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Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Ohangwena Region Disclaimer This Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme at the request of the Government of Republic of Namibia. The analysis and policy recommendations contained in this report however, do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of the Republic of Namibia or the United Nations Development Programme or its Executive Board. ISBN: 978-99916-887-1-8 Copyright UNDP, Namibia 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission For electronic copy and a list of any errors or omissions found as well as any updates subsequent to printing, please visit our website: http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx pReface This report is the result of collaborative work between the Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), the United Nations Development programme (UNDp) and the centre for the analysis of South african Social policy at the Oxford Institute of Social policy at the University of Oxford n November 2009, the Khomas Regional decade could be measured when the 2011 Census Council requested UNDP to assist in designing becomes available and is subsequently used for an objective criterion or set of criteria, devoid carrying out a similar analysis. of political and other considerations, which the Council could use in allocating development This report presents, using tables, charts and resources. Subsequent discussions led to an digital maps, a profile of multiple deprivation in agreement that other stakeholders, especially the Ohangwena region at data zone level, which is a Central Bureau of Statistics needed to be involved relatively new statistical geography developed and that the criterion or set of criteria needed to for purposes of measuring deprivation at a small Igo beyond income poverty considerations. It was area level. This technique of profiling deprivation also agreed that rather than focus on Khomas at datazone level, each with approximately region alone, the criterion or set of criteria needed 1000 people only, enables the identification to be applicable to, or cover the entire country. and targeting of pockets of deprivation within Specifically, it was agreed that a composite index Ohangwena region for possible use in panning for of multiple deprivation, the Namibia Index of and implementation of development interventions. Multiple Deprivation (NIMD), be constructed at The aim of the exercise was to produce a profile of both national and regional levels. Since the scope relative deprivation across Ohangwena region in and depth of analysis needed for the development order for the most deprived areas to be identified of the NIMD required very detailed and reliable and clearly delineated. In this way, it would be data and information, it was agreed that the possible for regional and constituency level 2001 census data, though ‘outdated’, be used policy and decision makers, as well development as the source of information for preparing the practitioners, to consider a particular domain of inter alia NIMD. Accordingly, the NIMD being presented in deprivation, or to refer to the overarching NIMD this report reflects the situation in Ohangwena for each constituency or datazone, in , region at the 2001 time-point only. UNDP and the allocating and applying development resources GRN recognize that the report does not speak to and interventions. The NIMD can also be used possible changes in relative deprivation that may as a platform for effecting a paradigm shift in have occurred in the Ohangwena region since development planning towards increased focus 2001. Nevertheless the 2001 NIMD could serve as on and targeting of deprived areas and sectors; a benchmark against which change over the last as well as interrogating the causes of inequality Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Ohangwena Report 1 in access to basic services within the region. The Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at NIMD at datazone level should be viewed as adding the University of Oxford, under the leadership and to the existing body of information and knowledge, guidance a national steering committee chaired including local knowledge systems, about poverty by Mr Sylvester Mbangu, Director of the Central and deprivation in Ohangwena region and the large Bureau of Statistics, with the participation of family of existing planning and resource allocation representatives of the thirteen Regional Councils. tools and methodologies already in use at the In addition to providing the funds for carrying regional and constituency levels. out the project, UNDP provided overall oversight and technical backstopping to the project through This project was undertaken by Professor Michael Ojijo Odhiambo, Senior Economist and Johannes Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr Ashipala, National Economist. David Avenell is Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of thanked for his assistance with producing the the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social datazones. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Ohangwena Report 2 Table Of cONTeNTS Section 1: Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Defining poverty and deprivation 6 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation 6 Section 2: Datazones 7 Section 3: Methodology 8 3.1 An introduction to the domains and indicators 8 Domains 8 Indicators 8 3.2 Material Deprivation Domain 9 Purpose of the domain 9 Background 9 Indicators 10 Combining the indicators 10 3.3 Employment Deprivation Domain 10 Purpose of the domain 10 Background 10 Indicator 11 Combining the indicators 11 3.4 Health Deprivation Domain 11 Purpose of the domain 11 Background 11 Indicator 12 3.5 Education Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 12 Combining the indicators 12 3.6 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 13 Purpose of the domain 13 Background 13 Indicators 14 Combining the indicators 14 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Ohangwena Report 3 3.7 Constructing the domain indices 15 3.8 Standardising and transforming the domain indices 15 3.9 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 1+ Section 4: Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001: Kavango Region 17 4.1 Multiple Deprivation 17 4.2 Domains of deprivation 21 Section 5: conclusion and Some policy Recommendations 31 annex 1: Indicators included in the NIMD 2001 33 Material Deprivation Domain 33 Employment Deprivation Domain 33 Health Deprivation Domain 33 Education Deprivation Domain 33 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 33 appendix 2: Domain and overall NIMD scores and ranks 34 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Ohangwena Report 4 SecTION 1: INTRODUcTION This report presents the datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 (NIMD 2001) for the Ohangwena region. The NIMD is a composite index reflecting five dimensions of deprivation: income and material deprivation; employment deprivation; education deprivation; health deprivation; and living environment deprivation. The NIMD and the component domains of the project was to construct measures of multiple deprivation were produced at datazone level using deprivation at constituency level in order to provide data from the 2001 Population Census. Datazones a more detailed analysis of deprivation which are small areas containing approximately the same would enable Khomas Regional Council, and other number of people (average 1,000). The datazone regional councils across Namibia, to rank their areas level NIMD therefore provides a fine-grained in order of deprivation, and also to set them in the picture of deprivation and enables pockets of context of all other areas in Namibia. The datazone deprivation to be identified in Ohangwena region. level index presented in this report draws from the The report is structured as follows: The background previous constituency index, and covers, in detail, information and the conceptual framework which the entire country including Ohangwena region. In underpins the model of multiple deprivation is constructing the NIMD at datazone level however, described in this introductory section. In Section 2 the rationale for and process of constructing datazones are described. Section 3 introduces the domains and indicators that were included The NIMD and the in the NIMD and summarises the methodological approach that was used in constructing the NIMD. component domains of In Section 4 datazone level results for Ohangwena deprivation were produced region are presented, while conclusions and some general policy recommendations are presented in at datazone level using data Section 5. 1.1 background from the 2001 Population Census. As will be elaborated Initially a NIMD was created at constituency level in Section 2, datazones for the Khomas Region, but applicable to other regions of the country as well, using data from the are small areas containing 2001 Population Census at constituency level after approximately the same a two-day consultative process on the domains and indicators with members of the Central Bureau of number of people Statistics, civil servants from the Council and staff members of UNDP. The objective of this phase of (average 1,000) Datazone level