGALA: FATHER OF BINARY SYSTEM Suchita Kumari Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

This presentation is based on the Rishi Pingala’s binary number system which is a significant contribution to the world of Mathematics. He was the first Ancient Indian prosodist and mathematician to develop and use the binary number system which is fundamental aspect of today’s digital technology. Pingala created binary number system and gave each number (1 to 16) the binary numbers. Also, he wrote the book “Chandrahsastra” wherein he analysed Sanskrit poetry mathematically. It also contains the first known explanation of Fibonacci numbers, geometry of spirals and Pascal’s triangle.

TOWER OF HANOI Nidhi Gupta, Sonali Prajapati, Dixit Patel, Asha Pithiya, Preeti Maru, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle invented by E. Lucas in 1883. In this, we have a stack of n disks on a rod, together with two empty rods. The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack from one rod to another by obeying some simple rules. We will consider cases when n=1,2,3. We will also try to find algorithm for solving this when we have n disks in general. We can also write program for this which will give the moves required to move the stack, when we enter number of disks. After that, we will find formula for minimum number of moves required to solve Tower of Hanoi.

MAGIC HEXAGON Sonali Prajapati, Nidhi Gupta, Dixit Patel, Asha Pithiya, Niyati Kariya, Hiteshree Kotecha, Preeti Ben Maru, Nikshita Pandya Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

A magic hexagon of order n is an arrangement of numbers in a centered hexagonal pattern with n cells on each edge, in such a way that the numbers in each row, in all three directions, sum to the same magic constant M. Here, our aim is to find magic constant M for ‘n’ order. And filling numbers in the magic hexagon.

FAMOUS INDIAN MATHEMATICIANS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Ramesh K. Bera Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Whenever we talk about development of Mathematics the role of Indian Mathematicians is always at the top. Many of us are not aware of such contributions by Indian Mathematicians in the field of Mathematics. In this presentation, we give outline of such Indian Mathematicians and their contributions.

MATHS PUZZLES Ms. Nisha Doshi Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Puzzles can be regarded as problem-solving games. It enhances the problem-solving ability and logical thinking. (1) Finding the missing number/word: The logic behind this type of puzzle is that the numbers are arranged in a particular sequence and you have to identify that sequence. In this method students practice their addition, subtraction, multiplication and division skills by searching for hidden math equations. It can be adapted to any skill and promotes a solid understanding of basic math facts. (2) Matchstick type puzzle: This type of puzzle seems simple, but it just might stump you. After setting up sticks in the required order, challenge is to make it as a given shape by moving just few matchsticks. (3) Join the dots: This puzzle challenges students to connect all the dots using only some straight lines. Here the challenge is that you can use only a few straight lines. (4) Counting squares: In this type of puzzle, you have to count all possible squares. i.e. to count from the grid 1x1 to n x n.

Math puzzles allow students to develop foundational skills in a number of key areas, and can influence how students approach math practically and abstractly. You can also tie them into strategies.

MATHEMATICS BEHIND RUBIK’S CUBE Asha Pithiya, Dixit Patel, Hiteshree Kotecha, Nidhi Gupta, Nikshita Pandya, Niyati Kariya, Preeti Ben Maru, Sonali Prajapati Department of Mathematics, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

This video is based on the mathematics in the Rubik’s cube. This Rubik’s cube is made by an engineer, Erno Rubik. It has 6 sides with 9 individual pieces on each. This cube has total 43 quintillion possible positions and only one is the correct one. In this Rubik cube there is a involvement of group theory. In the case of the Rubik’s cube, the elements are the faces of the toy. To be called a group, the elements satisfy all the four properties of group i.e., Closure, associativity, identity, inverse properties. Therefore, elements of Rubik’s cube form a group. Infact, they form a permutation group. And since it is a permutation group, it is not a commutative group. The Rubik’s cube can be connected to fractions, ratios, and proportional reasoning for the school level of understanding.

INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICIANS Patel Krupanshibahen Narendrabhai Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The presentation incorporates a brief history of a few International Mathematicians; many of them are known to the pupils. The list includes Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Newton, Leibniz, Euler, Gauss, L’Hospital, de Moivre. There major contribution in Mathematics is highlighted.

APPLICATIONS OF THE SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS Kanu Bhammar Department of Mathematics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

The definition of system of m linear equations with n unknowns is mentioned and the matrix form of the systems of m linear equations with n unknowns is given. The application related to it in real life problem like traffic flow problem is described where the unknown car volume is found using the system of linear equations.

10. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

LIVER ORGANOIDS: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO NEXT-GENERATION LIVER MEDICINE R Vignesh, Dhyani Pandya, Shibani Thakur Department of Microbiology and biotechnology centre The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Organoids derived from stem cells or tissues in culture can develop into structures that resemble the in vivo anatomy and physiology of intact organs. Organoids are generally used to study human disease models, drug development and drug testing. The liver is a vital organ essential for digesting food and removing toxic substances from the body. The liver is susceptible to many life- threatening diseases and many of which are inherited. Liver problems can also be caused by a variety of factors like viruses, alcohol use and obesity. Over time, conditions that damage the liver can lead to cirrhosis, which can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition. Liver organoids are now being established for multiple species from induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, hepatoblasts, and adult tissue derived cells. “Liver medicine” refers to all the diagnostic and treatment strategies of the disease that cause liver failure directly or indirectly. Effective liver medicines are needed for some of the liver diseases that provide more effective therapeutic advantages to patients. Despite significant advances in the field of liver medicine, improved tools are needed for some of the liver disease. Liver organoids facilitate drug testing and personalized therapy. Next generation cell culture system has immense potential to be further improved by genome editing and bioengineering technologies to encourage the development of patient specific therapeutic options for clinical applications.

