Soil Carbon Storage Controlled by Interactions Between Geochemistry and Climate
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World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. -
The Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR)
The Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR) FIELD MANUAL FOR DETECTING AND ASSESSING PROPERTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF SOILS FOR CROPPING AND GRAZING Lothar Mueller, Uwe Schindler, Axel Behrendt, Frank Eulenstein & Ralf Dannowski Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Agrarlandschaftsforschung (ZALF), Muencheberg, Germany with contributions of Sandro L. Schlindwein, University of St. Catarina, Florianopolis, Brasil T. Graham Shepherd, Nutri-Link, Palmerston North, New Zealand Elena Smolentseva, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ISSA), Novosibirsk, Russia Jutta Rogasik, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Braunschweig, Germany 1 Draft, Nov. 2007 The Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR) FIELD MANUAL FOR DETECTING AND ASSESSING PROPERTIES AND LIMITATIONS OF SOILS FOR CROPPING AND GRAZING Lothar Mueller, Uwe Schindler, Axel Behrendt, Frank Eulenstein & Ralf Dannowski Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e. V., Muencheberg, Germany with contributions of Sandro L. Schlindwein, University of St. Catarina, Florianopolis, Brasil T. Graham Shepherd, Nutri-Link, Palmerston North, New Zealand Elena Smolentseva, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ISSA), Novosibirsk, Russia Jutta Rogasik, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Braunschweig, Germany 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Objectives 4 2. Concept 5 3. Procedure and scoring tables 7 3.1. Field procedure 7 3.2. Scoring of basic indicators 10 3.2.0. What are basic indicators? 10 3.2.1. Soil substrate 12 3.2.2. Depth of A horizon or depth of humic soil 14 3.2.3. Topsoil structure 15 3.2.4. Subsoil compaction 17 3.2.5. Rooting depth and depth of biological activity 19 3.2.6. -
Topsoil Characterization for Sustainable Land Management 1
DRAFT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS TOPSOIL CHARACTERIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT Land and Water Development Division Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service Rome 1998 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study is based upon earlier work by O.C. Spaargaren "Framework for Characterization and Classification of Topsoils in the World" (1992 unpublished) and A. Hebel "Soil Characterization and Evaluation System (SCE) with Emphasis on Topsoils and their Fertility-related Characteristics" (1994 unpublished). We would also like to acknowledge the cooperation of the University of Hohenheim, especially Dr. Gaiser and Prof. Stahr for testing the system, and various contributions, suggestions and constructive criticism received from Ms L.M. Jansen, Ms A Bot, Mr F. Nachtergaele, and last but not least, Mr M.F. Purnell. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 2. Topsoil Characterization Within Existing Soil Classification Systems 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Fertility Capability Classification (FCC) 3 2.3 Soil Classification Systems 3 3. Factors Influencing Topsoil Properties 7 3.1 Climate 7 3.2 Vegetation and Organic Matter 7 3.3 Topography and Physiography 8 3.4 Mineralogical Soil Constituents 9 3.5 Surface Processes 9 3.6 Biological Activity 10 3.7 Human Activity 10 4. Definition of Topsoil Properties and Modifiers 13 4.1 Texture 13 4.2 Organic Material 13 4.3 Organic Matter Status 14 4.4 Physical Features 16 4.5 Chemical Features 18 4.6 Biological Features 20 4.7 Drainage Features 21 4.8 Land Use 21 4.9 Erosion or Degradation 23 4.10 External Physical Conditions 25 4.11 Slope 26 4.12 Examples of Topsoil Characterization 26 5. -
Managing Crop Residues and Nitrogen Fertiliser to Improve Wheat Yield
Managing crop residues and nitrogen fertiliser to improve wheat yield potential in water-limited environments Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Maria del Pilar Muschietti Piana School of Agriculture, Food and Wine The University of Adelaide October 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..v Declaration……………………………………………………………………….viii Publications and presentations arising from this thesis………………………….ix Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………....xi Structure of the Thesis…………………………………………………………...xiii CHAPTER 1. General introduction and literature review Introduction………………………………………………………...................2 Drivers of wheat nitrogen demand……………………………………….5 Soil nitrogen supply for wheat crop……………………………………...9 Management of in-season nitrogen supply for wheat crop………..........18 Residues as a source of nitrogen………………………..............18 The effect of break crops on wheat yield ………………..........23 Fertiliser as a source of nitrogen…………………………..........24 Identifying the source of nitrogen available for wheat uptake using 15N-labelled techniques…………………….………………………………….……....27 Towards improved nitrogen management for wheat crop via quantification of in- season nitrogen mineralisation……………………………….................28 Research aims………………………………………………...................30 Theoretical framework and methods……………………………………31 Significance and contribution to the discipline………………………………32 References……………………………………………………………............33 ii CHAPTER 2. Combined -
