Stabilization and Destabilization of Soil Organic Matter: Mechanisms and Controls
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The Hidden Ecological Resource of Andic Soils in Mountain Ecosystems: Evidence from Italy
Solid Earth, 9, 63–74, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-63-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The hidden ecological resource of andic soils in mountain ecosystems: evidence from Italy Fabio Terribile1,2, Michela Iamarino1, Giuliano Langella1, Piero Manna2,3, Florindo Antonio Mileti1, Simona Vingiani1,2, and Angelo Basile2,3 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy 2CRISP, Interdepartmental Research Centre on the Earth Critical Zone, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy 3Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forestry Systems, National Research Council of Italy, Via Patacca 85, 80056 Ercolano (Naples), Italy Correspondence: Fabio Terribile ([email protected]) Received: 9 June 2017 – Discussion started: 9 August 2017 Revised: 1 November 2017 – Accepted: 20 November 2017 – Published: 31 January 2018 Abstract. Andic soils have unique morphological, physical, 1 Introduction and chemical properties that induce both considerable soil fertility and great vulnerability to land degradation. More- Andic soils (i.e. soils with evident andosolization process) over, they are the most striking mineral soils in terms of are known to have a unique set of morphological, physi- large organic C storage and long C residence time. This is cal, and chemical soil properties. Andosolization (Ugolini especially related to the presence of poorly crystalline clay et al., 1988; Shoji et al., 1993) is a major soil-forming pro- minerals and metal–humus complexes. Recognition of andic cess regardless of whether these soils meet or do not meet soils is then very important. -
Diagnostic Horizons
Exam III Wednesday, November 7th Study Guide Posted Tomorrow Review Session in Class on Monday the 4th Soil Taxonomy and Classification Diagnostic Horizons Epipedons Subsurface Mollic Albic Umbric Kandic Ochric Histic Argillic Melanic Spodic Plaggen Anthropic Oxic 1 Surface Horizons: Mollic- thick, dark colored, high %B.S., structure Umbric – same, but lower B.S. Ochric – pale, low O.M., thin Histic – High O.M., thick, wet, dark Sub-Surface Horizons: Argillic – illuvial accum. of clay (high activity) Kandic – accum. of clay (low activity) Spodic – Illuvial O.M. accumulation (Al and/or Fe) Oxic – highly weathered, kaolinite, Fe and Al oxides Albic – light colored, elluvial, low reactivity Elluviation and Illuviation Elluviation (E horizon) Organic matter Clays A A E E Bh horizon Bt horizon Bh Bt Spodic horizon Argillic horizon 2 Soil Taxonomy Diagnostic Epipedons Diagnostic Subsurface horizons Moisture Regimes Temperature Regimes Age Texture Depth Soil Taxonomy Soil forming processes, presence or Order Absence of major diagnostic horizons 12 Similar genesis Suborder 63 Grasslands – thick, dark Great group 250 epipedons High %B.S. Sub group 1400 Family 8000 Series 19,000 Soil Orders Entisols Histosols Inceptisols Andisols Gelisols Alfisols Mollisols Ultisols Spodosols Aridisols Vertisols Oxisols 3 Soil Orders Entisol Ent- Recent Histosol Hist- Histic (organic) Inceptisol Incept- Inception Alfisol Alf- Nonsense Ultisol Ult- Ultimate Spodosol Spod- Spodos (wood ash) Mollisol Moll- Mollis (soft) Oxisol Ox- oxide Andisol And- Ando (black) Gelisol -
Tracking Hidden Organic Carbon in Rocks Using Chemometrics And
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tracking hidden organic carbon in rocks using chemometrics and hyperspectral imaging Received: 4 October 2017 Céline Pisapia 1,2, Frédéric Jamme2, Ludovic Duponchel3 & Bénédicte Ménez1 Accepted: 25 January 2018 Finding traces of life or organic components of prebiotic interest in the rock record is an appealing goal Published: xx xx xxxx for numerous felds in Earth and space sciences. However, this is often hampered by the scarceness and highly heterogeneous distribution of organic compounds within rocks. We assess here an innovative analytical strategy combining Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier-Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (S-FTIR) and multivariate analysis techniques to track and characterize organic compounds at the pore level in complex oceanic rocks. S-FTIR hyperspectral images are analysed individually or as multiple image combinations (multiset analysis) using Principal Component Analyses (PCA) and Multivariate Curve Resolution – Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). This approach allows extracting simultaneously pure organic and mineral spectral signatures and determining their spatial distributions and relationships. MCR-ALS analysis provides resolved S-FTIR signatures of 8 pure mineral and organic components showing the close association at a micrometric scale of organic compounds and secondary clays formed during rock alteration and known to catalyse organic synthesis. These results highlights the potential of the serpentinizing oceanic lithosphere to generate and preserve organic compounds of abiotic origin, in favour of the hydrothermal theory for the origin of life. Spectroscopic techniques and especially Synchrotron-based Fourier-Transform Infrared microspectroscopy (S-FTIR) have been used in geosciences for decades1–3. S-FTIR has notably been proven efcient for determining at the micrometer scale the mineral, fuid and organic phases contained in interplanetary dust particles, meteor- ites and terrestrial material4–10. -