ARE WE READY TO EAT LIVE MICROBES? Afiya Shaikh, Kajal Acharya and Tuhina Bhattacharya Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Microorganisms have been used as food and fodder for centuries. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s and Brewer’s yeast) has been used in fermentation to make alcoholic beverages by the

63 ancient Egyptian civilizations, and by the Germans as an edible protein source during World War II. Algae have supported the lives of historic communities living close to the shores for millennia, providing a constant source of protein and vitamins. Lactobacillus and other bacteria have been used as starter cultures in the traditional preparations of cheese and various dairy products. Microorganisms have always been central in basic food processing techniques, for instance converting fibres into edible food when fermenting dough to produce bread, or milk into cheese, allowing its long-term preservation. They have been often used as a direct food source, as is the case for yeast or algae. In recent times, when the conventional production of food crops is leaving a substantial environmental footprint, it should be made evident that microbial proteins and biomass are the future to a sustainable food supply. This will be more cost-efficient, less wastage, and most importantly the aftermath will lead to a low carbon footprint. Microbial protein (MP) is an alternative source of high-quality single-cell protein (SCP) able to replace animal protein in livestock nutrition and aquaculture. Going one step higher in the food chain, MP is meeting the FAO/WHO requirements in terms of essential amino acid scoring patterns for human nutrition, and therefore, humans could benefit greatly from the use of MP directly as food. Mycoproteins are another example of MP derived from fungal species, they aid with lots of health benefits and can use methane and CO2 as feedstock. A single cell protein that has a high nutritional value, Spirulina has been used as a protein-rich dietary source for animal feed as well as humans, keeping in mind the various health benefits of the cyanobacterium species. Furthermore, the ingestion of live microbes that mediate health benefits through interactions with the host gut as well as the resident gut microbiota, is also practiced. These, termed Probiotics, are considered to be generally safe for most people as they allow for colonization of the gut with beneficial microorganisms. In conclusion, we live in a world where these tiny organisms are ubiquitous, existing even in our own bodies and resulting in maintaining a functioning, symbiotic ecosystem like the gut microbiome. Hence, microbial protein qualifies as an excellent source of nutritive proteins, but other cellular components can also be of increasing importance, driving new developments for microbial-based by-products. In the context of the need to generate new biotechnological processes and products, this line of research and development should be explored with great care.

PROSPECTS OF MICROALGAE IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD Suryaudaysinh Rana, Kunal Chavan and Devang Barot Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Microalgae are simple unicellular organisms, which usually grow in freshwater and marine water systems. Microalgae is in the trend nowadays due to their utilities in various fields. Researches have shown that this organism can produce certain medically important substances such as Docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and beta-1, 3 glucans, which can help to solve certain health issues such as malnutrition, diabetes, liver disorders, proteinuria, atherosclerosis, etc. These organisms have also shown effective results in the remediation of polluted water and the generation of biofuels. Species such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas,

Scenedesmus, etc. have shown the production of biofuels. So, microalgae that were used for bioremediation of polluted water can also be used for extraction of oils and diesel. An important observation is that the production and cultivation of microalgae do not cause any harm to the environment and hence, these are completely eco-friendly. In addition to that, microalgae use CO2 present in the environment and produce O2 in return. Approximately 40% of global photosynthesis is due to these microorganisms. So, biofuel production using microalgae can be beneficial to the environment as well as living organisms. Also, these microalgae can be a promising alternative to antibiotics, as certain types of microalgae have shown the production of antimicrobial substances that can inhibit the growth of some human pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, B. subtilis, etc. Thus, these microorganisms can be considered as a better comrade to the environment to satisfy the needs of mankind.

BIOLUMINESCENCE: A VISION FROM STREET LIGHTS TO TREE LIGHTS Shivam Pandey and Shalini Mondal Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Bioluminescence is light emitted by living things through chemical reactions in their bodies. Today, scientists and engineers are trying to harness the radiance of living things. Roads, in the future could be lit by glowing trees instead of streetlamps, thanks to the breakthrough creation of bioluminescent plants. Imagine: No more street lamps with broken bulbs or dimly-lit alleys. Instead, your evening stroll is illuminated by luminous trees giving off a calming blue hue. But why? Street lights are incredibly expensive. Also, lighting a city contributes to a lot of emissions. Bioluminescent trees would be greener alternatives. The goal is to isolate the genes that cause some creatures to glow, and use those genes to genetically engineer trees to do the same thing. The real advantage of using plants is that they only need carbon dioxide, sunlight and water. The light is ultimately powered by the energy metabolism of the plant itself. The light-emitting protein, called luciferin, reacts with oxygen in the presence of an enzyme called luciferase, along with other reagents. In contrast to fire and electrically generated light, bioluminescence is "cold light"—the reactions that create this light waste very little energy as heat. Experts injected specialized nanoparticles into the leaves of a watercress plant, which caused it to give off a dim light for nearly four hours. The nanoparticles helped reach the enzyme and its substrate to the right part of the plant and also prevented them from building to concentrations that could be toxic to the plants. Researchers believe with further tweaking, the technology could be used to provide lights bright enough to illuminate an entire street, as well as a switch mechanism to turn on and off the tree light.

So, are you ready for a mini-tour: FROM STREETLIGHTS TO TREELIGHTS?

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

Pragati Durge and Saloni Kumari Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Center The MS University Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been termed the machine for the fourth industrial revolution. One of the main challenges in drug discovery and development is the time and costs required to sustain the drug development pipeline. It is estimated to cost over 2.6 billion USD and take over a decade to develop therapeutics like cancer. This is primarily due to the high numbers of candidate drugs failing at late drug development stages. Many sizable pharmaceutical and biotech companies have made considerable investments in AI. This is primarily due to recent advancements in AI, which have displayed the possibility of rapid low-cost drug discovery and development.

MICROPLASTICS IN HUMAN PLACENTA Gayatri Bhattad & Shivani Singh Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre The M.S. university of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002

Microplastics are particles smaller than five millimetres deriving from the degradation of plastic objects present in the environment. Microplastics can move from the environment to living organisms, including mammals. There are several reports of MPs in food, and in seafood, sea salt, and in drinking water. Microplastics have also been detected in the gastrointestinal tract of marine animals, and also human intestine. Inside tissues, MPs are considered as foreign bodies by the host organism and, as such, trigger local immunoreactions. Furthermore, MPs can act as carriers for other chemicals, such as environmental pollutants and plastic additives, which may be released and are known for their harmful effects. "For the first time microplastics were detected by Raman micro-spectroscopy in human placentas." Raman Micro-spectroscopy is a well-assessed vibrational technique, widely and successfully applied in the biomedical field, to characterize both biological samples. The potential presence of man-made MPs in placenta may harm the delicate response of differentiation between self and non-self with a series of related consequences on embryo development that need to be defined.

CYBORG CHLOROPLAST: ENHANCING CO2 FIXATION MECHANISM. Ashna and Reetu Maindolia Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

The major challenge for the future is increasing the CO2 concentration in atmosphere, leads to many undesirable changes. As plants can fix the CO2 with the help of a catalytic enzyme - RubisCo. But the rate of fixation of CO2 is very low.

