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Thesis Abbas.Pdf © Abdullah Abdo Ahmed Abbas 2013 iii iv DEDICATION To all my family, who offered me unconditional love and support all the way since the beginning of my study v ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praise and thanks are due to my Lord, ALLAH SUBHAN WA TAALA, for giving me the health, knowledge and patience to complete this work. My sincere gratitude goes to my advisor Dr. Shakhawat Hossain Chowdhury who guided me with his dedicated attention, expertise and knowledge throughout this research. I am also grateful to my Committee Members Dr. Muhammad Abdallah Al-Zahrani and Dr. Muhammad Shariq Vohra for their constructive guidance and support. Thanks are also due to the Chairman of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Dr. Nedal T. Ratrout, secretary for providing aid and to other staff members who helped me directly or indirectly. Special thanks are due to my colleagues in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, for their aid and support. Thanks are also due to all my friends for their support and encouragement. My heartfelt gratitude is for my beloved father, mother, my wife and my kids as well as my brothers and sisters who always support me with their love, patience, encouragement and prayers. I would like to thank all members of my family for their moral support throughout my study. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................ VI LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. XVII THESIS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. XIX XXI .................................................................................................... يهخص انرســـــــــــــــبنة CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1 1.1 General ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 Study Area.............................................................................................................2 1.3 Objective ............................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Thesis Outline ..................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 16 2.1 General ................................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Water Resources in Saudi Arabia ...................................................................... 17 2.3 Agriculture in Saudi Arabia ............................................................................... 22 2.4 Crop Water Requirements in Saudi Arabia ...................................................... 25 2.5 Climate Change Effects on Agriculture ............................................................ 26 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 29 3.1 General ................................................................................................................ 29 3.2 Climatic Parameters ........................................................................................... 29 vii 3.2.1 Temperature .................................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Wind Speed..................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Precipitation .................................................................................................... 37 3.2.4 Relative Humidity ........................................................................................... 41 3.2.5 Net Radiation .................................................................................................. 43 3.3 Crop Parameters ................................................................................................. 45 3.3.1 Crop Growth Stage Coefficient (Kc) ................................................................ 45 3.3.2 Soil Type ........................................................................................................ 48 3.3.3 Planting and Harvesting Dates ......................................................................... 48 3.3.4 Cultivated Area ............................................................................................... 51 3.4 CROPWAT Software and CLIMWAT Database.............................................. 53 3.5 Method for Calculating CWR ............................................................................ 54 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .......................................................... 58 4.1 General ................................................................................................................ 58 4.2 Riyadh Region ..................................................................................................... 58 4.2.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 58 4.2.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 61 4.2.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 61 4.3 Makkah Region ................................................................................................... 64 4.3.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 64 4.3.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 66 4.3.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 66 4.4 Madinah Region .................................................................................................. 69 4.4.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 69 4.4.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 71 4.4.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 71 4.5 Qaseem Region .................................................................................................... 74 4.5.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 74 4.5.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 76 4.5.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 76 4.6 Eastern Region .................................................................................................... 79 4.6.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 79 4.6.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 81 4.6.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 81 4.7 Aseer Region ....................................................................................................... 84 viii 4.7.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 84 4.7.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 86 4.7.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 86 4.8 Tabouk Region .................................................................................................... 89 4.8.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 89 4.8.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 91 4.8.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 91 4.9 Hail Region .......................................................................................................... 94 4.9.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 94 4.9.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................... 96 4.9.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................... 96 4.10 Jazan Region ....................................................................................................... 99 4.10.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) ................................................................ 99 4.10.2 Effective Rainfall (Peff).................................................................................. 101 4.10.3 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) .................................................................. 101 4.11 Najran Region ................................................................................................... 104 4.11.1 Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) .............................................................
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