Distribution and Classification of Volcanic Ash Soils
83 Distribution and Classification of Volcanic Ash Soils 1* 2 Tadashi TAKAHASHI and Sadao SHOJI 1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University 1-1, Tsutsumidori, Amamiya-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan e-mail: [email protected] 2 Professor Emeritus, Tohoku University 5-13-27, Nishitaga, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, 982-0034 Japan *corresponding author Abstract Volcanic ash soils are distributed exclusively in regions where active and recently extinct volcanoes are located. The soils cover approximately 124 million hectares, or 0.84% of the world’s land surface. While, thus, volcanic ash soils comprise a relatively small extent, they represent a crucial land resource due to the excessively high human populations living in these regions. However, they did not receive worldwide recognition among soil scientists until the middle of the 20th century. Development of international classification systems was put forth by the 1978 Andisol proposal of G. D. Smith. The central concept of volcanic ash soils was established after the finding of nonallophanic volcanic ash soils in Japan in 1978. Nowadays, volcanic ash soils are internationally recognized as Andisols in Soil Taxonomy (United States Department of Agriculture) and Andosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (FAO, International Soil Reference and Information Centre and International Society of Soil Science). Several countries including Japan and New Zealand have developed their own national classification systems for volcanic ash soils. Finally correlation of the international and domestic classification systems is described using selected volcanic ash soils. Key words: Andisols, Andosols, Japanese Cultivated Soil Classification, New Zealand Soil Classification, Soil Taxonomy, World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) 1. -
Iron and Aluminum Association with Microbially Processed Organic Matter Via Meso-Density Aggregate Formation Across Soils: Organo- Metallic Glue Hypothesis
https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2020-32 Preprint. Discussion started: 11 June 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Iron and aluminum association with microbially processed organic matter via meso-density aggregate formation across soils: organo- metallic glue hypothesis 5 Rota Wagai1, Masako Kajiura1, Maki Asano2 1National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences. 3-1-3 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan 2Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan Correspondence to: Rota Wagai ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Global significance of iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) for the storage of organic matter (OM) in soils and surface sediments is increasingly recognized. Yet specific metal phases involved or the mechanism behind metal-OM correlations frequently shown across soils remain unclear. We identified density fraction locations of major metal phases and OM using 23 soil samples from 5 climate zones and 5 soil orders (Andisols, Spodosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Ultisols), including several subsurface horizons and both natural and managed soils. Each soil was separated to 4 to 7 density fractions using sodium 15 polytungstate with mechanical shaking, followed by the sequential extraction of each fraction with pyrophosphate (PP), acid oxalate (OX), and finally with dithionite-citrate (DC) to estimate pedogenic metal phases of different solubility and crystallinity. The extractable Fe and Al concentrations (per fraction) generally showed unique unimodal distribution along particle density gradient for each soil and each extractable metal phase. Across the studied soils, the maximum metal concentrations were always at meso-density range (1.8-2.4 g cm-3) within which PP-extractable metals peaked at 0.3-0.4 g cm- 20 3 lower density range relative to OX- and DC-extractable metals. -
Carbon Mineral Ecology: Predicting the Undiscovered Minerals of Carbon
American Mineralogist, Volume 101, pages 889–906, 2016 Carbon mineral ecology: Predicting the undiscovered minerals of carbon ROBERT M. HAZEN1,*, DANIEL R. HUMMER1, GRETHE HYSTAD2, ROBERT T. DOWNS3, AND JOSHUA J. GOLDEN3 1Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20015, U.S.A. 2Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323, U.S.A. 3Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1040 East 4th Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Studies in mineral ecology exploit mineralogical databases to document diversity-distribution rela- tionships of minerals—relationships that are integral to characterizing “Earth-like” planets. As carbon is the most crucial element to life on Earth, as well as one of the defining constituents of a planet’s near-surface mineralogy, we focus here on the diversity and distribution of carbon-bearing minerals. We applied a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) model to the 403 known minerals of carbon, using 82 922 mineral species/locality data tabulated in http://mindat.org (as of 1 January 2015). We find that all carbon-bearing minerals, as well as subsets containing C with O, H, Ca, or Na, conform to LNRE distributions. Our model predicts that at least 548 C minerals exist on Earth today, indicating that at least 145 carbon-bearing mineral species have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, by analyzing subsets of the most common additional elements in carbon-bearing minerals (i.e., 378 C + O species; 282 C + H species; 133 C + Ca species; and 100 C + Na species), we predict that approximately 129 of these missing carbon minerals contain oxygen, 118 contain hydrogen, 52 contain calcium, and more than 60 contain sodium. -