The motivation behind this research is to find a new way to fix CO2 at a speedy rate and there are always chances to improve the existing biology with synthetic biology. ECR: an enzyme which fixes carbon dioxide at very efficient rate. ECR enzymes are much more efficient than RubisCO, are taken from different organisms. By taking 17 such enzymes from 9 different organisms and to bring them together and harmonize them to work as a team to get CETCH cycle. These synthetically combined enzymes later put into the plant cells.

So that it can enhance the CO2 fixation mechanism.

GENE EDITING TECHNOLOGY IN TARGETED CANCER THERAPY Nakul Panchal and Shradha Tyagi Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Recent advancements in gene editing technology with use of programmable nucleases (ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR – Cas 9) has opened up new possibilities in targeting specific genes / DNA sequences. This has increased the accuracy of gene manipulation for research and clinical purpose in eukaryotes. Traditional cancer therapy methods caused damage to normal somatic cells along with tumor cell. Using these gene editing tools, mutant cancer-causing genes can be selectively targeted and knocked out or replaced with wild-type normal gene. Much research is now being done on engineering stem cells and developing anti-tumor T cells.

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY: A CURATIVE APPROACH IN DRUG DELIVERY FOR TREATING HIV-AIDS INFECTION. Manoj kumar Baghel & Shashank Joshi Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology centre The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

One of the most severe public health issues in the world is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. HIV-AIDS remains one of the most difficult conditions to treat in the 21st century. However, multiple antiretroviral medications are present in the present situation, rendering the disease chronic rather than worse,

67 which helps to improve the survival rate. Antiretroviral drugs are manageable, but bioavailability, poorer permeability; bad medication half-life restricts potent operation. High dose drug administration leads to greater toxicity, which induces side reactions and develops resistance to the strain of HIV. There is a lack of potent drug targeting owing to its volatility, chemical degradation, and restriction of the tissue barrier. The use of nanotechnology to produce antiretroviral medications has the potential to treat AIDS. Nanocarrier's effective nanotechnology delivery system (liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, nano-emulsion, nanovesicles) plays a vital role in the delivery of drugs. Nanocarrier has revolutionized the area of pharmaceuticals in the world of drug distribution in a living system. This analysis reveals the nano- based potent systems that are incorporated or enclosed with ARV drugs to improve their efficacy or effectiveness with a low adverse effect on HIV abortion.

APPLICATION OF RECOMBINANT INSECT PRODUCTS IN MODERN RESEARCH Disha Acharya, Apurva Randale &Gayatri Kharadi Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Biotechnology enables the genetic engineering through gene modification, broadening the range of natural products, as far production and application of transgenic products, such as implant coatings, scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressing devices, as well as drug delivery systems. In the present scenario, recombinant technology including the expression of DNA and gene modification or simple genetic manipulation to several host organisms, involving bacteria, yeast, plants, insect cells, mammalian cells, and transgenic animals seems to have tremendous and promising future research opportunities. Our poster makes an attempt to show modern research initiatives using recombinantly produced insect products including Silk, Collagen, Cantharidin, AMPs.

VIRTUAL TOUR OF DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY CENTRE Rhydham Karnik, Namitha Vanparambil, Prapti Modi Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology Centre The M. S. University of Baroda- 390002

The Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology Centre was established in 1964. Ever since it’s discovery it has been in the forefront of Science and technology. The department provides Master of Science in Microbiology as well as Masters of Science in Biotechnology funded by DBT. The department has produced 155 Ph.Ds. The backbone of the department is the intellectual rigour provided by dedicated faculties and enthusiastic students. Here we are presenting a short video on a virtual tour of the department showing the glimpse of student life at the department and all the facilities available to world class research.

ORGAN ON A CHIP Kumari Manisha and Mayuri Tilekar Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

It’s hard to predict which drug would work best on your body. OOC is a multichannel 3D microfluidic cell culture cell, engineered in layer and channel, that stimulates the activities, mechanisms, physiological responses of entire organ. Virtual human on a chip can be created by interconnecting various chips for better response. Till now several chips have been developed including heart, kidney, liver, gut, lungs, mammary gland, lymph node, brain and eye. Past clinical trial take years for testing a single compound while costing billions of dollars also harming innumerable animal in the process. OOC have capability to replace animal testing.

APPLICATION OF FERMENTATIVE YEAST IN WINE PRODUCTION Gaurav Madhukar Patekar Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology centre, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

In alcoholic fermentation, glucose is converted to ethanol by the yeast, a unicellular fungus. The mechanism involves the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by EMP pathway and then decarboxylation to form aldehyde which in turn is converted to ethanol by NADH reduction. The best-known organism to perform this reaction is Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly known as Baker’s yeast. Demonstration of alcohol fermentation can be carried out by adding simple sugar i.e., glucose to warm water followed by addition of Baker’s yeast in a bottle. In order to check for the CO2 production as a by-product, we can tie a balloon at the neck of the bottle. In other two bottles, controls will be kept in which no yeast and no sugar is added. The presence of CO2 in balloon will indicate alcoholic fermentation by yeast, while its absence will infer no fermentation.

The same process is utilized in the industry for the production of beer, wine and also in baking. Naturally, yeast is found on ripe fruits, which can cause the spontaneous fermentation to produce Grape-wine. Thus, yeast is of great economic importance.

The wine production can be demonstrated by using the principle of fermentation in a glass jar. The grapes will be cleaned and crushed and transferred into the jar. The activated yeast and sugar

69 solution will be added in it. The contents of the wine jar will be mixed thoroughly twice a day and kept at 25°C. Later, mixing is discontinued for anaerobic conditions which will favour alcoholic fermentation. After 3-5 days, wine is filtered and allowed for secondary fermentation for 7-11 days at 25°C. The broth can be smelled to check for presence of alcohol. The wine can be aged to develop new flavours and aroma.