GYPSISOLS, DURISOLS, and CALCISOLS
GYPSISOLS, DURISOLS, and CALCISOLS Otto Spaargaren ISRIC – World Soil Information Wageningen The Netherlands Definition of Gypsisols Soils having z A gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100cm from the soil surface z No diagnostic horizons other than an ochric or cambic horizon, an argic horizon permeated with gypsum or calcium carbonate, a vertic horizon, or a calcic or petrocalcic horizon underlying the gypsic or petrogypsic horizon Gypsic horizon Results from accumulation of secondary gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). It contains ≥ 15 percent gypsum (if ≥ 60 percent gypsum, horizon is called hypergypsic), and has a thickness of at least 15cm. Petrogypsic horizon The petrogypsic horizon z contains ≥ 60 percent gypsum z is cemented to the extent that dry fragments do not slake in water and the horizon cannot be penetrated by roots z has a thickness of 10cm or more Genesis of Gypsisols Main soil-forming factor is: Arid climate Main soil-forming process is: – Precipitation of gypsum from the soil solution when this evaporates. Most Gypsisols are associated with sulphate-rich groundwater that moves upward in the soil through capillary action and evaporates at the surface. Classification of Gypsisols (1) z Strong expression qualifiers: hypergypsic and petric z Intergrade qualifiers: calcic, duric, endosalic, leptic, luvic, and vertic z Secondary characteristics qualifiers, related to defined diagnostic horizons, properties or materials: aridic, hyperochric, takyric, and yermic Classification of Gypsisols (2) z Secondary characteristics qualifiers, not related to defined diagnostic horizons, properties or materials: arzic, skeletic, and sodic z Haplic qualifier, where non of the above applies: haplic Example of a Gypsisol (1) Yermi-Calcic Gypsisol (Endoskeletic and Sodic), Israel 0-2cm 2-6cm 6-21cm 21-38cm 38-50cm % gypsum 50-78cm % CaCO3 78-94cm 94-126cm 126-150cm 020406080 % Example of a Gypsisol (2) Yermi-Epipetric Gypsisol, Namibia Distribution of Gypsisols (1) Distribution of Gypsisols (2) Gypsisols cover some 100M ha or 0.7 % of the Earth’s land surface. -
Royal Society: Greenhouse Gas Removal (Report)
Greenhouse gas removal In 2017 the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering were asked by the UK Government to consider scientific and engineering views on greenhouse gas removal. This report draws on a breadth of expertise including that of the Fellowships of the two academies to identify the range of available greenhouse gas removal methods, the factors that will affect their use and consider how they may be deployed together to meet climate targets, both in the UK and globally. The Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering would like to acknowledge the European Academies’ Science Advisory Council report on negative emission technologies (easac.eu/publications/details/easac-net), which provided a valuable contribution to a number of discussions throughout this project. Greenhouse gas removal Issued: September 2018 DES5563_1 ISBN: 978-1-78252-349-9 The text of this work is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. The license is available at: creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Images are not covered by this license. This report can be viewed online at: royalsociety.org/greenhouse-gas-removal Erratum: The first edition of this report raeng.org.uk/greenhousegasremoval incorrectly listed the area of saltmarsh in the UK as 0.45 Mha, which is instead 0.045 Mha. This error has been corrected in the UK Cover image Visualisation of global atmospheric carbon dioxide scenario on p96 and the corresponding surface concentration by Cameron Beccario, earth.nullschool.net, GGR for habitat restoration adjusted. The using GEOS-5 data provided by the Global Modeling and Assimilation conclusions of this report and the UK net-zero Office (GMAO) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. -
Forest, Range and Wildland Soils - M
LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. VI – Forest, Range and Wildland Soils - M. Derek MacKenzie FOREST, RANGE AND WILDLAND SOILS M. Derek MacKenzie Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Keywords: Biogeochemistry, carbon sink, charcoal, ecosystem type, fire, harvesting, leaf litter, microbial symbiosis, mineralization, pedoturbation, soil disturbance, toxic plants. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Ecosystems and Soil Orders 2.1. Forest Ecosystems 2.1.1. Boreal Systems 2.1.2. Sub-Alpine Forest Systems 2.1.3. Lowland Conifer Forest Systems 2.1.4. Mixed and Pure Deciduous Forest Systems 2.1.5. Broad-leaf Evergreen Forest Systems 2.1.6. Temperate Rainforest Systems 2.2. Range Ecosystems 2.2.1. Grassland Systems 2.2.2. Semi-Desert Woodland Systems 2.3 Wildland Systems 2.3.1. Sclerophyllous Shrubs 2.3.2. Alpine and Tundra Systems 3. Natural Disturbances and Soils 3.1. Effects of Fire 3.2. Effects of Canopy Gaps 3.3. Effects of Permafrost and Frozen Soils 4. Soil Organic Matter 4.1. Carbon 4.2. Nitrogen 4.2.1. Nitrogen Fixation and Mineralization 4.2.2. Plant/Soil/MicrobeUNESCO Interactions – EOLSS 4.2.3. Fire: A Special Case 5. Management Risk Factors 5.1. Forest Harvesting and Silviculture 5.2. Livestock GrazingSAMPLE CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Forest, range and wildland ecosystems can be associated with distinct soil types, and these have unique characteristics imparted by climate, vegetation, time, topography and the geologic substrate on which they develop. This chapter describes the main plant ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. -
Mapping the Storing and Filtering Capacity of European Soils
Mapping the storing and filtering capacity of European soils András Makó, Mihály Kocsis, Gyöngyi Barna, Gergely Tóth 2017 EUR 28392 EN This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC105121 EUR 28392 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-79-64939-4 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2788/49218 Print ISBN 978-92-79-64940-0 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2788/156875 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 © European Union, 2017 The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. How to cite this report: Makó, A., Kocsis, M., Barna, GY., Tóth, G.; Mapping the storing and filtering capacity of European soils; EUR 28392; doi:10.2788/49218 All images © European Union 2017 Mapping the storing and filtering capacity of European soils Authors András Makó Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research Mihály Kocsis University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty Gyöngyi Barna Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research Gergely Tóth European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre Table of contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. -
Soil Atlas of Latin America and the Caribbean 20122012 Supporting the Sustainable Use of Soil
Soil Atlas of Latin America and the Caribbean 20122012 Supporting the sustainable use of soil LOGO OF SASSS Soil in Latin America In most people’s mind, the typical soils of Latin America are red in colour, deeply weathered and under tropical rain forests. However, the truth is very different. South and Central America posseses a tremendous range of soils that provide a range of life-critical environmental goods and services to humans, and the plant as a whole. (XX) Soil is one of the fundamental components This calendar and the related Soil Atlas of for supporting life on the planet. Latin America and the Caribbean are initiatives under the EUROCLIMA Plants and crops are dependent on soil for the programme, which aims to encourage supply of water, nutrients and as a medium for cooperation between Latin America and the growing. EU on climate change issues. Soil stores, filters, buffers and The main partners are the European transforms substances that are introduced into Commission (Joint Research Centre and the environment. This capability is crucial in EuropeAid Development and Cooperation), the producing and protecting water supplies and for South American Soil Science Society, The Food regulating greenhouse and Agricultural Organization of the United gases. Nations and soil scientists from both Europe, South America and the Caribbean. The calendar Soil is a provider of raw materials. aims to bring the soils of the region to the attention of everyone who deals with this critical Soil is also an incredible habitat and gene pool – non-renewable, natural resource that is vital for in excess of 5 tonnes of live organisms can exist food and fibre production, a range of ecosystem in a hectare of arable soil. -
Suelos Suelos