7 30(1) 0007 Włodarczyk-Makuła
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING REPORTS E-ISSN 2450-8594 CEER 2020; 30 (1): 074-086 DOI: 10.2478/ceer-2020-0007 Original Research Article CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS AND THEIR REMOVAL FROM THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Maria WŁODARCZYK – MAKUŁA 1 Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Czestochowa, Poland A b s t r a c t The aim of the study was to characterize the components of crude oil, with particular emphasis on those that have a toxic effect on organisms, and to describe the sources of pollution and the methodology for determining these compounds in aqueous solutions. In addition, the study presents the legal provisions in the field of petroleum compounds and practical methods for their removal in the event of uncontrolled emission of these compounds into the aquatic environment as well as methods used in the treatment of wastewater loaded with these compounds. Keywords: water, wastewater, surface water, soil petroleum compounds, BTX, PAH 1. INTRODUCTION Crude oil, both unprocessed and its products, pose a serious threat in the event of uncontrolled emissions to the aquatic and ground environment. This threat results from the possibility of migration of these compounds, relative stability and bioaccumulation in organisms inhabiting the aquatic or ground environment [1,2]. The crude oil includes paraffin (alkanes), naphthenic (cycloalkanes) and aromatic hydrocarbons, including polycyclic. The crude oil also contains elements such as sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, silicon, vanadium, sodium and 1 Corresponding author : Czestochowa University of Technology, 42 – 200 Czestochowa, 69 Dabrowskiego Str., +48 3250919, email: [email protected] CHARACTERISTICS OF PETROLRUM COMPOUNDS AND THEIR REMOVAL 75 FROM THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT nickel as well as organometallic and mineral compounds [2]. -
Nanostructural Origin of Blue Fluorescence in the Mineral Karpatite
Potticary, J. , Jensen, T. T., & Hall, S. R. (2017). Nanostructural origin of blue fluorescence in the mineral karpatite. Scientific Reports, 7(1), [9867]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10261-w Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY Link to published version (if available): 10.1038/s41598-017-10261-w Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via Nature at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10261-w. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Nanostructural origin of blue fuorescence in the mineral karpatite Received: 9 June 2017 Jason Potticary 1,2, Torsten T. Jensen 1,3 & Simon R. Hall1 Accepted: 7 August 2017 The colour of crystals is a function of their atomic structure. In the case of organic crystals, it is the Published: xx xx xxxx spatial relationships between molecules that determine the colour, so the same molecules in the same arrangement should produce crystals of the same colour, regardless of whether they arise geologically or synthetically. There is a naturally-occurring organic crystal known as karpatite which is prized for its beautiful blue fuorescence under ultra-violet illumination. -
Soil Andic Properties As Powerful Factors Explaining Deep Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Distribution: the Case of a Coffee Agrofore
SOIL Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2019-14 Manuscript under review for journal SOIL Discussion started: 23 April 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Soil andic properties as powerful factors explaining deep soil organic carbon stocks distribution: the case of a coffee agroforestry plantation on Andosols in Costa Rica Tiphaine Chevallier1, Kenji Fujisaki1, Olivier Roupsard1,2, Florian Guidat3, Rintaro Kinoshita3,5, Elias de 5 Melo Viginio Filho3, Peter Lehner4, Alain Albrecht1 1 Eco&Sols, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France 2 CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, LMI IESOL, B.P. 1386 CP 18524, Dakar, Senegal 3 CATIE, Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education, 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica 4 Cafetalera Aquiares S.A., PO Box 362-7150, Turrialba, 7150, Costa Rica 10 5 Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medecine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan Correspondence to: Tiphaine Chevallier ([email protected]) Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes the largest terrestrial carbon stock. Both distribution and variation of SOC stocks are needed to constitute reference baseline for studies on temporal SOC change. Specifically, in volcanic areas, the 15 spatial variation of soil andic properties usually explains the spatial variation of topsoil SOC contents, but SOC data for deeper soil layers are needed. We measured the andic properties (e.g. pyrophosphate extractable aluminium and allophane contents) and SOC stocks down to 200-cm depth in a 1 km2 micro-watershed covered by Arabica coffee agroforestry in Costa Rica. We used diffuse reflectance mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to allow a large number of soil analysis. -
