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Phytoremediation Measures for Heavy Metal Contamination of Loktak Lake, Manipur, India

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Phytoremediation Measures for Heavy Metal Contamination of Loktak Lake, Manipur, India PHYTOREMEDIATION MEASURES FOR HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF LOKTAK LAKE, MANIPUR, INDIA THESIS SUBMITTED TO MIZORAM UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE By MAYANGLAMBAM MUNI SINGH (Ph.D. Registration No - MZU/Ph.D./570 of 13.05.2013) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES & NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, MIZORAM UNIVERSITY AIZAWL – 796004 2016 I DECLARATION I, Shri Mayanglambam Muni Singh, hereby declare that the subject matter of this thesis entitled “PHYTOREMEDIATION MEASURES FOR HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF LOKTAK LAKE, MANIPUR, INDIA,” is the record of work done by me, that the content of the thesis did not form basis for the award of any previous degree or to anybody else, and that I have not submitted the thesis in any other University/ Institute for any other degree. This is being submitted to the Mizoram University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environmental Science. (Dr. Prabhat Kumar Rai) Head Supervisor Department of Environmental Science Department of Environmental Science Mizoram University Mizoram University (Mayanglambam Muni Singh) Date: Place: Aizawl II DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MIZORAM UNIVERSITY, TANHRIL, AIZAWL 796004 (A Central University Established by Parliament Act No. 8 of 2000) Dr. Prabhat Kumar Rai Contact No.: +919862315981 Assistant Professor E-mail: [email protected] CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Thesis entitled “PHYTOREMEDIATION MEASURES FOR HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF LOKTAK LAKE, MANIPUR, INDIA” submitted by Mayanglambam Muni Singh for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Mizoram University, Aizawl, embodies the record of original investigation carried out by him under my supervision. He has been duly registered and the thesis presented is worthy of being considered for the award of the Ph.D. Degree. The work has not been submitted for any degree of any other University. (Dr. Prabhat Kumar Rai) Head Supervisor Department of Environmental Science Department of Environmental Science Mizoram University Mizoram University Date: Place: Aizawl III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my feelings of gratitude to the Almighty God, for successful completion of this piece of research work. I am extremely grateful and deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. Prabhat Kumar Rai, Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Mizoram University, Aizawl, for his valuable guidance, consistent and stimulating advice, constant encouragement and untiring help throughout the research work. I am also thankful to Prof. Lalnuntluanga (Head, Department of Environmental Science), Prof B.P. Mishra (Department of Environmental Science) and Prof. H Lalramnghinglova (Department of Environmental Science) who has been a constant source of inspiration to me and also for providing valuable inputs with pleasure, as and when required. I also thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staff of the Department of Environmental Science, for their constant support and necessary helps during the tenure of this work. I also thank Department of Life Science, Manipur University and Department of Food Nutrition and Safety, Government of Manipur for extending the laboratory Facilities. Thanks are also due to my all friends and research scholars who provided me friendly atmosphere and helpful attitude at each step of the study in various ways. Words fail to express my humble gratitude and profound regards to my loving parents and family members for their affection, encouragement, cooperation and blessing during the course of this work which have always been a source of inspiration for me. I also wish to acknowledge the UGC, New Delhi for providing financial support in form of the Rajiv Gandhi National fellowship for SC. (Mayanglambam Muni Singh) Date: Place: Aizawl IV CONTENTS Page No. TITLE PAGE I DECLARATION II CERTIFICATE III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV CONTENTS V LIST OF FIGURES VI-VII LIST OF TABLES VIII-IX LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTO PLATES X 1-16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 17-44 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 45-61 CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 62-98 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 99-118 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND 119-127 RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES 128-163 164-170 APPENDIX V LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Figure 4.1. Seasonal variations of Temperature of water from different 63 study sites. Figure 4.2. Seasonal variations of pH of water from different study sites. 