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The Italian Campaign ITALY with OPTIONAL SICILY PRE-TOUR May 17/20 – June 1, 2019 (13/16 Days) Photo Melchior Wańkowicz Photo Ra Boe/Wikipedia CC-BY-SA-3.0
JOIN THE ROYAL WESTMINSTER REGIMENT ASSOCIATION, FAMILY & FRIENDS ON The Italian Campaign ITALY WITH OPTIONAL SICILY PRE-TOUR May 17/20 – June 1, 2019 (13/16 days) photo Melchior Wańkowicz photo Ra Boe/Wikipedia CC-BY-SA-3.0 Marking the 75th Anniversary of the Battle of Melfa River with a tour honouring the Westminster Regiment's actions in Italy. ROME – TAORMINA – LEONFORTE – AGIRA – CATANIA – CASSINO PONTECORVO – MELFA RIVER – POFI – COLFILECE – GUARDIAGRELE SAN DOMENICO – ORTONA – MORO RIVER – ANCONA GRADARA – RIMINI – ARGENTA GAP VILLANOVA – RAVENNA MONTECCHIO – TAVULLIA – CORIANO RIDGE – CESENA – VENICE SPECIAL TRAVEL INTERNATIONAL 4603 Main Street Vancouver, BC V5V 3R6 Canada tel: (604) 291-1332 or 1(800) 665-0998 Fax: (604) 291-1378 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.sticanada.com COMMEMORATING THE 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MELFA CROSSING The Westminster Regiment (Motor) Prior to World War II, the Westminster Regiment heavy shelling, but no German infantry. consisted of the Battalion Headquarters (HQ), On 10 November 1944 as part of Porter Force, A and B Companies in New Westminster, Regimental HQ was in Vincoli with "A" and "B" C Company in Mission and D Company in Companies in San Stefano and "C" Company st Chilliwack. The regiment's 1 Battalion was in Gambellara. Action consisted of extensive mobilized on 02 September 1939, as a machine night patrolling and night advances to contact gun battalion. The unit was converted from a the enemy. This pressure forced the enemy back machine gun battalion to a motor battalion and across the Uniti Canal and into San Pancrazio. designated The Westminster Regiment (Motor) in The regiment advanced by patrol actions across early 1941. -
1 Battle Weariness and the 2Nd New Zealand Division During the Italian Campaign, 1943-45
‘As a matter of fact I’ve just about had enough’;1 Battle weariness and the 2nd New Zealand Division during the Italian Campaign, 1943-45. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University New Zealand. Ian Clive Appleton 2015 1 Unknown private, 24 Battalion, 2nd New Zealand Division. Censorship summaries, DA 508/2 - DA 508/3, (ANZ), Censorship Report No 6/45, 4 Feb to 10 Feb 45, part 2, p.1. Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Abstract By the time that the 2nd New Zealand Division reached Italy in late 1943, many of the soldiers within it had been overseas since early 1941. Most had fought across North Africa during 1942/43 – some had even seen combat earlier, in Greece and Crete in 1941. The strain of combat was beginning to show, a fact recognised by the division’s commanding officer, Lieutenant-General Bernard Freyberg. Freyberg used the term ‘battle weary’ to describe both the division and the men within it on a number of occasions throughout 1944, suggesting at one stage the New Zealanders be withdrawn from operations completely. This study examines key factors that drove battle weariness within the division: issues around manpower, the operational difficulties faced by the division in Italy, the skill and tenacity of their German opponent, and the realities of modern combat. -
The London Gazette of TUESDAY, 6Th JUNE, 1950
jRtttnb, 38937 2879 SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette OF TUESDAY, 6th JUNE, 1950 Registered as a newspaper MONDAY, 12 JUNE, 1950 The War Office, June, 1950. THE ALLIED ARMIES IN ITALY FROM SRD SEPTEMBER, 1943, TO DECEMBER; 1944. PREFACE BY THE WAR OFFICE. PART I. This Despatch was written by Field-Marshal PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND THE Lord Alexander in his capacity as former ASSAULT. Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies in Italy. It therefore concentrates primarily upon Strategic Basis of the Campaign. the development of the land campaign and the The invasion of Italy followed closely in time conduct of the land battles. The wider aspects on the conquest of Sicily and may be therefore of the Italian Campaign are dealt with in treated, both historically and strategically, as reports by the Supreme Allied Commander a sequel to it; but when regarded from the (Field-Marshal Lord Wilson) which have point of view of the Grand Strategy of the already been published. It was during this- war there is a great cleavage between the two period that the very close integration of the operations. The conquest of Sicily marks the Naval, Military and Air Forces of the Allied closing stage of that period of strategy which Nations, which had been built up during the began with the invasion of North Africa in North African Campaigns, was firmly con- November, 1942, or which might, on a longer solidated, so that the Italian Campaign was view, be considered as beginning when the first British armoured cars crossed the frontier wire essentially a combined operation. -
