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Causes of Attempted Suicide in Ohangwena Region: a Social Work Exploration a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requi

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Causes of Attempted Suicide in Ohangwena Region: a Social Work Exploration a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requi CAUSES OF ATTEMPTED SUICIDE IN OHANGWENA REGION: A SOCIAL WORK EXPLORATION A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL WORK OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY TUHAFENI REBECKA KATOTA 200211552 MARCH 2016 SUPERVISOR: DR. E. N. SHINO ii ABSTRACT Suicide has become a major public concern in Namibia, particularly in Ohangwena region. This study investigated the causes of suicide in the Ohangwena region by exploring the causes of attempted suicide in the region. A qualitative approach was utilized. Data were gathered through semi-structured self-developed interviews and analysed using thematic content analysis. The sample of twenty (20) participants who were all suicide attempters, were purposively selected from the three districts of Ohangwena region, namely Eenhana, Engela and Okongo districts. Due to the sensitive nature of the study, pre- and post-counselling was provided to each research participant. As participants are unique individuals, they as well presented the causes of their suicide attempts differently. The results were organized into four categories: reasons given for suicide attempts, impacts of suicide attempts on attempters, experiences and feelings of an attempter, and support system for suicide attempters. Several themes and sub-themes emerged from each category. Themes which emerged from the reasons given for suicide attempts included: interpersonal relationship problems which include relationship problems with family and relationship problems with community as sub-themes, financial problems, mental health related problems (which included two sub-themes namely hallucinations and impulsivity), previous suicide attempts and negative emotions towards the self (which included one sub- theme which is the feeling of hopelessness). iii It is recommended that the Ministry of Health and Social Services strengthens its technical support and provides special training to the social workers in the regions on how to deal with suicidal clients. Additionally, participants of the present study have emphasized a concern with education - they advocated for the community to be educated on the prevention of suicide and this was based on the reason that many people may attempt suicide because of a lack of information. Furthermore, participants also recommended the Ministry of Health and Social Services to increase the number of social workers in Ohangwena region so that suicide attempts can be reduced and prevented. The study recommends that research with large samples and in other regions can possibly be undertaken. Key words: attempted suicide, effects of attempted suicide, experiences of attempted suicide, Ohangwena region. iv DECLARATIONS I, Tuhafeni R. Katota, declare hereby that this study is a true reflection of my own research, and that this work, or part thereof has not been submitted for a degree in any other institution of higher education. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means (e.g. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior permission of the author, or the University of Namibia in that behalf. I, Tuhafeni R. Katota, grant the University of Namibia the right to reproduce this thesis in whole or in part, in any manner or format, which the University of Namibia may deem fit, for any person or institution requiring it for study and research; providing that the University of Namibia shall waive this right if the whole thesis has been or is being published in a manner satisfactory to the University. …………………………… Date…………………………… Tuhafeni R. Katota v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would never have been completed without the calling and guidance of my heavenly Father. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr. Elizabeth N. Shino, for the continuous support during my study, her patience, motivation and the immense knowledge she imparted on me. Her guidance helped me throughout the process of researching and writing this thesis. I am very grateful to the Ministry of Education and the Namibian Government Scholarship and Training Program (NGSTP) for sponsoring my study. Special thanks go to the Ministry of Health and Social Services for granting me the permission to carry out my research in the three districts of Ohangwena region. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all the respondents/participants of this study. It is not always easy to share the painful memory, but due to your commitment, you made this study a reality. My heartfelt thanks to you! I would like to thank my parents, my brother and my mother in-law for their spiritual support, constant encouragement and attention. My lovely husband, you have been the main support during this venture. Last but not least, my gratitude goes to my thesis language editor Dr Nelson Mlambo and to all of my friends who directly or indirectly have lent their hand in this venture, especially Aune Mweulinale, Kathy Richards, Christian Mesmer, Ndeshimona Namupala, Genesia Shipena, Bertha Fuentes, Ellison Tjirera and Gabriel Tuhafeni Nhinda. vi DEDICATION This work is dedicated with love to my late father in-law, Michele Talia. His huge contribution before he left paved a way to the completion of this study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Declarations ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... v Dedication .................................................................................................................. vi Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... vii List of tables .............................................................................................................. xv List of figures ........................................................................................................... xvi List of appendices ................................................................................................... xvii Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. Orientation of the study ......................................................................................... 1 1.3. Definitions of the concepts.................................................................................... 2 1.3.1. Attempted suicide............................................................................................... 3 1.3.2. Suicide ................................................................................................................ 4 1.4. Study area .............................................................................................................. 8 1.5. Statement of the problem ...................................................................................... 8 1.6. Aim of the study .................................................................................................. 10 1.7. Research questions .............................................................................................. 10 1.8. Summary of the introduction .............................................................................. 10 1.9. Chapters outline .................................................................................................. 10 viii Chapter Two: Literature Review ........................................................................... 12 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Prevalence of suicide........................................................................................... 12 2.3. The causes of suicide .......................................................................................... 16 2.3.1. Physical illness ................................................................................................. 17 2.3.2. Unemployment and inadequate financial resources ......................................... 18 2.3.3. Poverty ............................................................................................................. 20 2.3.4. Depression ........................................................................................................ 21 2.3.5. Family history of suicide .................................................................................. 22 2.3.6. Bereavement ..................................................................................................... 23 2.3.7. Previous suicide attempt .................................................................................. 23 2.3.8. Substance abuse ............................................................................................... 25 2.3.9. Relationship problems ...................................................................................... 26 2.3.10. Family problems ............................................................................................ 28 2.3.11. Aggression and violence ................................................................................ 28 2.3.12. Impulsivity ....................................................................................................
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