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Carnival XIII 2011 Carnival XIII - 2011 Contents Carnival XIII 2011 Carnival XIII - 2011 Contents Editorial 4 A Word from the President 6 ‘East and West: Bridging the Differences’ Marin Pelaić, Split Alexander the Great(est) – From Macedonian Prince and Aristotle’s Student to “Skopian” Hero and Religious Icon 8 Jan Vandeburie, Canterbury Chroniclers During the Fifth Crusade in the Middle Between the Muslim East and the Christian West: The Works of Jacques de Vitry and Oliver of Paderborn Bridging Latin and Arabic Historiography 17 Aleksandar Savić, Belgrade Jesus and ‘Īsā: A Contribution to Studying the Christian-Islamic Interactions 31 Maria-Daniela Pomohaci, Bucharest Jesus Lived in India – Between Truth and Legend. Nicolas Notovitch’s discovery 51 Sven Jaros, Jena & Leipzig Marvels and Allies in the East. India as Heterotopia of Latin Europe in the 12th Century 63 Ioan-Cosmin Ignat, Sibiu Romanesque Saxon Churches in Medieval Transylvania 74 Philip Seifert, Luxembourg A Comparative Analysis of Jewish Emancipation in the Habsburg Monarchy and the German-speaking Territories Between 1781 and 1871 87 2 Carnival XIII - 2011 Emanuele Rocco Di Bello, Rome Austria-Hungary: The “Prison of Nations” or a Bridge Between Cultures? 95 Sergej Filipović, Osijek On the Border Between East and West: Turkey from the 19th Century to the Foundation of the Republic 111 Luka Pejić, Osijek The Issue of the English Language and American Culture During the Revolutionary Period and the Early American Republic 127 Other contributions Andrej Werth & Isabel Hopf, Salzburg European Integration Through Regionalization. The Case of Tyrol 146 Marius Capraru, Bucharest Authorship and Cinéma Before and After May ‘68 155 3 Carnival XIII - 2011 Editorial Dear reader, With some delay the 13th edition of Carnival became reality. After applying last-minute at the General Assembly at the conference in Helsinki in 2010, I had no idea that this would become such a long project and I was certainly not expecting to also become the future president of the International Students of History Association. I was not yet fully aware of what I was getting myself into… What started as helping out with organising a seminar in Utrecht in 2009, ended up becoming almost a way of life: the ISHA-life. Unfortunately there was also real-life of writing theses and work which prevented us finishing the journal earlier. Nonetheless, I want to thank all the contributors and other people involved not only for their willingness to share their work, for their help but also for their patience. And of course a special thanks goes to the other half of the editor- team: Margot Ellenbroek as this is our joint effort. Carnival is definitely a very important part of ISHA, therefore I hope that volunteers to work on this journal will keep surfacing among the people that participate in the seminars and conferences. ISHA is great fun, but it would not exist without all those students throughout the years that have volunteered and spent a lot of their spare time to keep the organisation running. Among those people are the members of the previous International Board 2010-2011, Sarah, Sven, Timo and Bodil: Thanks for another great ISHA year! Fortunately for Carnival there is a very enthusiastic and active team ready to collect all those new articles after the Jena Conference 2012. So please take a look at the Call for papers at the back of this Carnival and start writing! This edition of Carnival is dedicated to the theme of the Annual Conference 2011 in Pula, Croatia: “East and West: Bridging the differences”. Personally I am a big fan 4 Carnival XIII - 2011 of this theme, it showed last in year in Pula that there are so many different ways to interpret ‘East’ and ‘West’. This is also clear when you look at the different subjects of the articles that were written by different students located more to the east and more to the west of Europe. There is one statement that I remember well from the final conclusions session in Pula. After some discussion a person said: ‘What is east and what is west? It depends where in the world you are standing’. I think that this is very true, unfortunately I am not sure about the name attached to that quote, so whoever you are: I hope you can forgive me this plagiarism! ISHA was founded to bring together History students from the geographic European East and West, in the beginning of the nineties of the last century. It looks like ISHA is expanding beyond this one continent, with interested students in Africa, the America’s and Asia. When we do make the full circle around the globe, there literally won’t be an East and West for ISHA anymore. Yours sincerely, Stephanie Bakker Editor-in-Chief 2010-2011 5 Carnival XIII - 2011 A Word from the President 31st of August 2011 Dear reader, It is my privilege to present to you this new edition of Carnival, the journal of the International Students of History Association. The academic