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Diesel? Or What Renewable Fuels Can Be Used in Compression Ignition Engines?

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Diesel? Or What Renewable Fuels Can Be Used in Compression Ignition Engines? What’s the Difference between Biodiesel and Renewable (Green) Diesel? or What Renewable Fuels Can Be Used in Compression Ignition Engines? June 2020 Advanced Biofuels USA Advanced Biofuels USA 507 North Bentz Street Frederick, MD 21701 www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org Acknowledgements Advanced Biofuels USA would like to acknowledge the work done by many volunteers who contributed to this update and expansion of the original 2011 paper by Jesse Jin Yoon, “What’s the Difference between Biodiesel and Renewable (Green) Diesel.” Special thanks goes to Michael Eggleston who inspired us to continue to work on this extensive project over the past couple of years, to Pedro Malpartida whose work in the final months made completion of this task possible and to Jenna Bloxom for her editing skills and suggestions about tone and structure. Thanks to Allen Schaefer and the staff at the Diesel Technology Forum and to Rebecca Boudreaux and the staff at Oberon Fuels for their review and suggestions; and especially to Scott Fenwick, Technical Director at the National Biodiesel Board, who generously conducted a detailed technical review before publication for which I am very grateful. Any flaws or mistakes that may remain are my sole responsibility. –Joanne Ivancic, executive director, Advanced Biofuels USA Available electronically at https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/advanced-biofuels-usa-publishes- updated-whats-the-difference-between-biodiesel-and-renewable-green-diesel/ What’s the Difference between Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Advanced Biofuels USA ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Background ........................................................................................................................... 2 3. Diesel (Compression Ignition) Engines................................................................................ 4 A. Overview of Diesel (Compression Ignition) Engines ...................................................... 4 B. Production of Fossil-Based Diesel ..................................................................................... 4 C. Fossil-Based Diesel Fuel Properties ................................................................................... 6 D. Fossil-Based Diesel Fuel Specifications ............................................................................ 7 E. Environmental Impact of Fossil-Based Diesel Fuel Use .................................................. 7 4. Biodiesel Fuel ......................................................................................................................... 8 A. Overview of Biodiesel Fuel ................................................................................................ 8 B. Production of Biodiesel Fuel ............................................................................................. 8 1. Feedstocks Used for Biodiesel Fuel ........................................................................................ 9 2. Making Biodiesel Fuel: Commercialized Conversion Technologies [25]........................ 10 3. Making Biodiesel Fuel: Pre-Commercialized Conversion Technologies ........................ 13 C. Properties of Biodiesel Fuel ............................................................................................. 14 D. Biodiesel Fuel Specifications ........................................................................................... 16 E. Biodiesel’s Environmental Impact .................................................................................. 17 5. Renewable Diesel ............................................................................................................... 18 A. Overview of Renewable Diesel Fuel .............................................................................. 18 B. Production of Renewable Diesel Fuel ........................................................................... 19 1. Feedstocks Used to Make Renewable Diesel Fuel ........................................................... 19 2. Making Renewable Diesel Fuel: Commercialized and Advanced Technology Readiness Level Conversion Technologies ............................................................................... 20 What’s the Difference between Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Advanced Biofuels USA iii 3. Making Renewable Diesel Fuel: Pre-Commercial and Low Technology Readiness Level Conversion Technologies .................................................................................................. 25 C. Renewable Diesel Fuel Properties .................................................................................. 28 D. Renewable Diesel Fuel Specifications .......................................................................... 29 E. Renewable Diesel Fuel Environmental Impacts .......................................................... 29 6. Renewable Dimethyl Ether (rDME) ................................................................................... 30 A. Overview of Renewable Dimethyl Ether ....................................................................... 30 B. Production of Renewable Dimethyl Ether .................................................................... 30 C. Renewable Dimethyl Ether Fuel Properties ................................................................... 32 D. Renewable Dimethyl Ether Fuel Specifications ........................................................... 32 E. Renewable Dimethyl Ether’s Environmental Impact .................................................. 32 7. Co-Processed Diesel ........................................................................................................... 34 A. Overview of Co-Processed Diesel ................................................................................. 34 8. Fuel Ethanol.......................................................................................................................... 35 A. Overview of Fuel Ethanol ................................................................................................ 35 B. Production of Fuel Ethanol .............................................................................................. 36 C. Fuel Ethanol Properties .................................................................................................... 36 1. Pre-Commercialized Compression Ignition Engine Technologies that Use Ethanol .... 37 D. Fuel Ethanol Specifications ............................................................................................. 40 E. Fuel Ethanol’s Environmental Impact ............................................................................ 41 9. Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) ............................................................................................ 43 A. Overview of Straight Vegetable Oil .............................................................................. 43 B. Production of Straight Vegetable Oil ............................................................................ 43 C. Fuel Properties of Straight Vegetable Oil ...................................................................... 43 1. Properties of Straight Vegetable Oil Blended with Diesel ................................................ 44 2. Properties of Straight Vegetable Oil with an Organic Solvent Additive Blend ............. 44 3. Two-Tank Systems for Using Straight Vegetable Oil .......................................................... 44 D. Fuel Specifications ........................................................................................................... 44 E. Environmental Impact ..................................................................................................... 44 10. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 45 11. Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 46 A. Warranties ......................................................................................................................... 46 B. U.S. Government Definitions ........................................................................................... 46 What’s the Difference between Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Advanced Biofuels USA iv 1. Internal Revenue Service...................................................................................................... 46 2. Environmental Protection Agency ...................................................................................... 47 C. Terms and Definitions [25,172,173] ................................................................................
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