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Soils of the European Union Soils of the European Union Gergely Tóth, Luca Montanarella, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Ferenc Máté, Katalin Bódis, Arwyn Jones, Panos Panagos and Marc Van Liedekerke EUR 23439 EN - 2008 Soils of the European Union The mission of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union’s Policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Contact information Address: Joint Research Centre, TP 280, 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +39 0332 786483 Fax: +39 0332 786394 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 46573 EUR 23439 EN ISBN 978-92-79-09530-6 ISSN 1018-5593 DOI 10.2788/87029 Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Cover pictures, from left to right: Tangelrendsina below Pinus Montana and Rhododendron hirsutum on dolomite (Dachsteingebiet, Styria, 1700 m) Iron-podzol under pine forest (Pinus silveris) on moraine (Heinavesi, Finland) Humus-podsol on dune sands under Calluna heather with two ortstein layers (Bh1-Bh2) followed by series of ortsteinbands (Dorum, Bremen, North Sea Cost). The originals of the pictures of the cover page can be found in: W. Kubiëna (1952) “The Soils of Europe”. The book of Kubiëna was published by the CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS (C.S.I.C.) in Madrid in 1952. The C.S.I.C. kindly provided the permission to use these pictures for the cover page of this publication. Printed in Italy Soils of the European Union Gergely Tóth, Luca Montanarella, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Ferenc Máté1 Katalin Bódis, Arwyn Jones, Panos Panagos and Marc Van Liedekerke Institute for Environment and Sustainability Land Management and Natural Hazards Unit Action SOIL EUR 23439 EN - 2008 1 Georgikon Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Materials and methods.......................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Soil Geographical Database of Eurasia at scale 1:1,000,000 (SGDBE) ........................................ 4 2.2 The working dataset ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Nomenclature of soil types............................................................................................................. 6 2.4 Map legend and representation....................................................................................................... 6 3. Soils of the European Union: an overview........................................................................................... 9 4. Spatial distribution of the major soils in the European Union ........................................................... 12 4.1 Acrisols......................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Albeluvisols.................................................................................................................................. 14 4.3 Andosols....................................................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Anthrosols .................................................................................................................................... 18 4.5 Arenosols...................................................................................................................................... 20 4.6 Calcisols ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.7 Cambisols ..................................................................................................................................... 24 4.8 Chernozems.................................................................................................................................. 26 4.9 Fluvisols ....................................................................................................................................... 28 4.10 Gleysols...................................................................................................................................... 30 4.11 Gypsisols .................................................................................................................................... 32 4.12 Histosols ..................................................................................................................................... 34 4.13 Kastanozems............................................................................................................................... 36 4.14 Leptosols .................................................................................................................................... 38 4.15 Luvisols ...................................................................................................................................... 40 4.16 Phaeozems.................................................................................................................................. 42 4.17 Planosol ...................................................................................................................................... 44 4.18 Podzols ....................................................................................................................................... 46 4.19 Regosols ..................................................................................................................................... 48 4.20 Solonchaks.................................................................................................................................. 50 4.21 Solonetzes................................................................................................................................... 52 4.22 Umbrisols ................................................................................................................................... 54 4.23 Vertisols...................................................................................................................................... 56 5. Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................................... 58 References .............................................................................................................................................. 59 Appendix 1. ............................................................................................................................................ 61 Appendix 2. ............................................................................................................................................ 65 Appendix 3. ............................................................................................................................................ 67 Appendix 4. ............................................................................................................................................ 85 i 1 List of Tables Table 2.1 Composition of Reference Soil Groups on the map sheets of the Soil Map of the European Union .........7 Table 3.1 Spatial extent of Reference Soil Groups (WRB 1998) in the European Union..........................................9 Table 4.1 Area coverage of soil units of Acrisols in the European Union ...............................................................12 Table 4.2 Area coverage of soil units of Albeluviosls in the European Union ........................................................14 Table 4.3 Area coverage of soil units of Andosols in the European Union .............................................................16 Table 4.4 Area coverage of soil units of Anthrosols in the European Union ...........................................................18 Table 4.5 Area coverage of soil units of Arenosols in the European Union ............................................................20 Table 4.6 Area coverage of soil units of Calcisols in the European Union..............................................................22 Table 4.7 Area coverage of soil units of Cambisols in the European Union............................................................24 Table 4.8 Area coverage of soil units of Chernozems
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