BACTERIAL PROTEIN MEDIATED HEAVY METAL WATER CONTAMINATION DETECTION Shrutika Padwal & Harshita Sharma Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Heavy metals are toxic metals having density five times greater than water. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health are regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Long-term exposure to arsenic in drinking- water is mainly related to increased risks of cancers, neurological and cardiovascular defects, as well as skin lesions such as hyperkeratosis and pigmentation changes. Health threshold limit in drinking water, specified by the WHO, is 10 µg/L (equivalent to 10 ppb or 0.13 µM). Precise determination of such a low concentration in a stationary laboratory environment is performed using sophisticated instrumentation like inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, which are inherently not suitable for field testing on the other hand commercially available colorimetric tests are usually based on the highly sensitive and specific Gutzeit reaction, but their major disadvantage is that they require hazardous HgBr2 to be used. In the last two decades both cell-free (DNA- or protein-based) and cell-based sensing layers have been developed. Some of the whole-cell based sensors reach the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) limit and are highly selective. Moreover, field-application of these sensors cannot meet practical requirements in general, due to their nature of being living organisms. As environmentally friendly alternatives, electrochemical detection methods can be combined with various sensing layers in affordable portable devices. Direct electrical output of these devices is convenient to handle and analyse. Moreover, the detection of low concentration toxicants by electrochemical methods can be combined with various signal amplifier methods or microsystem technology on electrochemical nano-biochips enabling the construction of hand-held equipment for field monitoring. Flagellin is the principal component of bacterial flagellum, and is present in large amounts on nearly all flagellated bacteria. A sensing system can be designed with genetically engineered flagellin proteins and used along with electrochemical detection systems for field monitoring.

DEMONSTRATION OF THE EXISTENCE OF MICROORGANISMS USING HOMEMADE MEDIA. Sandesh Pralhad Telang

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology centre, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara – 390002

Cultivation of microorganisms from different habitats such as water bodies, soil surfaces and air can be carried out using simple experiments. Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses are present everywhere and found on every surface and hence they are ubiquitous. For example, fungi as fungal spores and viruses as viral particles, which can travel as bioaerosol. These bioaerosols are basically atmospheric particles, mist of dust of µm range, associated with metabolically active or inactive viable particles that may vary considerably in size and composition depending on a variety of factors including the type of microorganism or toxin, the type of particles to which they are associated. Common sources of aerosols include soil, water and sewage. Although microorganisms are responsible for most of the infections, not all microorganisms present in the air cause infection. Microorganisms present in the atmosphere mix with water during rainfall and are mixed with soil and water bodies. To check their presence, we can perform simple experiments using things that are easily available at home such as potato sugar and gelatine. Growth of the invisible microbes can be visualised using homemade crude potato medium. For this, potatoes are boiled till they get moist and then potato water is filtered, mixed with sugar solution followed by addition of agar/Gelatine powder, and poured into plates. Then, a sample is added, and observed for the growth of microbes upon sufficient incubation. The Growth of different microbes with varying morphology on the crude potato medium may clearly give an indication about their existence in our nearby surroundings to which we are exposed on a daily basis.

11. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ON A ROUGH SURFACE OF A ROCK WITH THE HELP OF CARBON SOOT Divya Barmeda Department of Physics The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Usually, reflection is not seen over a rough surface under any circumstances. But, by accumulating fine powdery substances which are hydrophobic in nature, like carbon soot produced due to incomplete combustion, over that rough surface, phenomenon like total internal reflection can be reproduced by dipping that surface in some watery solution. This, happens due to formation of very thin layer of air over the surface due to hydrophobic nature of carbon soot that is accumulated over that surface. Here, fine powder of carbon soot, when seen microscopically, can be considered as a landscape having dips at few places and peaks other places, now the water forms a uniform layer (due to the essence of surface tension) across the peaks leaving some space in between where dips are located. In this space air is present, as a result of which the surface separating air and water acts as a center for total internal reflection. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a denser medium to rarer medium if and only if the angle of incident light is greater than arcsine(r/d), where “r” is refractive index of rarer medium and “d” is refractive index of denser medium. If the angle of incident light is less than this then the light penetrates into the rarer medium and would get absorbed by the soot and the surface would be seen black when seen from outside. Also, here the uniform surfaces of water that formed are from peak to peaks of carbon soot landscape whose heights vary at different places, as a result of which the overall surface as seen on zooming out at microscopic level will have a texture similar to that of a crumpled paper. Considering this, if no object is present in the vicinity of this surface (in the watery medium side), the overall surface will be seeming to be silver-ish (i.e., due to non-uniformed shining) in color. But if some object is in vicinity of that surface a slight hue of that object’s color can be seen over that surface.

A STUDY OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Aritri Mohanta & Ashish Solanki Department of Physics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Our project is about Particle accelerators. As the name suggests, a particle accelerator is a machine that can accelerate charged particles to very high speeds and energies. It uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles or ions to very high speeds and contains them into sharp beams. The basic principle is that the energy and speed of a charged particle can be increased by passing it through a potential difference again and again. The need for an article accelerator was felt in order to be able to study the properties of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. There are many different types of particle accelerators that have evolved over time, such as Linear Accelerator, Cyclotron, Synchrocyclotron, Synchrotron and Betatron. It all started when Cockroft and E. Walton, E. Rutherford's collaborators, started studying methods to accelerate a particle beam to energies of hundreds of KV. They finally produced, in 1932, what is believed to be the first true particle accelerator, delivering a 400 KV collimated beam. Ernest O. Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the invention of the Cyclotron using which he later managed to accelerate a proton to 1.1 MeV with an 11-inch cyclotron. However, there were certain limitations to a cyclotron such as its inability to accelerate a positive ion beyond a certain limit, and its incapacity to accelerate electrons. Hence the Synchrocyclotron and the Betatron were developed to overcome these limitations respectively. Particle accelerators have applications in both theoretical physics as well in medical sciences. Ion beams from cyclotrons are used in proton therapy, to penetrate the body and kill tumours by radiation damage. Furthermore, Synchrotron light sources are used in DNA research to define how the ribosome translates DNA information into life. In addition, LHC (Large Hadron Collider) was responsible for discovering Higgs Boson. LHC can achieve an energy that no other particle accelerator can reach. The aim of the LHC's detectors is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new particles as well as other unsolved questions of physics. Physicists hope that LHC helps answer some fundamental physics questions such as the nature of the Dark Matter, existence of extra dimensions, asymmetry between matter and antimatter, etc.