119 Suelos Suelos 120 En México existe una gran diversidad de suelos que puede explicarse por la interacción de diversos factores, entre los que se encuentran la compleja topografía originada por la actividad volcánica del Cenozoico, el amplio gradiente altitudinal (que va de los cero a poco más de 5 600 metros sobre el nivel del mar), la presencia de cuatro de los cinco grandes tipos de climas reconocidos por la clasificación de Köppen1 y la enorme diversidad paisajística y de tipos de rocas que existen en el territorio (ver Recuadro ¿Qué es el suelo y cómo se forma?). SUELOS DE MÉXICO De acuerdo con el INEGI (2007), en México existen 26 de los 32 grupos de suelo reconocidos por el Sistema Internacional Base Referencial Mundial del Recurso Suelo (IUSS, 2007). Dominan los Leptosoles (28.3% del territorio), Regosoles (13.7%), Phaeozems (11.7%), Calcisoles (10.4%), Luvisoles (9%) y Vertisoles (8.6%) que, en conjunto, ocupan 81.7% de la superficie nacional (Figura 3.1). Superficie relativa de los principales grupos de suelo en México, 2007 Figura 3.1 Cambisol Arenosol Solonchak Kastañozem Luvisol 4.3% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% Calcisol 9% 10.4% Vertisol 8.6% Gleysol Phaeozem 1.5% 11.7% Fluvisol 1.3% Regosol 13.7% Chernozem 1.3% Leptosol Andosol 28.3% 1.3% Otros grupos1 3.3% Nota: 1 Incluye: Umbrisol, Durisol, Acrisol, Planosol, Solonetz, Gypsisol, Nitisol, Alisol, Lixisol, Histosol, Ferralsol y Plintosol. Fuente: INEGI. Conjunto de Datos Vectorial Edafológico, escala 1: 250 000, Serie II (Continuo Nacional). México. 2007. 1 Según la modificación de García (1988). -
Forest, Range and Wildland Soils - M
LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. VI – Forest, Range and Wildland Soils - M. Derek MacKenzie FOREST, RANGE AND WILDLAND SOILS M. Derek MacKenzie Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Keywords: Biogeochemistry, carbon sink, charcoal, ecosystem type, fire, harvesting, leaf litter, microbial symbiosis, mineralization, pedoturbation, soil disturbance, toxic plants. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Ecosystems and Soil Orders 2.1. Forest Ecosystems 2.1.1. Boreal Systems 2.1.2. Sub-Alpine Forest Systems 2.1.3. Lowland Conifer Forest Systems 2.1.4. Mixed and Pure Deciduous Forest Systems 2.1.5. Broad-leaf Evergreen Forest Systems 2.1.6. Temperate Rainforest Systems 2.2. Range Ecosystems 2.2.1. Grassland Systems 2.2.2. Semi-Desert Woodland Systems 2.3 Wildland Systems 2.3.1. Sclerophyllous Shrubs 2.3.2. Alpine and Tundra Systems 3. Natural Disturbances and Soils 3.1. Effects of Fire 3.2. Effects of Canopy Gaps 3.3. Effects of Permafrost and Frozen Soils 4. Soil Organic Matter 4.1. Carbon 4.2. Nitrogen 4.2.1. Nitrogen Fixation and Mineralization 4.2.2. Plant/Soil/Microbe Interactions 4.2.3. Fire: A Special Case 5. ManagementUNESCO Risk Factors – EOLSS 5.1. Forest Harvesting and Silviculture 5.2. Livestock GrazingSAMPLE CHAPTERS Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Forest, range and wildland ecosystems can be associated with distinct soil types, and these have unique characteristics imparted by climate, vegetation, time, topography and the geologic substrate on which they develop. This chapter describes the main plant ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) LAND USE, LAND COVER AND SOIL SCIENCES – Vol. -
Superficie De Grupos De Suelos Dominantes, 2006 (Hectáreas)
Superficie de grupos de suelos dominantes, 2006 (hectáreas) Entidad federativa Grupo de suelo Superficie Aguascalientes Calcisol 12,987.93 Cambisol 18,936.24 Durisol 104,949.59 Fluvisol 3,827.43 Kastañozem 15,422.52 Leptosol 118,741.12 Luvisol 16,817.02 Phaeozem 175,576.12 Planosol 23,253.15 Regosol 51,111.26 Baja California Arenosol 301,571.99 Calcisol 377,247.22 Cambisol 126,940.63 Fluvisol 303,460.76 Gleysol 787.45 Leptosol 3,439,207.19 Luvisol 61,710.93 Phaeozem 103,504.95 Planosol 107,677.21 Regosol 1,739,191.52 Solonchak 296,263.60 Solonetz 22,453.08 Vertisol 373,523.64 Baja California Sur Arenosol 698,663.80 Calcisol 627,377.74 Cambisol 176,707.63 Fluvisol 454,697.78 Gleysol 5,305.18 Gypsisol 417.74 Leptosol 2,033,896.05 Luvisol 69,169.81 Phaeozem 107,646.38 Regosol 2,327,610.41 Solonchak 302,039.51 Solonetz 25,565.63 Vertisol 286,821.93 Campeche Arenosol 20,765.04 Calcisol 11,878.95 Cambisol 3,870.51 Fluvisol 19,861.80 Gleysol 579,935.32 Histosol 20,614.30 Leptosol 1,823,755.60 Luvisol 196,802.03 Nitisol 126,042.91 Phaeozem 793,711.42 Superficie de grupos de suelos dominantes, 2006 (hectáreas) Entidad federativa Grupo de suelo Superficie Campeche Regosol 53,565.37 Solonchak 217,090.82 Vertisol 1,621,359.88 Coahuila Arenosol 38,753.32 Chernozem 174,914.49 Calcisol 5,225,501.43 Cambisol 105,639.09 Fluvisol 118,986.40 Gleysol 270.35 Gypsisol 228,943.87 Kastañozem 382,250.20 Leptosol 5,795,120.40 Luvisol 121,568.58 Phaeozem 533,158.86 Regosol 1,155,487.62 Solonchak 412,429.05 Solonetz 212,174.23 Vertisol 467,774.10 Colima Andosol 6,031.44