topics of all the ISHA events that were held during this year were the sources for the articles in this edition. Several history students (and students of related sciences) worked together to put this year’s edition into a reality. I wish to thank all the participants of the ISHA events for giving inspiration. Special thanks go to all those directly involved in the creation of this edition for their valuable contributions! And this edition of Carnival is certainly not the only outcome of the past ISHA year. Let’s take a short journey through a another wonderful chapter in ISHA’s story. The year started with an exceptional occasion, the five yearly International Conference of Historical Sciences. A delegation of students had the opportunity to represent ISHA at this extraordinary meeting place for the international historical community. An excellent kick-off indeed! Of course, the centerpieces of this ISHA year were the seminars organized by the ISHA sections. The agenda included not only the traditional ‘seasonal’ seminars, but also a weekend seminar following the previous year’s example. The autumn seminar took place in Sofia (Bulgaria) and participants involved themselves in discussions on ‘Unions through History’. The next stop was Berlin (Germany). While debating ‘Utopia and Dystopia’, participants jointly entered the New Year against the magnificent Berlin setting. In February, ISHA Leuven (Belgium) welcomed the ISHA members at a weekend seminar focusing on ‘History used as Propaganda’. The ISHA year was closed in beauty during the summer seminar in Bucharest (Romania), an ideal venue to elaborate on ‘Myths, Heroes and Identities’. The focal point of the ISHA year was the Annual Conference, this year organized in Pula (Croatia) with the topic ‘East and West: Bridging the Differences’. Especially 6 Carnival XIII - 2011 worth mentioning is the conference’s Final Conclusions session, which was turned into a promotional event with a camera crew present. The visit to the ‘Pula Arena’, one of the best preserved amphitheaters of antiquity, was a unique experience. Many thanks go to the ISHA Pula organizational team for making the conference in Istria an unforgettable experience for all those participating! Also valued greatly this year was the cooperation with other organizations and networks. Our already existing partnerships with Euroclio (the European Association of History Educators), The Europaeum (an association of ten leading European universities) and CLIOH-WORLD (the Europe-wide history network) were continued and given new input. Attention was also given to ISHA’s involvement in activities of ESU, the European Students’ Union. New partnerships were initiated with initiatives that actively deal with specific students concerns, namely, with Study Portals (the European student choice platform) and with the Right to Research Coalition (R2RC). ISHA actively engaged in IFISO, the Informal Forum of International Students Organizations, and the high value of this initiative was emphasized even more firmly during this year. The last accomplishment I wish to address is all the work done during this year in an effort to improve and optimize the internal working of the organization. Especially in this respect, my gratitude goes to all the officials active during this ISHA year, in the first place my colleagues in the International Board of ISHA. Furthermore, I want to thank those active in the council, treasury committee and all other people making ISHA into a proactive and vibrant organization this year! A big thank-you to all of you! Viva ISHA! On behalf of the International Board – the Vice-president, Sven Mörsdorf, the Secretary, Timo Vuorikivi and the Treasurer, Bodil Lindberg – Sarah Stroobants President of ISHA 2010-2011 7 Carnival XIII - 2011 Alexander the Great(est) – From Macedonian Prince and Aristotle’s Student to “Skopian” Hero and Religious Icon Marin Pelaić University of Split Introduction Alexander the Great is one of the most intriguing historical personalities, and his reign is considered to be one of the turning points in history of mankind. His deeds influenced and inspired many, and can be traced throughout history. But who was Alexander? Was he a great military commander or a ruthless killer? Was he a genius or a psychopath? A wise ruler or a bloodthirsty tyrant? In which way has his reign influenced the historical periods to come – positive or negative? Once a person starts dealing with a persona like Alexander, many questions arise, and sometimes it is really hard to provide correct answers. This work will try to answer at least the basic ones and briefly sum up the main aspects of Alexander’s heritage. I shall start with providing a short biography of Alexander, dealing mostly with his military campaigns, and then I shall try to briefly summarize the effects Alexander’s reign had on certain territories, and also on historical personas and historical periods.
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