Tyndall effect Abhishek, Department of Physics, Facuty of Science

The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in a colloid orin a very fine suspension. Also known as Tyndall scattering, it is similar to Rayleigh scattering, in that the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, so blue light is scattered much more strongly than red light. An example in everyday life is the blue colour sometimes seen in the smoke emitted by motorcycles, in particular two-stroke machines where the burnt engine oil provides these particles. Under the Tyndall effect, the longer wavelengths are more transmitted while the shorter wavelengths are more diffusely reflected via scattering. The Tyndall effect is seen when light-scattering particulate matter is dispersed in an otherwise light- transmitting medium, when the diameter of an individual particle is the range of roughly between 40 and 900 nm, i.e. somewhat below or near the wavelengths of visible light (400–750 nm). It is particularly applicable to colloidal mixtures and fine suspensions; for example, the Tyndall effect is used in nephelometers to determine the size and d density particles in aerosols and other colloidal matter (see ultramicroscope and turbidimeter).It is named after the 19th-century physicist John Tyndall. Rayleigh scattering is defined by a mathematical formula that requires the light-scattering particles to be far smaller than the wavelength of the light. For a dispersion of particles to qualify for the Rayleigh formula, the particle sizes need to be below roughly 40 nanometres (for visible light), and the particles may be individual molecules. Colloidal particles are bigger, and are in the rough vicinity of the size of a wavelength of light. Tyndall scattering, i.e. colloidal particle scattering, is much more intense than Rayleigh scattering due to the bigger particle sizes involved. The importance of the particle size factor for intensity can be seen in the

74 large exponent it has in the mathematical statement of the intensity of Rayleigh scattering. If the colloid particles are spheroid, Tyndall scattering can be mathematically analyzed in terms of Mie theory, which admits particle sizes in the rough vicinity of the wavelength of light. Light scattering by particles of complex shape are described by the T-matrix method. A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering in a translucent layer in the iris. Brown and black irises have the same layer except with more melanin in it. The melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is translucent (i.e. the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered) and a noticeable portion of the light that enters this translucent layer re-emerges via a scattered path. That is, there is backscatter, the redirection of the light waves back out to the open air. Scattering takes place to a greater extent at the shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass straight through the translucent layer with unaltered paths, and then encounter the next layer further back in the iris, which is a light absorber. Thus, the longer wavelengths are not reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths are. Because the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that comes out of the eye. The blue iris is an example of a structural color, in contrast to a pigment color. When the days sky is overcast, sunlight passes through the turbid layer of the clouds, resulting in scattered, diffuse light on the ground. This exhibits Mie scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the cloud droplets are larger than the wavelength of the light and scatters all colors approximately equally. When the daytime sky is cloudless, the sky's color is blue due to Rayleigh scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the scattering particles are the air molecules, which are much smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. On occasion, the term.Tyndall effect is incorrectly applied to light scattering by large (macroscopic) dust particles in the air.

Plasma Globe Aritri Mohanta, Somya Shree Sahu, Bhargavsoni

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

A plasma is created whenever atoms of a gas are heated up so they are extremely hot. The atoms have so much energy that when they collide, the electrons get knocked off. Therefore, a plasma is a bunch of electrons and ions. The plasma globe is a miniature Tesla coil. Inside the ball is a coil of wires that have electrons going through them oscillating at a very high frequency. This shakes the atoms around the wires so hard that their electrons start to fall off! Inside the glass globe is a partial vacuum. This just means that some of the air has been sucked out. Because there is not as much air in there, it is easier to make electric sparks that can be seen. The electrons then travel out into the air from the glass ball. We know this because the plasma ball lights up the light bulb. If you touch the plasma ball, all of the electrons will go through you to the ground. You see only one big spark inside the ball where you put your hand. If you stand on a stool, you are insulated from the ground and get filled with electrons. This means you can light up a fluorescent light bulb

THE DIFFUISION CLOUD CHAMBER Aritri Mohanta, Somya Shree Sahu, Bhargav Soni

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda A cloud chamber is a device that makes visible the paths of particles emitted as a result of radioactive decay. When subatomic particles enter the cloud chamber they bump into air or alcohol molecules producing free ions. The ions serve as a starting point for the growth of visible droplets in the space that contains more condensed vapour than usual. The droplets form the visible trails. The cloud chamber provides a supersaturated atmosphere in which this is possible. In the diffusion cloud chamber a large difference in temperature is maintained between the top and the bottom of the chamber, usually by cooling the bottom with dry ice. The gas in the

76 chamber, in this case air, is saturated with a vapour, usually alcohol. The air-vapour mixture cools as it diffuses to the frigid bottom, creating a supersaturated environment, the cloud. MATERIALS Required: IPA(isopropyl alcohol), sponge, glass aquarium, metal plate with black base, a radioactive source(here Thorium) and dry ice.

Magnetic levitation Somya Sahu, Aritri Mohanta and Bhargav Soni Department of Physics, faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

The principle of magnetic levitation is that a vehicle can be suspended and propelled on a guidance track made with magnets. The vehicle on top of the track may be propelled with the help of a linear induction motor. Although the vehicle does not use steel wheels on a steel rail they are still referred to as trains as by definition they are a long chain of vehicles which travel in the same direction. This is the definition of a MAGLEV train.As the frictional parts are minimum in this type of technology, the MAGLEV trains are known to have more speed, smoothness and less sound.

The train will be floating about 10mm above the magnetic guiding track. The train will be propelled to move by the guide way itself. Thus, there is no need of any engine inside he train. The detailed working of MAGLEV train is shown in the figure below. The train is propelled by the changing in magnetic fields. As soon as the train starts to move, the magnetic field changes sections by switching method and thus the train is again pulled forward. The whole guide way is run by electromagnets so as to provide the magnetic effect.Thus the power needed for the whole process is less when compared to a conventional electric train. Amongst the power used, only a little is used for the levitation process. But a higher percentage of power is needed to overcome air friction.

Spintronics: A future vision of electronics Kishan H. Mali*, Rushikesh Pokar Department of Physics, Faculty of Science *[email protected],

Electronic devices utilize the charge of electrons to store information. Maintaining the data stored in 0 or 1 logic in these devices for a long time, high heat dissipation, low switching speed were major problems in the electronic devices. These problems are overcome in devices based on spintronics, in which the spin property of electrons instead of charge is exploited to store

78 information. Since the discovery of TMR in 1975 and GMR in 1988 various spin-based effects have been observed and utilized in memory storage and switching devices such as MRAM, magnetic hard-drives, spin-based transistors, magnetic field sensors, and spin filters. The field of spintronics has evolved exponentially in the last decade providing the ability to design smaller, faster, and much more efficient memory storage devices compared to conventional electronic devices.

