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Systematics of Lapeirousia S T R E L I T Z I A 35 Systematics and biology of Lapeirousia, Codonorhiza, Psilosiphon and Schizorhiza in southern Africa Peter Goldblatt and John C. Manning Pretoria 2015 S T R E L I T Z I A This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic Gardens, which the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) inherited from its predecessor organisations. The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arbo- rescent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise flowers. The logo of SANBI is partly based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbolises the commitment of SANBI to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s excep- tionally rich biodiversity for all people. Peter Goldblatt B.A. Krukoff Curator of African Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritz- burg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa John C. Manning Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town; Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pieter- maritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa EDITOR: Yolande Steenkamp PROOFREADER: Alicia Grobler COVER DESIGN & LAYOUT: Elizma Fouché COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: John C. Manning Citing this publication GOLDBLATT, P. & MANNING, J. 2015. Systematics and biology of Lapeirousia, Codonorhiza, Psilosiphon and Schizorhiza in southern Africa. Strelitzia 35. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN: 978-1-928224-02-0 Obtainable from: SANBI Bookshop, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Tel.: +27 12 843 5000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sanbi.org Printed by: Seriti Printing, Tel.: +27 12 333 9757, Website: www.seritiprinting.co.za Address: Unit 6, 49 Eland Street, Koedoespoort, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Copyright © 2015 by South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the copyright owners. The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of SANBI. The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein. All images in this book have been reproduced with the knowledge and prior consent of the artists concerned and no responsibility is accepted by the publisher or printer for any infringement of copyright or otherwise arising from the contents of this publication. Every effort has been made to ensure that the credits accurately comply with the information supplied by the author. S T R E L I T Z I A 35 (2015) iii Contents Abstract. iv Acknowledgements ........................................................... v Introduction ................................................................. 1 Taxonomic history. 4 Morphology. 6 Chromosome cytology ......................................................... 12 Floral biology ................................................................ 16 Geography .................................................................. 19 Ethnobotany . 20 Phylogeny and subgeneric classification ........................................... 21 Systematics .................................................................. 23 Key to genera of tribe Watsonieae ............................................ 23 Systematics of Lapeirousia ....................................................... 24 Key to sections ........................................................... 24 Key to species ............................................................ 25 A. Sect. Chasmatocallis (Spp. 1–8) ............................................ 27 B. Sect. Sophronia (Spp. 9–13) ............................................... 43 C. Sect. Lapeirousia (Spp. 14–27) ............................................. 56 Systematics of Codonorhiza ...................................................... 88 Key to species ............................................................ 88 Spp. 1–7 . 89 Systematics of Schizorhiza ....................................................... 104 Systematics of Psilosiphon ....................................................... 108 Key to species in southern Africa ............................................. 108 Spp. 1–11 ................................................................ 109 New combinations for Psilosiphon species not represented in southern Africa. 137 References. 139 Index ....................................................................... 143 iv S T R E L I T Z I A 35 (2015) Abstract Plastid and nuclear DNA sequence analy- phylogeny, recognising sect. Chasmatocallis ses show that the sub-Saharan African genus (R.C.Foster) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning, sect. La­ Lapeirousia Pourr. is paraphyletic as presently cir- peirousia and sect. Sophronia (Licht. ex Roem. cumscribed. Species of Lapeirousia are retrieved & Schult.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning. We provide as a clade in which are nested the tropical Afri- dichotomous keys to the four genera in south- can genera Cyanixia Goldblatt & J.C.Manning ern Africa and full revisions of all four genera. and Savannosiphon Goldblatt & Marais as sister We recognise the following six new species: C. to Lapeirousia sect. Paniculatae Goldblatt plus the elandsmontana Goldblatt & J.C.Manning and taxonomically isolated L. neglecta Goldblatt. To C. pillansii Goldblatt & J.C.Manning from West- preserve taxonomic monophyly we dismember ern Cape, South Africa; L. purpurea Goldblatt & Lapeirousia, recognising the new genera Codo- J.C.Manning from Western Cape; L. kalaharien- norhiza Goldblatt & J.C.Manning for L. sect. sis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning from southern Na- Fastigiatae Goldblatt (7 spp.) and Schizorhiza mibia and Northern Cape; L. kamiesmontana Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (1 sp.) for L. neglecta, Goldblatt & J.C.Manning, a local endemic of the both from the Cape Floristic Region, as well as Kamiesberg of Northern Cape; and P. erongoen- Psilosiphon Welw. ex Goldblatt & J.C.Manning sis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning from central Na- (15 spp.) for L. sect. Paniculatae, all from tropi- mibia. We also raise L. dolomitica subsp. lewisiana cal and eastern southern Africa. This leaves La­ (B.Nord.) Goldblatt and L. littoralis subsp. cauda­ peirousia (27 species) centred in western south- ta (Schinz) Goldblatt to species rank as L. lewisi- ern Africa, but also represented in south tropical ana B.Nord. and L. caudata Schinz respectively, Africa. All four genera have derived corms with and recognise L. angustifolia Schltr., currently a flat base, each with distinctive and different included in L. pyramidalis (Lam.) Goldblatt. We corm tunics and sometimes corm shapes that are describe two new subspecies in the South Afri- correlated with fundamental differences in leaf can L. fabricii (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl.; subsp. morphology and anatomy, floral bracts, and seed compressa Goldblatt & J.C.Manning and subsp. shape and surface sculpturing. Codonorhiza and purpurascens Goldblatt & J.C.Manning; the Schizorhiza also have apomorphic, 1-banded new subsp. foliosa Goldblatt & J.C.Manning of pollen apertures. We revise the infrageneric tax- L. plicata (Jacq.) Diels; and the new P. sandersonii onomy of Lapeirousia in light of the molecular subsp. limpopoensis Goldblatt & J.C.Manning. S T R E L I T Z I A 35 (2015) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Elizabeth Parker and bibliographic questions and provided copies of Lendon Porter for assistance and companion- numerous articles not readily available to us; and ship in the field and to Ingrid Nänni, SANBI, who Roy Gereau, Missouri Botanical Garden, for ad- helped considerably with travel arrangements vice on nomenclatural questions. Michelle Smith and with field work. We thank Clare Archer, prepared the distribution maps. This study was SANBI, Pretoria, for providing answers to our supported in part by grant 8243-07 from the US several questions about holdings at the National National Geographic Society. Collecting permits Herbarium in Pretoria; Mary Stiffler, Missouri were provided by the conservation authorities of Botanical Garden, who cheerfully helped solve Northern Cape and Western Cape. S T R E L I T Z I A 35 (2015) 1 INTRODUCTION Phylogenetic analysis of plastid and nu- morphologically intermediate L. neglecta as the clear DNA sequences (Forest et al. 2014) shows new genus Schizorhiza. In this revised generic that the sub-Saharan African genus Lapeirousia taxonomy all genera in the Lapeirousia clade Pourr. (± 45 species) is paraphyletic as presently are evidently monophyletic and readily distin- circumscribed (e.g. Goldblatt 1990a; Goldblatt guished by macro- and micro-morphological & Manning 2008). Three tropical African genera features, including leaf anatomy, pollen and seed of tribe Watsonieae Klatt (subfamily Crocoideae morphology, and chromosome cytology. Burnett) (Goldblatt et al. 2006), Cyanixia Gold- blatt & J.C.Manning (1 sp.), Savannosiphon Gold- The inference to be drawn from the phylo- blatt
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