Un Anno in Tossignano: a Micro-History of the Santerno Valley 1944-45
Un Anno in Tossignano: A Micro-History of the Santerno Valley 1944-45 By Maria Etienne Submitted to Professor Alexander Kitroeff and Linda Gerstein In partial fulfillment of the requirements of History 400: Senior Thesis Seminar April 25th, 2014 Abstract During the last year of the Second World War in Italy, the Allied forces assaulted the Wehrmacht’s last great line of defense in Italy—the Gothic line. Un Anno in Tossignano examines the effects of that passing warfront on the people of Tossignano and the surrounding villages in the Santerno Valley—an area on the south-eastern edge of the Apennine Mountains in the middle of the Gothic Line. This thesis is a chronological micro-history that tells the story of this small but old mountain village and the valley below during the almost-year long Allied assault on the Gothic line of defense. The specific nature of this clash of foreign military forces changed the social and political structures of the inhabitants of Tossignano and the Santerno Valley. This thesis analyzes the way the war transformed local and national identities as the villagers’ relationships with their occupiers, Italians—both collaborator and partisans, and their liberators also changed. 2 Acknowledgments My sincere and everlasting gratitude goes to my Uncle Sergio Caroli. Without his invaluable help not only as a librarian but also as a translator and tour guide, this thesis wouldn’t exist. I’d like to thank Professor Kitroeff for putting up with my stubbornness all year and Professor Gerstein for her patience and clarifications. I’d like to thank my family for supporting me through this process, listening to rants about military tactics, and offering criticisms on those rants. -
Battle of Monte Cassino
Battle of Monte Cassino 17 January thru 18 May 1944 Monte Cassino Abbey in November 2004 The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle for Rome and the Battle for Cassino) was a costly series of four assaults by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by the Germans and Italians during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The intention was a breakthrough to Rome. At the beginning of 1944, the western half of the Winter Line was being anchored by Germans holding the Rapido, Liri, and Garigliano valleys and some of the surrounding peaks and ridges. Together, these features formed the Gustav Line. Monte Cassino, a historic hilltop abbey founded in AD 529 by Benedict of Nursia, dominated the nearby town of Cassino and the entrances to the Liri and Rapido valleys, but had been left unoccupied by the German defenders. The Germans had, however, manned some positions set into the steep slopes below the abbey's walls. 1 Fearing that the abbey did form part of the Germans' defensive line, primarily as a lookout post, the Allies sanctioned its bombing on 15 February and American bombers proceeded to drop 1,400 tons of bombs onto it. The destruction and rubble left by the bombing raid now provided better protection from aerial and artillery attacks, so, two days later, German paratroopers took up positions in the abbey's ruins. Between 17 January and 18 May, Monte Cassino and the assaulted four times by Allied troops, the last involving twenty divisions attacking along a twenty-mile Gustav defenses were front. -
DON't CALL 'EM DODGERS! Lady Nancy Astor and The
DON’T CALL ‘EM DODGERS! Lady Nancy Astor and the misnomer of the decade THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN What Canadians experienced in the Mediterranean BRINGING THEM HOME Symbolizing over 60,000 souls, the Eternal Flame comes to TMM May – August, 2019 The PPCLI Museum & Archives Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 2 The Gault Press is produced by The PPCLI Museum & Archives, located at The Military Museums in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. If you are looking to find out more about PPCLI and its history, please don't hesitate to contact us directly at [email protected]. Museum General Manager: Sergeant Nate Blackmore Collections Manager: Corporal Andrew Mullett Artefact Specialist: James Morgan Archivist: Jim Bowman The Gault Press Editor: Cover: PPCLI in Rome on the first J. Neven-Pugh anniversary of D-Day, 6 June 1945: Sgt. M. [email protected] Hanna, Sgt. Ben Kelter, RSM W.M. Lambert, CSME Rainbird. PPCLI Archives: P70(71)-4 2 May – August, 2019 The PPCLI Museum & Archives Newsletter Vol. 2, No. 2 Theme: Anything But Dodgers: PPCLI & the Italian DON’T CALL ’EM THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN BRINGING THEM HOME Campaign, DODGERS! LADY NANCY ASTOR WHAT CANADIANS SYMBOLIZING OVER 60,000 SWW AND THE MISNOMER OF EXPERIENCED ONCE THEY SOULS, THE ETERNAL FLAME, THE DECADE ARRIVED IN ITALY COMES TO TMM Excerpt from “Situation in Italy Winter 1943 – 1944.” PPCLI Archives: 74-4-15 Anything But Dodgers On 6 June 1944, at the height of the Second World War, Allied forces launched a massive assault against the occupied coast of Normandy in what would become known as “D-Day”. -