64 Figure 4.3. Seasonal variations of Transperancy of water from different 65 study sites. Figure 4.4. Seasonal variations of Total Solids of water from different 66 study sites. Figure 4.5. Seasonal variations of Dissolve Oxygen of water from 68 different study sites. Figure 4.6. Seasonal variations of Biological Oxygen Demand of water 69 from different study sites. Figure 4.7. Seasonal variations of Acidity of water from different study 70 sites. Figure 4.8. Seasonal variations of Alkalinity of water from different 71 study sites. Figure 4.9. Seasonal variations of Chloride of water from different study 73 sites. Figure 4.10. Seasonal variations of Total Hardness of water from 74 different study sites. Figure 4.11. Seasonal variations of Turbidity of water from different 75 study sites. Figure 4.12. Seasonal variations of Nitrate of water from different study 76 sites. Figure 4.13. Seasonal variations of Phosphate of water from different 77 study sites. Figure 4.14. Seasonal variations of Fe concentrations (in mgL-1) of water 89 from different study sites. Figure 4.15. Variations of Fe concentration (in mgkg-1) of plants from 84 different study sites. Figure 4.16. Percentage (%) removal of Fe by selected plant species of 95 different concentrations in 4 days. VI Figure 4.17. Percentage (%) removal of Fe by selected plant species of 96 different concentrations in 8 days. Figure 4.18. Percentage (%) removal of Fe by selected plant species of 97 different concentrations in 12 days. VII LIST OF TABLES Page No. Table 4.1. Temperature (in ºC) with standard deviation of water from 63 different study sites. Table 4.2. pH with standard deviation of water from different study sites. 64 Table 4.3. Transperancy (in m) with standard deviation of water from 65 different study sites. Table 4.4. Total Solids (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of water 67 from different study sites. Table 4.5. Dissolve Oxygen (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of 68 water from different study sites. Table 4.6. Biological Oxygen Demand (in mgL-1) content with standard 69 deviation of water from different study sites. Table 4.7. Acidity (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of water 70 from different study sites. Table 4.8. Alkalinity (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of water 72 from different study sites. Table 4.9. Chloride (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of water 73 from different study sites. Table 4.10. Total Hardness (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of 74 water from different study sites. Table 4.11. Turbidity (in NTU) content with standard deviation of water 75 from different study sites. Table 4.12. Nitrate (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of water from 76 different study sites. Table 4.13. Phosphate (in mgL-1) content with standard deviation of water 78 from different study sites. Table 4.14. Fe concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study sites. 79 Table 4.15. Hg concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study 80 sites. Table 4.16. Cd concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study 80 sites. VIII Table 4.17. As concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study sites. 81 Table 4.18. Pb concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study sites. 82 Table 4.19. Cr concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study sites. 82 Table 4.20. Zn concentrations (in mgL-1) of water from different study sites. 83 Table 4.21. Phytosociological attributes of macrophyte species. 84 Table 4.22. Showing Sorenson’s Similarity Index between different sites. 86 Table 4.23. Family-wise distribution of macrophyte species. 88 Table 4.24. Fe concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 90 sites. Table 4.25. Hg concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 90 sites. Table 4.26. Cd concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 91 sites. Table 4.27. As concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 92 sites. Table 4.28. Pb concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 92 sites. Table 4.29. Cr concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 93 sites. Table 4.30. Zn concentrations (in mgkg-1) of plants from different study 94 sites. Table 4.31. Percentage (%) removal of Fe by selected plant species of 95 different concentrations in 4 days. Table 4.32. Percentage (%) removal of Fe by selected plant species of 97 different concentrations in 8 days. Table 4.33. Percentage (%) removal of Fe by selected plant species of 98 different concentrations in 12 days. IX LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTO PLATES Page No. Map. 3.1 Map showing the Loktak lake at Bishenpur District, 48 Manipur. Map. 3.2 Map showing structure of the Loktak Lake and study sites. 49 Photo plate 3.1 Photo showing study site Site I. 50 Photo plate 3.2 Photo showing study site Site II. 50 Photo plate 3.3 Photo showing study site Site III. 51 Photo plate 3.4 Photo showing study site Site IV. 51 X Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Water Water is a substance which is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and exists in solid, liquid and gaseous state. It is colourless, tasteless, and odourless liquid at room temperature. Water exhibits very complex chemical and physical properties that are incompletely understood although its formula seems simple.
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