DARK MATTER & DARK ENERGY Nitya Parikh, Annapurnasingh, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science

From the tiny atom to everything visible to human eye, is classified as ordinary matter. We can see these things because of the light reflected by the objects is captured by the light receptors present in the human eyes. Surprisingly our universe is made of only 5% ordinary matter & remaining 95% comprises of 25% dark matter & 70% dark energy, which are invisible. This implies whatever we, the humans, experience is just a very small portion of the reality. So how did this dark matter & dark energy being discovered? Swiss born astronomer, Fritz Zwicky, studied the images of roughly 1000 galaxies that make up the COMA CLUSTER. To his astonishment, he found that the galaxies move so fast, that they should have simply flown apart; which isn’t the case. This is where he speculated that something acts as a belt & named this “belt” as dark matter. Initially this wasn’t accepted by the astronomers, since agreeing to him meant to oppose the laws of Newton. So they rejected his ideas by saying that there had been some kind of mistake in his research. However after 27 years, in 1960, a female astronomer named Vera Rubin, found the similar results while studying our neighbouring Andromeda galaxy. This led to the acceptance of the dark matter theory. Dark matter interacts with gravity on the other hand dark energy opposes the gravity. Dark energy is the mysterious force causing the universe’s expansion to accelerate, with the passage of time. It’s the unknown form of energy affecting the universe on the largest scales. Their discovery refuted the earlier studies regarding the universe that was based on the newton’s laws; which stated that “Universe’s expansion would decelerate resulting in the retraction leading to its collapse. However“THE RED SHIFT” concept by Edward Hubble, proved the expanding of universe.This discovery led to the further conclusion that dark matter is an intrinsic property of spacewhich resists gravity, to occupy the whole universe

MICROPHONE

Nova Abraham Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodra- 390 002 A microphone is a device which converts acoustical energy(sound waves) into electrical energy. Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air

79 pressure variations of a sound wave to an electrical signal. The most common are the dynamic microphone, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field. Apparatus: Cardboard box(small), Graphite (or Pencil leads), Crocodile Wires, 9v Battery, A sharp Knife and Speaker wires (or Earphone). Circuit

Principle: It works on the principle of Simple Harmonic Motion. The varying pressure in air vibrates the graphite lead up and down, causing change in resistance. Due to this change in resistance, potential drop on the speaker changes. Hence pressure variations are converted into electrical signals. Applications: Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aid, public address systems, for concert halls and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, sound recording, two-way radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting. They are also used in computers for recording voice and speech recognition.

NASA Mars 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover R. K. Singh Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara -390002, INDIA

Perseverance, nicknamed Percy is a carsized Mars rover designed to explore the Jezero Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission. It was manufactured by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched on 30 July 2020 at 11:50:00 Confirmation that the rover successfully landed on Mars was received on 18 February 2021 at 20:55. As of 26 February 2021, Perseverance has been on Mars for 7 sols (8 Earth days). Perseverance has a similar design to its predecessor rover, Curiosity, from which it was moderately upgraded; it carries seven primary payload instruments, 19 cameras, and two microphones. The rover is also carrying the mini-helicopter Ingenuity, an experimental aircraft that will attempt the first powered flight on another planet.The rover's goals include identifying ancient Martian environments capable of supporting life, seeking out evidence if microbial life existed in those environments, collecting rock and soil samples to store on the Martian surface, and testing oxygen production from the Martian atmosphere to prepare for future crewed missions [1]. Swati Mohanis an Indian origin and play important role in this NASA mars mission. Swati Mohan led the attitude control of mars mission during operations and was the lead systems engineer throughout development. The attitude control system points the vehicle where it needs to be and help figure out where the spacecraft is oriented in space [2]. She completed her B.S from Cornell University in Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, and her M.S. and Ph.D. from MIT in Aeronautics/Astronautics. She has worked on multiple missions such as Cassini (mission to Saturn) and GRAIL (a pair of formation flown spacecraft to the Moon). She has worked on Mars 2020 since almost the beginning of the project in 2013. She is currently the Mars 2020 Guidance, Navigation, and Controls Operations Lead, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA.

12. DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA Preeti.N.Thakur, Priyanka.P.Vayata & Zinkal.N.Chirutkar Department of Statistics The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

This project is based on data science. In this project we have presented a demonstration showing what is statistics, what statistician do with the data and how statistics works to draw conclusions. There are 6 stages involved in data processing. First stage is framing of the problem. In this project we want to know how the novel pandemic affected the life of people. Second stage is collection of data. In this we have first prepared the questionary to collect necessary data which can be used to analyse and draw some conclusion. We have used google based form. The questionary involves gender, age group, relationship status, to which working occupation the belongs to, did people got proper facilities to work or study from home from home or not , their satisfaction from online services , how they spend their lockdown time, their working status, their situation during lockdown, their physical health, did they avail their daily needs like grocery, medicines, sanitizer, etc., did they received help from government or non-government programs or not, how much time they spend at home and their overall experience. We have collected 90 responses. Third stage is organization of data. In this we have cleaned the raw data and have transformed it into tabular form. Fourth stage is presentation of data. In this we have explored the data and have examined it carefully to draw hidden relationships. For this we have used pie chart, bar diagram, horizontal bar diagram. Fifth stage is analysis using statistical methods. We have used inferential methods. We have used statistical tools like fitting of distribution and testing of hypothesis. Sixth stage is interpretation and conclusion. Here, after performing all the above stages we conclude that there is association between age group and situation during COVID-19 pandemic.

So, situation of people depends on their age group. Also, we have shown that the person we select from the population would have neutral or better experience during pandemic.

STOCK MARKET Ghodasara Kriyanshi Department of Statistics The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

The demand to predict stock prices are Extremely high, hence it is the need for stock market analysis. It is Analysis and Prediction of project on technical analysis, visualization and prediction using data provided by Google Finance. The purpose of this project is to comparatively analyse the effectiveness of prediction algorithms on stock market data through visualization to predict future stock behaviour and value at risk for each stock. Thus, we can say that stock market is such a wide field that we can have good trade in it and many people invest and find good opportunity for doing business. As every coin has two side even stock market has two side. Sometimes investor may have good income and sometimes due to low SENSEX it may happen that they might have to take loan and debt themselves. We have to make opportunity by ourself and they need to think about future. Hence, we can conclude that it is such a wide imaginary world where people get lost and sometimes due to over pressure they might get in depression and if they have good profit in stocks due to greediness also, they might forget their family members and others so deeply that they feel loneliness. Statistics is such a huge field which involves almost all the surroundings and we use it regularly for our prediction and analysis.

PREDICTION OF BETA-THALSSEMIA AMONG THE MSU STUDENTS Patil Hinal & Keerti Jangid Department of Statistics The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002.