AD SECURITATEM the Best Essays by Students at the Baltic Defence College During 2016/17
AD SECURITATEM The best essays by students at the Baltic Defence College during 2016/17 Contents Foreword .............................................................................................................................................. 2 BEST ESSAYS OF THE JOINT COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COURSE ................... 3 Will there ever be a Cyber War? MAJ EVIJA ŠULTE, ........................................................... 4 Afghanistan: Long War CPT DAVID AAMIDOR, .................................................................. 17 How is peacebuilding implemented most efficiently? CDR CHRISTIAN ØXNEVAD- GUNDERSEN ..................................................................................................................................... 31 How is peace-building implemented most effectively? MAJ NENAD TODOROVIĆ ....... 45 Deterring Russia in the Baltics to Allow US Power Projection in the Pacific MAJ MICHAEL G. MIDDENTS ................................................................................................................. 59 The Monte Cassino Campaign...................................................................................................... 77 BEST ESSAY OF THE CIVIL SERVANTS COURSE (CSC) ..................................................... 99 Are China’s ‘anti-access’ and ‘area-denial’ systems defensive or offensive in character? Ms MAARJA NAAGEL ............................................................................................. 100 BEST ESSAYS OF THE HIGHER COMMAND STUDIES COURSE -
The Legacy of Military Necessity in Italy: War and Memory in Cassino and Monte Sole
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 4-23-2013 12:00 AM The Legacy of Military Necessity in Italy: War and Memory in Cassino and Monte Sole Cynthia D. Brown The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Jonathan Vance The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Cynthia D. Brown 2013 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Cynthia D., "The Legacy of Military Necessity in Italy: War and Memory in Cassino and Monte Sole" (2013). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 1255. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1255 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Legacy of Military Necessity in Italy: War and Memory in Cassino and Monte Sole (Thesis format: Monograph) by Cynthia D. Brown Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Cynthia D. Brown 2013 Abstract The rise of Benito Mussolini’s Fascist party and its disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany remains one of the most well-known parts of Italy’s Second World War experience, at least in English historical literature. -
THE BATTLE of MONTE CASSINO Belligerents
THE BATTLE OF MONTE CASSINO DATE: JANUARY 17 – MAY 18 1944 Belligerents Germany United Kingdom British India Southern Rhodesia United States Free France Free Polish Forces Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Italian Royalist Army After landing in Italy in September 1943, Allied forces under General Sir Harold Alexander began pushing up the Italian peninsula. Due to the Apennine Mountains, which run the length of Italy, Alexander's forces advanced on two fronts with Lieutenant General Mark Clark's US Fifth Army on the west and Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army on the east. Allied efforts were slowed by poor weather, rough terrain, and a tenacious German defense. Slowly falling back through the fall, the Germans sought to buy time to complete the Winter Line south of Rome. Though the British succeeded in penetrating the line and capturing Ortona in late December, heavy snows prevented them from pushing west along Route 5 to reach Rome. Around this time, Montgomery departed for Britain to aid in planning the invasion of Normandy and was replaced by Lieutenant General Oliver Leese. To the west of the mountains, Clark's forces moved up Routes 6 and 7. The latter of these ceased to be usable as it ran along the coast and had been flooded at the Pontine Marshes. As a result, Clark was forced to use Route 6 which passed through the Liri Valley. The southern end of the valley was protected by large hills overlooking the town of Cassino and atop which sat the abbey of Monte Cassino. -
Napoleonic Battles Catalogue
