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TRI News Vol 12 No 1 Journal of the Tropical Resources Institute Yale University School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Spring, 1993 Vol 12, No.1 TRI INITIATIVE - HUMAN HEALTH AND EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS Dr. Florencia Montagnini, Director, TRI principal investigators of the project are TRI's Dr. Dr. Burton Singer, Chairman of Epidemiology and Florencia Montagnini, Dr. Burton Singer, the Chairman Public Health, Yale University of Yale's Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Brad Auer, Assistant to the Director, TRI and two Brazilian researchers, Dr. Diana Oya Sawyer of Nuria Muniz-Miret, TRI Project Coordinator CEDEPLAR and Dr. Jorge Travassos da Rosa of the Instituto Evandro Chagas. The past 35 years have witnessed a large-scale human migration from the densely settled areas of northeastern The project researchers are initiating a multi-year study and southern Brazil to the Amazon basin. Desiring to that will examine changes in land use and public health at escape the problems of population pressure, poverty and all stages of development and incursion into the Amazon. skewed land distribution in their home regions, settlers The early to later stages of colonization will be studied in have moved to the Amazon hoping to carve a prosperous order to develop a detailed understanding of the intenela­ existence out of an unfamiliar environment. The result, tionships between road locations, colonization strategies, however, has been extensive deforestation, land degrada­ deforestation and disease. Project researchers also will tion, epidemics of vector-borne diseases, agricultural focus on vectors of disease transmission and their failures and economically non-viable mineral extraction. relationship to land use following the substantial forest degradation that has occuned already in the region. The In an attempt to address these problems, the Tropical results of these studies will yield valuable information Resources Institute at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies has been instrumental in the creation of the Center for Human Ecology, Environment and Infectious Disease, the first fully funded research center of the new Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies. The Center will focus on the interactions among social and economic factors, environmental change and infec­ F'ores!IY alld Humall Health inBrazil 1 tious human diseases. Initially, research activities will Sustainable Resource Use in Amazonia 3 focus on the Amazon River Basin of Brazil and on Varzea Forests of the Peruvian Amazon 4 several insect-transmitted diseases: malaria, Enrichment Planting in Argentina 7 leishmaniasis, and arboviral diseases (e.g. yellow fever). Avifauna Diversity in Monteverde, Costa Rica 11 Similar studies are projected for areas of Indonesia, India, Comparative Streamflow Dynamics in Nepal 14 Nepal, and sub-Saharan Africa. Aspects of Common Property Resource (]se in India 18 A Time Allocation Study of NTFPsin Sri Lanka 20 Dr. Florencia Montagnini, Associate Professor of Tropf­ Growth Dynamics of Four Tree Species in Sri Lanka 23 cal Ecology and John M. Musser Director of the Tropical Working Papers 26 Resources Institute, is a collaborating professor with the Center and one of the principal investigators of the first Literature 28 large research project sponsored by the Center. Entitled "A Research and Education Initiative on Human Health TRI Notes 31 and Effective Utilization of Tropical Forests", the project will study the links between deforestation and infectious Cooperator Notes 31 human diseases in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. The TRI Bulletin Archives Do Not Remove fi'om Office -Thanks! F about sustainable land-use practices that are ecologically season (February to May), nearly all of the islands are suited to the prevailing environment and which produce flooded for a few hours each day. About 35,000 persons acceptable economic returns, diminish overall health inhabit the Ilhas de Abaetetuba, most of whom are risks, and stabilize human populations by ensuring better peasants who support themselves through the manage­ standards of living. ment of forest-aquatic resources, including small scale farming, extraction of forest products, hunting, and DEFORESTATION IN RONDONIA fishing. The other study site, which has not yet been 8.(},-------------------.20000 chosen, will be on terra firllla (dry land) in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil. These areas are typically 18000 ro 7. characterized by secondary forest resulting from tradi­ ~ 16000 tional cut and burn agricultural practices, and are man­ "ffl 6. 14000 W aged primarily in small land holdings producing crops ~ ,:.:.. '0 5. 12000 1il such as cassava, corn, rice, cotton, sugar cane and cacao. -;!2. ~ 4. 