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Zooplankton Communities of Deepor Beel (A Ramsar Site), Assam (N Tropical Ecology 52(3): 293-302, 2011 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Zooplankton communities of Deepor Beel (a Ramsar site), Assam (N. E. India): ecology, richness, and abundance B. K. SHARMA* Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University, Permanent Campus, Umshing, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India Abstract: Limnological studies undertaken at two sampling stations of Deepor Beel (91º 35′ - 91º 43′ E, 26º 05′ - 260 11′ N) revealed the presence of 171 and 160 species of zooplankton at stations I and II, respectively. Species richness in different months ranged between 96 ± 11 and 97 ± 13 (mean ± SD) and community similarities across months between 48.9 - 88.1 % and 53.1 - 89.7 % at stations I and II, respectively. Richness, which was mainly influenced by Rotifera (110 species) and Cladocera (45 species), showed significant variations between months but not between stations. Zooplankton (475 ± 114, 459 ± 128 n l-1 at stations I and II, respectively) formed an important quantitative component of the net plankton. Rotifera and Cladocera dominated quantitatively, Copepoda and Rhizopoda formed sub-dominant groups, and Ostracoda and Conchostraca had very low densities. Zooplankton abundance varied significantly between both months and stations. At both stations, richness and abundance inversely correlated with water temperature and rainfall, and positively with specific conductivity and dissolved oxygen. While at station II both richness and abundance also positively correlated with transparency, alkalinity, and hardness, at station I, abundance positively correlated with free CO2. Finally, zooplankton richness and abundance oscillated with annual frequency but showed winter peaks, was not quantitatively dominated by any individual species, and was characterized by higher species diversity with equitable abundance of various species. In view of the paucity of works from the floodplain lakes of India, this study provides important information on zooplankton diversity and ecology of the sampled Ramsar site. Resumen: Estudios limnológicos realizados en dos estaciones de muestreo de Deepor Beel (91º 35′ - 91º 43′ E, 26º 05′ - 26º 11′ N) revelaron la presencia de 171 y 160 especies de zooplancton en las estaciones I y II, respectivamente. La riqueza de especies en diferentes meses varió entre 96 ± 11 y 97 ± 13 (media ± SD), y las similitudes a nivel de comunidad entre meses fluctuaron entre 48.9 - 88.1 % y 53.1 - 89.7 % en las Estaciones I y II, respectivamente. La riqueza, influen- ciada principalmente por Rotifera (110 especies) y Cladocera (45 especies), mostró variaciones significativas entre meses pero no entre estaciones. El zooplancton (475 ± 114, 459 ± 128 n l -1 en las Estaciones I y II, respectivamente) conformó un componente cuantitativamente importante del plancton. Rotifera y Cladocera dominaron cuantita-tivamente, Copepoda y Rhizopoda formaron grupos subdominantes, y Ostracoda y Conchostraca tuvieron densidades muy bajas. La abundancia del zooplancton varió significativamente tanto entre meses como entre estaciones. En ambas estaciones, la riqueza y la abundancia se correlacionaron inversamente con la temperatura del agua y la precipitación, y positivamente con la conductividad específica y el oxígeno disuelto. Mientras que en la Estación Ii tanto la riqueza como la abundancia también estuvieron correlacionados positivamente con la trans-parencia, la alcalinidad y la dureza, en la Estación I la abundancia se correlacionó positivamente con el CO2 libre. Finalmente, la riqueza y la abundancia del zooplancton oscilaron con una frecuencia anual pero mostraron picos de invierno, no estuvieron dominadas cuantitativamente por ninguna especie particular, y N * Corresponding Author; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 294 ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF DEEPOR BEEL estuvieron caracterizadas por una diversidad de especies más alta con una abundancia equitativa de varias especies. En virtud de la pobreza de trabajos de los lagos de planicie de inundación en la India, este estudio brinda información importante sobre la diversidad de zooplancton y la ecología del sitio Ramsar muestreado. Resumo: Os estudos limnológicos levados a efeito em duas estações amostra em Deepor Beel (91º 35’ - 91º 43’ E, 26º 05’ - 26º 11’ N) revelou a presença de 171 e 160 espécies de zooplâncton nas Estações I e II, respectivamente. A riqueza específica nos diferentes meses oscilou entre 96 ± 11 e 97 ± 13 (média ± DP) e as semelhanças de comunidade ao longo dos meses situou-se entre os 48,9 - 88,1 % e os 53,1 - 89,7 % nas Estações I e II, respectivamente. A riqueza, que era principalmente influenciada pela Rotifera (110 espécies) e a