Catalogue 168 pages of colour rich information with an introduction by writer Charles Singleton, this supplement for Pike & Shotte describes the history, armies, personalities and battles of the English Civil War. Included are detailed scenarios based on some of the most famous battles, complete with maps and orders of battle £22.50 SEASON OF BATTLE CARD FIELD OF BATTLE etc - One 54 card deck of wargames style battlefield maps. The FOB campaign System BUT USEFUL for ANY wargamer as a random Terrain Generator . £22.50 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR SMOOTHBORE ARTILLERY (SMOOTHBORE ORDNANCE JOURNAL VOLUME 10) Summerfield, Dr S 143pp., 4to, fully illus., large format pbk 38 scale plans, 107 tables, 135 photos. of contemporary & surviving ordnance covers graphically & in detail every aspect of the vital smoothbore elements of ACW artillery. £20.00 AMERICAN REVOLUTION : THE FRENCH - COMMAND & COLOURS TRICORNE - COMPASS GAMES - - £82.50 Armies of the Medieval Italian Wars 1125-1325 - Ospery MAA 523- £10.99 ARMY OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1713-1772, PART I: INFANTRY FOR ORANGE AND THE STATES. THE - £17.50 BY FORCE OF ARMS - AUSTRIAN ARMY IN THE SEVEN YEARS WAR 2) Duffy Mint hardback £65.00 HANDBOOK OF THE BELGIAN ARMY 1914 Mint hbk facsimile of British General staff study £29.50 HUSSAR SERGEANT IN THE KING'S GERMAN LEGION: The Memoirs of Cavalry Sergeant Ebbecke, 2nd Hussar Regiment, King's German Legion 1803-15 - This short memoir of Sergeant Ludwig Ebbecke was published in German in 1851, but has never before been translated into English. He served at Stralsund, the Siege of Copenhagen in 1807, and was nearly shipwrecked on the passage back to Britain. -
Battle of Monte Cassino 1944
Battle of Monte Cassino 1944 ZnajZnak Monte Cassino EN środek.indd 1 28.04.2014 23:04 ZnajZnak Monte Cassino EN środek.indd 2 28.04.2014 23:04 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Warszawa 2014 ZnajZnak Monte Cassino EN środek.indd 3 28.04.2014 23:04 This publication has been created for the purpose of the educational game ZnajZnak – Monte Cassino Text Michał Polak Reviewer Krzysztof Gaj Editing Anna Zawadzka Translation Jerzy Giebułtowski Graphic design, maps and illustrations Tomasz Ginter Typesetting Łukasz Pogoda Edition’s co-ordinator Karol Madaj All illustrations from the game ZnajZnak – Monte Cassino. Maps based on: Matthew Parker, Monte Cassino: The Hardest Fought Battle of World War II. Printed by Toruńskie Zakłady Graficzne Zapolex Sp. z o.o. © Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2014 All rights reserved Public Education Office ul. Wołoska 7 02-675 Warszawa Poland www.pamiec.pl/gry ISBN 978-83-7629-630-2 ZnajZnak Monte Cassino EN środek.indd 4 28.04.2014 23:04 ince antiquity, since Thermopylae and Massada, every state and nation has had a battle that symbolises mettle, hero- ism and sacrifi ce. It is because of the dramatic history of S th th Poland in the 19 and 20 century that Poles cultivate memory of such struggles. One of them is the battle of Monte Cassino. Its special signifi cance for Poles is related not only to the military consequences of victory and the extraordinary sacri- fi ce of the soldiers. Monte Cassino symbolises far more than military merit. -
I Canadian Corps Intelligence During the Liri Valley Campaign
Factum ex Scientia: I Canadian Corps Intelligence during the Liri Valley Campaign, May – June 1944 by Connor Seefeldt Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MA degree in History Department of History Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa ©Connor Seefeldt, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 ii Abstract Connor Seefeldt Dr. Serge Durflinger University of Ottawa, 2012 Studies on Canadian Army military intelligence remain sparse in Canadian military historiography. This study is unique in that it focuses on the development, doctrine, and influence of intelligence within the I Canadian Corps throughout the Liri Valley battles during the Italian Campaign. It will be argued that I Canadian Corps intelligence achieved notable overall success in helping to break the Hitler Line by providing comprehensive and relatively up-to-date information on enemy dispositions and strengths which helped commanders and staff planners properly prepare for the operation. This success was attributable to three main factors: excellent intelligence personnel selection and training; the successful mentorship of I Canadian Corps intelligence by Eighth Army's intelligence cadre; and the overall effectiveness of 1st Canadian Infantry Division's intelligence organization which had been in the Mediterranean theatre since July 1943. Notwithstanding these successes, a number of faults within the Canadian Corps intelligence system must also be explained, including the poor performance of 5th Canadian Armoured Division's intelligence organization during the pursuit up the Liri–Sacco Valleys, and the mediocre execution of Corps counter-battery and counter- mortar operations. This study will demonstrate how an effective intelligence organization must augment existing army doctrine and how it can mitigate, though not completely eliminate, battlefield uncertainty.