10000 ~ Q) The objectives of the studies in both areas will be to 1ii 8000 0~ ~ 3. determine the current prevalence of infectious diseases o (1j 1ii 6000 ~ among the human popUlation, to identify demographic Cl 2. c:( (1j 4000 risk factors for human infection, and to describe the ~ 1. 2000 association between land-use changes and available _..... ..-""'" habitats for animal disease vectors. With this goal, O.n-L-fII""~-___.--___.---_,__--___.-...LO 70 75 78 80 83 researchers will conduct human health surveys of the YEAR local inhabitants, calTY out ecological studies of insect, bird and mammal populations, and determine socio­ Deforestation in Rondonia as measured ji'om LANDSAT imagery. Tile dotted line reflects tile minimal clearing o.ftilat time (Feamside and economic conditions in each area. Finally, the project Sar/atti 1985. Environmental Consen'ation 12(4): 355-356). will conduct experiments in ecosystem modification in order to develop optimal agroforestry models which will MALARIA CASES IN THE permit the use of tropical ecosystems with minimal risks AMAZON REGION, BRAZIL to human health. I On another level, research will be conducted throughout 28 I ~ I the Amazon region with the aim of developing a clear .~ ..0 24 co quantitative picture of the intelTelationship between the .c. .!: 20 deforestation process (i.e. land clearance and population 0 0 movements) and malaria. This analysis will be done at 0 ,.... 16 the macro-level, by correlating satellite images of the '"(1j ~ 12 changing ecology in the Amazon basin with malaria Qj prevalence data; at the meso-level, with more refined 0.. 8 (f) Q) analysis of extant health, ecological and socio-economic !{l 4 data; and at the micro-level, through cOlTelating entomo­ 0 logical field studies with socioeconomic/ecological 0 71 75 79 82 86 surveys of frontier expansion. YEAR Malaria cases in tile Amazon region o.f Brazil 1971-1986. Tile dotted line indicates provisional data (A. Cruz Marquez 1987. Parasitology The effort to understand the links between ecological Today 3(6): 166-170). change and human health in the Amazon is only the first One component of the project will be to analyze the of many planned undertakings of the Center for Human relationships between socio-economic factors, vegetation Ecology, Environment and Infectious Disease. As the type, land-use, and health in two distinct Amazonian Center becomes established, it intends to foster basic ecosystems. The first site to be chosen is in the Ilhas de research and interdisciplinary exchange among the Abaetetuba (islands in the Amazonian estuary), 60 km. community of tropical studies experts at Yale University, west of Belem, Para, Brazil. This area, known by the and to facilitate collaborative work with foreign institu­ term varzea da mare, is characterized by low-lying tions. The Center also proposes to develop new under­ telTain, 90% of which is inundated several times a year. graduate and graduate courses, cUlTicula, and research [Editor's Note: For a description of the Amazonian training programs, including a seminar focusing on the varzea, see article by Miguel Pinedo-Vazquez this issue.] development of integrated health/agroforestry/ social In the full moon and new moon phases of the rainy policy issues. 2 TRI News Spring 1993 vn SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMAZONIA: A CHALLENGE FOR THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY Miguel Pinedo-Vasquez, DF Candidate Kristiina V ogt, Assoc. Professor, Ecosystem Ecology Daniel Vogt, Research Scientist and Lecturer Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Indigenous people and researchers have been working to grassroots organizations to promote sustainable resource promote sustainable resource use and development in use and development within the Maraca Extractive Amazonia in order to alleviate increasing pressures on the Reserve. largest rainforest on the planet. Poor rural Amazonians and their grassroots organizations are establishing Studies conducted on the role of extractive reserves in extractive reserves and other kinds of community-based Amazonia provide two opposing views on the importance protected areas. Governmental and non-governmental of extractive reserves. One group of researchers believe conservation and development institutions are helping that extractive reserves should be used as a model in Amazonian countries to better manage national parks and implementing conservation and sustainable development reserves. These actions together have produced changes policies (Allegretti 1990, Fearnside 1989, Schwartzman and generated new conservation and development 1989). Other scientists have suggested that conservation policies in Amazonia. and sustainable development policies can not be success­ fully implemented in extractive reserves (Cleary 1991, Recent changes in conservation and development
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