Our presentation aims at designing such a Predictive Model which can predict the presence or absence of Beta-Thalassemia given the Complete Blood Count of the individuals. Our presentation aims to perform comparative study between models such as Multivariate Logistic Regression, Ridge Logistic Regression and Principal Component Logistic Regression. The dataset consists of complete blood count, HPLC details and the diagnosis of the individuals under study. Our test outcomes demonstrates that the Statistical approaches might be utilized for the effective screening of the Beta-Thalassemia.

How happy Barodians are: A Happiness survey on Vadodara Citizens Kinjal Kanwar and Komal Patil Department of Statistics

In today’s fast moving and highly stressful life, we all are running after materialistic things and are trying to find happiness in it. But do we actually know what happiness is and if we know how to define it then, can we measure it in any way. To find the answers to such questions there have been numerous studies around the world. A breakthrough in quantifying happiness or wellbeing was made by Bhutan by calculating their country’s Gross National Happiness (GNH) instead of Gross National Product (GNP). The term GNH was coined by the 4th King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk. Since then there have been different studies and researches conducted by various organizations like United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network which publishes World Happiness Report every year since 2012. According to which, India is ranked on 144th position out of 156 countries in 2020. So, it becomes quite alarming to study about various factors responsible for happiness. Hence, we have conducted a study: “How happy barodians are: A happiness survey on Vadodara Citizens”. This study was conducted before covid-19 breakdown. Happiness is an abstract concept which can not be measured but psychologists and researchers have long tried various ways to quantify it and have given different definitions for happiness ,all of which could be summarized as : Happiness is being satisfied with life, being in a good mood, feeling positive emotions, feeling enjoyment, etc. Researchers have identified various contributors of happiness like physical health, income, social relationships etc. In study of Gross National Happiness by Bhutan government, they have identified 9 domains and 33 indicators of happiness like education, health, psychological wellbeing etc. Similarly, in our study we have measured happiness based on 7 domains -health, marriage, family, education, social relationships, occupation, general life satisfaction. We have further identified 28 indicators based on these domains and have asked a question regarding all of them, in which respondents have answered based on a 5-point scale from highly agree to highly disagree. For our study, we have taken a random sample of 315 people from 4 wards of Vadodara, and asked them to fill the questionnaire. Based on their responses we have calculated an average happiness score of each individual by using weighted average method. In calculation of GNH, Bhutanese have given equal weights to all the 9 domains. Since all the indicators are not equally important for an individual’s happiness but each of them are important to some person at a given point of time. So, using some statistical techniques we have given weights to different domains and then using these weights we have calculated the average happiness scores and according to them we have divided the people into 3 categories; unhappy, happy and extremely happy. From our study we have found that 86% female respondents are happy and 83% of the male respondents are happy. Among married and unmarried people, we have seen that 85% of the married are happy while 84% of the unmarried are happy. Since family is an important factor for

84 happiness so we have also asked the people about the family type they are currently living in; and we found that 87 % of the people living in nuclear families are happy while 82% of the people living in joint families are happy. We have also calculated an overall happiness index for Vadodara city. For finding this index we have used two thresholds: sufficiency threshold, happiness threshold. If a person’s weighted average score is 7 or above in particular domain then he / she is considered sufficient in that domain. And if the person enjoys sufficiency in 4 out of 6 domains then he / she is considered happy. To calculate GNH we need no. of happy and not yet happy people so in our study we had (255 out of 315) i.e. 80.95% people in the sample were happy and (60 out of 315) i.e. 19.04% people in sample were not - yet - happy. So overall happiness index of Vadodara city came to be 8.83 out of 10. So, we can see that barodians are quite happy.

BAYESIAN BRAIN Amisha Yadhav and Srishti sen Department of Statistics Suppose you are going to a market and you see a dog-like creature running towards you, your belief that it will attack you may be 34%; if you recognize that it’s a Doberman, your belief that you’ll be attacked may rise to 78%; if it starts barking, 92%; if another barking dog passes you from behind, the probability of your attack-belief being true drops again. From this example we can see that how your certainty of a belief may change as you gain new evidence. Initial belief + new evidence = updated belief. To explain such type of phenomena scientist gave an idea called Bayesian brain that uses a mathematical model to describe how the brain works. It explains how the brain is influenced by the past experience, their moods and all sorts of other factors. Since everyone has lived a different life , everyone’s brain is different. Bayes’ law is the mathematical formalization of that idea: P(B|E)=P(E|B)*P(B)/P(E), which calculates the conditional probability of your belief B being true, given evidence E. This is what the brain approximates4 during predictive processing. In particular, your brain updates its statistical model of the world by integrating prediction errors in accordance with Bayes’ theorem; hence the name Bayesian brain. The crucial point in understanding the Bayesian brain is that: the internal model of the world within the brain suggests that processes in the brain model processes in the physical world. In order to successfully predict the future, the brain needs to run simulations of the world on its own hardware. These processes need to follow a causality similar to that of the external world, and a world of its own comes alive in the brain observing it.

Dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study Based on the Gujarat Koshi Panchal; Sheetal Prasad; Priti Singh

Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Background: WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 due to its large-scale spread across the world. The spread of the pandemic COVID-19 has posed a great public health challenge globally. In India, Gujarat is one of the leading states in terms of number of deaths wherein all the districts have been already affected by the spread of the disease. Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, districts contribute the large number cases from Gujarat. There is a need for a focused plan to reduce the deaths and spread of the disease. Objectives: The study attempt to examine the progress of COVID 19 cases till 22nd Feb 2021 long with the trend of case fatality and positivity rate in Gujarat. Data source and Methodology: The data available on COVID-19 portal given by the Government of India has been used to show the status of COVID 19 pandemic. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and Positivity Rate (PR) has been calculated from the given data. Correlation coefficient has been used to show the causal relationship between PR and CFR. Results: A total of 267104 COVID-19 infected cases and 4405 deaths were found in Gujarat (With 2.3% PR and 1.6% CFR). June month represent as a highest (9.8%) and January 2021 (1.42%) as a low positivity rate in Gujarat. Whereas highest CFR (6.65%) taken place in the month of May and low in the month of January 2021 (0. 49%).From the Month of August CFR and PR both started decline in Gujarat. A positive correlation exists (+0.88) between PR and CFR. 1731 active case is there in Gujarat as on date. Conclusion: Although PR and CFR shows a decline trend, but COVID-19 has become a major public health challenge all over the world as well as India and Gujarat. So government and people should take precaution to stop the spread until the vaccination covered in whole population Bayesian Network Zankruti Shah and Reshma Shah

Faculty of science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Department of Statistics, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002

Our presentation aims is to estimate the Covid19 infection Prevalence rate and infection fatality rate of different countries and regions. We have data of different countries that are USA, Germany, and japan and select some province from this countries by simple random sampling method. And then how Bayesian Network and Baye’s rules are useful to estimate the infection Prevalence rate and infection fatality rate. Our conclusion is that Bayesian Network Analysis of Covid-19 data reveals that higher infection Prevalence rate and lower Fatality rates than widely reported.