Deep Carbon Through Deep Time Data-Driven Insights Robert M
20 Deep Carbon through Deep Time Data-Driven Insights robert m. hazen, yana bromberg, robert t. downs, ahmed eleish, paul g. falkowski, peter fox, donato giovannelli, daniel r. hummer, grethe hystad, joshua j. golden, andrew h. knoll, congrui li, chao liu, eli k. moore, shaunna m. morrison, a.d. muscente, anirudh prabhu, jolyon ralph, michelle y. rucker, simone e. runyon, lisa a. warden, and hao zhong 20.1 Introduction: Data and the Deep Carbon Observatory For most of the history of science, data-driven discovery has been difficult and time- consuming: a lifetime of meticulous data collection and thoughtful synthesis was required to recognize previously hidden, higher-dimensional trends in multivariate data. Recognition of processes such as biological evolution by natural selection (1,2), continental evolution by plate tectonics (3,4), atmospheric and ocean oxygenation by photosynthesis (5,6), and climate change (7,8) required decades of integrated data synthesis preceding the discovery and acceptance of critical Earth phenomena. How- ever, we stand at the precipice of a unique opportunity: to dramatically accelerate scientific discovery by coupling hard-won data resources with advanced analytical and visualization techniques (9,10). Today, Earth and life sciences are generating a multi- tude of data resources in numerous subdisciplines. Integration and synthesis of these diverse data resources will lead to an abductive, data-driven approach to investigating Earth’s mineralogical and geochemical history, as well as the coevolution of the geosphere and biosphere (11–13). In this chapter, we examine applications of data science in deep carbon research through three “use cases.” The first example focuses on geochemical and mineralogical anomalies from a period in Earth history (~1.3 to 0.9 Ga) when the supercontinent Rodinia was being assembled from previously scattered continental blocks. -
Relationships Between Land Use, Fertility and Andisol Behaviour: Examples from Volcanic Islands
144 Land use, fertility,and Andisol behaviour Soil Use and Management (1999) 15, 144^149 Relationships between land use, fertility and Andisol behaviour: examples from volcanic islands S. Perret1 & M. Dorel Abstract. Soils developed on volcanic parent materials have many intrinsic qualities favourable to cropping. However, fertility decreases dramatically when they are badly managed. A short review and case studies from Re¨ union and Guadeloupe highlight the special characteristics of these soils, and their response to management. The interplay of cropping systems and physical characteristics of Andisols is first considered through the example of Pelargonium and food crop systems in Re¨ union. Progressive decrease in production and cropping potential shows in falling yields as well as in the overall decline of the system.The example of banana production in Guadeloupe highlights the increase in inputs needed to realise the land's potential and to maintain yields, in particular more tillage and pest treatment. In both cases, these trends are connected to the co-evolution of soil characteristics and cropping systems.They lead to an increase of risks with less security and less scope in the choice of cropping systems.Technical solutions in the form of erosion-control measures, rotation and planting techniques have been developed and prove to be relevant and consistent in their benefit. Keywords : Andisols, cropping systems, soil fertility,Pelargonium, bananas, Re¨ union, Guadeloupe INTRODUCTION ments of Re¨ union, Guadeloupe and Martinique. ndisols are found mostly in volcanic zones at high Soils with andic behaviour and properties can develop Aaltitudes and are widespread throughout the world in from massive basaltic lavas under heavy rainfall conditions, these environments. -
The Impact of Drying on Structure of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Wetlands: Probing with Native and Amended Polycyclic
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303849557 The impact of drying on structure of sedimentary organic matter in wetlands: Probing with native and amended polycyclic... Article in Science of The Total Environment · October 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.184 CITATIONS READS 2 29 5 authors, including: Zucheng Wang Zhanfei Liu Northeast Normal University University of Texas at Austin 10 PUBLICATIONS 155 CITATIONS 66 PUBLICATIONS 1,103 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: PROOF-PECHE View project All content following this page was uploaded by Zhanfei Liu on 08 November 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Science of the Total Environment 568 (2016) 42–51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv The impact of drying on structure of sedimentary organic matter in wetlands: Probing with native and amended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Zucheng Wang a,b,c, Zhanfei Liu a,⁎,MinLiub,KehuiXud,e, Lawrence M. Mayer f a Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA b Department of Geography, Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China c Institute for Peat and Mire, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China d Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA e Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA f Darling Marine Center, University of Maine, Walpole, ME 04573, USA HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Native PAHs were released into solution after sediments suffering dry-wet cycles.