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On-Screen Navigation for 3D Interaction on Multi-Touch-Displays

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On-Screen Navigation for 3D Interaction on Multi-Touch-Displays On-Screen Navigation for 3D Interaction on Multi-Touch-Displays Aspects making the SGD navigation more intuitive Thesis Master of Advanced Studies in Human Computer Interaction Design ̶ Authors Stephan Egli; Mark S. Hirst; Hannes Sacher Coach Jacqueline Trachsler, Industrial Designer FH Date 19.01.2012 University of Basel University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil (HSR) University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) Abstract A usability test with novice users was conducted on an initial and an improved navigation concept. The tested system was a multi-touch-display using infrared technology with a limit of detecting two touch-points. The task for participants was to navigate through a virtual environment using either a widget or gesture-only based navigation concept. The goal of these tests was to assess which aspects influenced intuitiveness of a system for novice users as well as to collect user expectations. The results of these tests indicated that further investigations would be necessary in certain domains as some conclusions were based on assumptions. However, this thesis gives good insights on different aspects and gives further interesting areas to be explored. Keywords gestures; intuitiveness; learnability; multi-touch; navigation; novice users; touch- screen; usability; virtual environment; widget Egli, Hirst, Sacher i Declaration of Authorship We declare that we have developed and written the enclosed thesis completely by ourselves and have not used sources or means without declaration in the text. The Master Thesis has not been used in the same or in a similar version to achieve an academic grading or has been published elsewhere. Zurich, 19.01.2012 Stephan Egli Mark S. Hirst Hannes Sacher Egli, Hirst, Sacher iii Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project Definition ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Subject ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Problem Domain .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Relevance of this Work.................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Timeline ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2 Theoretical Aspects of Virtual Environments 5 2.1 Intuitiveness – Definition and Method of Evaluation ................................................................... 5 2.2 Overview of 3D Technologies, Tasks, and Multi-Touch-Displays ................................................. 5 2.2.1 User Interfaces and Devices .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Widgets ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Degree of Freedom (DOF) .................................................................................................. 8 2.2.4 Tasks and Scenarios in Virtual Worlds............................................................................. 9 2.2.5 Navigation Metaphors Used in Virtual Environments................................................... 11 2.2.6 Navigation Interactions and Gestures ............................................................................ 11 2.2.7 Exploring Large-Scale 3D Astrophysical Simulations ................................................... 15 2.3 Known Issues Navigating through and Interacting with Virtual Worlds ................................... 16 2.4 Questions Which Are Of Special Interest ...................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Are Interactions More Intuitive and Comprehensive with or without Widget? ........... 18 2.4.2 What Impact Do Navigation Metaphors Have on Intuitiveness? .................................. 18 2.4.3 Which Role Does Technology and Implementation Have on Intuitiveness and Learnability? .................................................................................................................... 18 2.5 Conclusions for the SGD Based on Literature and Current State-of-the-Art Solutions ............ 19 3 Evaluation of Initial Solution and Improvements 21 3.1 Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Requirements Analysis .................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Evaluating Initial Implementation .................................................................................. 22 3.1.3 Development of Solutions and Design Process .............................................................. 26 3.1.4 Evaluating Proposed Solutions ....................................................................................... 27 3.2 Description of the Initial Solution ................................................................................................ 29 3.3 PC and Display Hardware .............................................................................................................. 30 3.4 Provisional Personas ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Results from the First Evaluation with Initial Solution ............................................................... 31 3.5.1 Main Usability Issues Identified ...................................................................................... 31 3.5.2 Main User Expectations Identified .................................................................................. 34 3.5.3 Interaction Success Rate .................................................................................................. 35 3.6 Designing an Intuitive Solution for Novice Users ....................................................................... 36 3.6.1 Design Key Aspects.......................................................................................................... 36 3.6.2 General Proposals ............................................................................................................ 38 3.6.3 Proposal A: Scene-in-Hand Metaphor with Widget Interaction ................................... 39 3.6.4 Proposal B: Eyeball-in-Hand Metaphor with Gestures-only Interaction...................... 42 3.6.5 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 46 iv Egli, Hirst, Sacher 3.7 Results from the Second Evaluation with Proposed Solutions ................................................... 49 3.7.1 Usability Issues Observed During the Usability Test ..................................................... 49 3.7.2 Participants’ Statements about the two Solutions ......................................................... 56 3.7.3 Overview of Resolution of Usability Issues and User Expectations.............................. 57 3.7.4 Rating and Preferences for Solution A and B ................................................................ 58 4 Discussion of Results and Conclusion 61 4.1 Theory versus Practice ................................................................................................................... 61 4.2 Conclusion for SGD ....................................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Future Work ................................................................................................................................... 65 5 A Critical Look Back on Scientific Approach and Methodology 69 5.1 HCI Methods ................................................................................................................................... 69 5.1.1 Research of Current Literature ........................................................................................ 69 5.1.2 Requirements Engineering .............................................................................................. 70 5.1.3 Evaluation of Initial Implementation ............................................................................. 70 5.1.4 Developments of Solutions and Design Process ............................................................ 71 5.1.5 Evaluation of Proposed Solutions .................................................................................. 71 5.2 Scientific Aspects of the Results ................................................................................................... 72 5.3 Lessons Learned ............................................................................................................................. 73 6 Glossary 75 7 Bibliography 77 8 Index of Tables 78 9 Index of Figures 81 10 Addendum 83 Egli, Hirst, Sacher v Introduction 1 Introduction This document represents the work of our master thesis. After an introduction, chapter 2 outlines the theoretical aspects of 3D interaction within the context of the subject and brings up questions that are of special interest. The team’s approach and used methodology is explained in chapter 3.1. The evaluation and results of the initial solution are described in chapter 3.5 and the proposed
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