Experiment Based on Probability

Soham D Rathod Department of Statistics Faculty of Science, Theories Regarding Experiment:  Definitions 1. Probabitity : Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur in a Random Experiment. Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1, where, loosely speaking, 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty. The higher the probability of an event, the more likely it is that event will occur. 2. Bias : In statistics, the bias of an estimator is the difference between this estimator’s expected and true value of the parameter being estimated. 3. Unbiased : An estimation or decision rule with zero bias is called unbiased. 4. Estimation : Estimation statistics is a data analysis framework that uses a confidence intervals, precision planning, and meta-analysis to plan experiments, analyze data and interpret results. It is distinct from null hypothesis. There are mainly two types of estimation. 1. Point Estimation : In statistics estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a parameter at the point. Than that estimation is known as the point estimation. 2. Interval Estimation: In statistics estimation involves the use of sample data to calculate a parameter at interval/Range. Than that estimation is known as interval estimation.

 Experiment : Discussed in Video

13. DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

MEDICAL USES OF INSECTS AND INSECT BYPRODUCTS Akshita Tailor, Harshita Johari & Dhaval Devaliya Department of Zoology, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

For years, doctors and researchers have turned to the world around them to try and find cures for diseases, to alleviate pain and provide all kinds of services to patients. In fact, there is a branch of the scientific world known as entomology that studies the relationship between insects and humans. That means that scientists in this area study the ways insects can be used as food and in religious rituals. However, one particularly fascinating area of entomology is the study of medical uses for insects.

CRAPPY AFFAIR- OF WHITE GOLD AND GOOEY MENACE Rajkumar Jivani, Aditya Wadekar, Kajal Patel, Ratna Pandey, Kritagnya Vadar, Tanisha Dagur & Ishani Bhatt Department of Zoology, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

“Poop”- What comes to your mind after hearing this? Waste material? Well, it turns out that it is actually beneficial. In the following video presentation, 7 species of animals have been selected which are associated with weird and scientifically important poop facts. Here, you will get to learn about poop being used as coffee, as gunpowder, as perfumes, as fertilizers, as water purifiers and poop that smells so good that it can refresh your mood. More importantly, poop, which is readily available and yet ignored, has ecological importance to it-Like contributing to Carbon cycle, Sulphur cycle, Nitrogen cycle and keeping greenhouse gases like Methane in check. Therefore, this topic has been chosen to create awareness among people about poop and its implications to the future of this planet. Also, the importance of these species in the overall well-being of their ecosystems and how poop plays a role in it has been discussed.

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND LANDFILL AMMARAH AJMERI A.

T.Y B.Sc., Department of Zoology The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002

Garbage arising from human or animal activities, that is abandoned as unwanted and useless is referred as solid waste. Generally, it is generated from industrial, residential and commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways. However, waste can be categorized based on materials such as paper, plastic, glass, metal and organic waste. Solid waste disposal must be managed systematically to ensure environmental best practices. Solid waste disposal and management is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene and it needs to be incorporated into environmental planning. Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It provides solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. Solid waste management can be described as how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn lead to pollution of the environment. Diseases can be spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid waste disposal management are complex technical challenges. They can also pose a wide variety of economic, administrative and social problems that must be changed and solved. 1) To devise a system of storage of waste and segregation of recyclable waste at source & improve system of primary collection of waste. 2) To devise more efficient system of day-to-day cleaning, conventionally and mechanically. 3) To eliminate manual handling of waste and open transportation vehicles. 4) To improve the system of transportation of waste by ensuring "handling waste only once". 5) To reduce quantity of waste going to landfill site by adopting suitable technology. 8) To ensure safe disposal of waste including bio medical waste, C&D Waste, E-Waste and another Special category waste . So, I have prepared model on modern waste management techniques and new modern landfill. For this I virtually visited Antony Lara Enviro Solutions Pvt. Ltd. There I found various new techniques which they have implanted for waste management and disposal in Mumbai. The processing and machineries are unique. I have explained all processing, working of machineries and preparation/blueprint of modern landfill and its working in the video in detail.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT ORGANISMS Anjali Singh & K.D.V. Sriya Department of Zoology The M.S University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. It is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink

89 must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs them and carries them to cells throughout the body. Different species of animals are better able to digest certain types of foods than others. This difference occurs because of the various types of digestive systems found in animals. There are four basic types of digestive systems: monogastric, avian, ruminant, and pseudo-ruminant. In this project we are going to compare different digestive systems of different organisms by also differentiating their average digestion time. Here we have taken major four organisms representing each system: a pigeon, a cow, a rabbit, and human beings. Depending on their food habits and consumption digestion time depends. Generally, bird digestion is faster compared to other organisms. Whereas cow digestion takes time due to the regurgitation process. We also tried to research their average digestion time. Some organs involved in digestion are different in some species and in some they may be new organs too. Like in cows, we could observe that it is having four chambered stomach which includes: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, likewise in pigeon the parts include gizzard and corp. We can write that digestive systems of all species have been shaped by environmental time pressures over long evolutionary time spans. Nevertheless, all digestive systems must achieve the same end points, the ingestion of biological material and its conversion to molecules that serve as energy substrates and structural components of tissues. Through this project, we would explain why digestion is important and how evolution made magic and brought up wonderful organism human beings with well-developed organ systems.

Adaptation in various organisms Dave Prarthana Maheshbhai Sy BSC, Department of Zoology,Faculty of science, The Maharaja Sayajirao university of Baroda, Vadodara-390002 As my topic itself says, I am going to present and reflect ideas about what actually adaptation is and why it is necessary and what are the types and aspects of it. I think most of you are aware about term adaptation but to study in detail might be boring so I have come up with interesting idea to know and understand adaptation in various organisms in my ppt/ video.