Cladocera (45 espécies), mostrou variações significativas entre meses mas não entre Estações. O zooplâncton (475 ± 114,459, 459 ± 128 n ℓ-1 nas estações I e II, respectivamente) forma uma componente quantitativa importante do plâncton líquido. Os Rotifera e Cladocera dominavam quantitativamente, os Copepoda e Rhizopoda formam os subgrupos dominantes, apresentando os Ostracoda e os Conchostraca densidades muito baixas. A abundância do zooplâncton variou significativamente quer entre meses e quer entre estações. Em ambas as Estações, a riqueza e abundância estavam inversamente correlacionadas com a temperatura e a queda pluviométrica, e positivamente com a condutividade específica e o oxigénio dissolvido. Enquanto na Estação II, quer a riqueza, quer a abundância estavam também positivamente correlacionadas com a transparência, alcalinidade e dureza, já na Estação I, a abundância estava positivamente correlacionada com o CO2 livre. Finalmente, a riqueza e abundância do zooplâncton oscilaram com uma frequência anual mas mostraram picos no inverno que não estavam quantitativamente dominados por nenhuma espécie individual, e estava caracterizado por elevada diversidade de espécies com abundância equivalente das várias espécies. Com vista à insuficiência de trabalhos nos lagos de encharcamento da Índia, este estudo proporciona informação importante sobre a diversidade do zooplâncton e ecologia do sítio Ramsar amostrado. Key words: Abundance, Ramsar site, richness, synecology, zooplankton. Introduction Thus, in view of the paucity of works from India, the present study of zooplankton commu- Freshwater ecosystems are colonized by a nities of Deepor Beel, a Ramsar Site and an impor- diverse array of aquatic organisms. Amongst tant floodplain lake of the Brahmaputra river these, zooplankton, which function as primary basin of Assam, assumes special importance. This consumers, comprise an integral component of report presents information on zooplankton rich- aquatic food-webs and contribute significantly to ness, community similarities and abundance, and biological productivity. Inspite of several studies the constituent zooplankton groups at two samp- from fresh-water environs of India, there is still ling stations. Analysis includes the temporal little information on the ecology and role of variation of species diversity, dominant groups, zooplankton in the aquatic productivity of the and the influence of seventeen abiotic parameters Indian floodplain lakes (Sharma & Sharma 2008). on zooplankton richness and abundance. Studies of zooplankton ecology from the flood- plains of North-eastern India have so far been Materials and methods restricted to the reports of Sharma & Hussain (2001) and Sharma & Sharma (2008); in addition, Limnological investigations were undertaken Sharma & Sharma (2001, 2005) and Sharma during November 2002 - October 2003 in Deepor (2005, 2009a, 2009b) dealt with Rotifera diversity. Beel (longitude: 91º 35′ - 91º 43′ E, latitude: 26º 05′ SHARMA 295 Fig. 1. A-Map of India indicating location of Assam state and map of Assam indicating location of Deepor beel; B- Map of Deepor beel indicating the sampling stations I and II. Table 1. Abiotic factors studied at Deepor Beel - 26º 11′ N; area: 40 km2; altitude: 42 m above sea (Nov 02 - Oct 03) (Mean ± SD). level) in the Kamrup district of lower Assam, N. E. India (Fig. 1 A & B). Various aquatic macrophytes, Factors Station I Station II namely Hydrilla verticellata, Eichhornia crassipes, Rainfall (mm) 204.5 ± 160.4 204.5 ± 160.4 Vallisnaria spiralis, Utricularia flexuosa, Trapa Water temperature (0C) 27.2 ± 4.6 27.4 ± 5.1 bispinosa, Euryale ferox, Najas indica, Monochoria pH 6.89 ± 0.18 6.93 ± 0.21 hastaefolia, Ipomoea fistulosa, Hygroryza aristata, Transparency (cm) 51.9 ± 26.2 52.7 ± 25.3 Polygonum hydropiper, and Limnophila sp., cover Specific Conductivity 99.2 ± 13.2 96.8 ± 15.5 this floodplain lake. (µS cm-1) Due to local constraints, the observations for Dissolved oxygen (mg l-1) 6.7 ± 1.6 7.0 ± 1.1 this study were limited (November 2002 - October Free CO2 (mg l-1) 7.2 ± 2.1 6.8 ± 1.9 2003) to two sampling stations (I and II). The Alkalinity (mg l-1) 66.3 ± 12.1 68.9 ± 10.3 sampled sites were characterized by common Hardness (mg l-1) 62.1 ± 9.9 61.2 ± 12.3 occurrence of H. verticellata, E. crassipes, U. flexuosa, Chloride (mg l-1) 34.6 ± 5.2 35.1 ± 5.0 T. bispinosa, E. ferox, N. indica, and P. hydro- Phosphate (mg l-1) 0.18 ± 0.07 0.19 ± 0.10 piper. Station II, however, differed from the former Sulphate (mg l-1) 10.2 ± 3.2 9.9 ± 3.4 in occasional (temporal) lack of the rest of the Nitrate (mg l-1) 0.72 ± 0.12 0.74 ± 0.14 observed macrophyte species, namely V. spiralis, Silicate (mg l-1) 3.02± 1.02 3.10 ± 1.27 M. hastaefolia, I. fistulosa, H. aristata, and B.O.D5 (mg l-1) 3.11 ± 0.59 3.21 ± 0.46 Limnophila
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