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A12 Highlights CRUISE REPORT: A12 (Updated MAY 2013) Highlights Cruise Summary Information WOCE Section Designation A12 Expedition designation (ExpoCodes) 06AQ20101128 Alias ANT-XXVII/2 Chief Scientists Eberhard Fahrbach/AWI Dates 2010 NOV 28 -2011 FEB 5 Ship R/V Polarstern Ports of call Capetown to Punta Arenas 37° 5' 44" S Geographic Boundaries 75° 19' 6" W 12° 46' 13" E 71° 6' 30" S Stations 188 Floats and drifters deployed 23 NEMO floats, 15 Apex floats deployed Moorings deployed or recovered 13 deployed, 16 recovered Contact Information: Gerd Rohardt Alfred Wegener Institute • Bussestrasse 24 • D-27570 Bremerhaven • (Building F-215) Tel: +49(471)4831-1818 • Fax: +49(471)4831-1797 • Email: [email protected] Links To Select Topics Shaded sections are not relevant to this cruise or were not available when this report was compiled. Cruise Summary Information Hydrographic Measurements Description of Scientific Program CTD Data: Geographic Boundaries Acquisition Cruise Track (Figure): PI CCHDO Processing Description of Stations Calibration Description of Parameters Sampled Temperature Pressure Bottle Depth Distributions (Figure) Salinities Oxygens Floats and Drifters Deployed Bottle Data Moorings Deployed or Recovered Salinity Oxygen Principal Investigators Nutrients Cruise Participants Carbon System Parameters CFCs Problems and Goals Not Achieved Helium / Tritium Other Incidents of Note Radiocarbon Underway Data Information References Navigation Bathymetry Argo Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Nutrients Thermosalinograph Marine mammal survey XBT and/or XCTD Euphausiids Meteorological Observations Hyperbenthos Atmospheric Chemistry Data PIES Data Processing Notes Acknowledgments 634 2011 The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2010/11 (ANT-XXVII/2) Edited by Eberhard Fahrbach with contributions of the participants ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FÜR POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft D-27570 BREMERHAVEN Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 1866-3192 Hinweis Notice Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued werden vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven* in Research in Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of unregelmäßiger Abfolge herausgegeben. Germany. They appear in irregular intervals. Sie enthalten Beschreibungen und Ergebnisse der They contain descriptions and results of investigations in vom Institut (AWI) oder mit seiner Unterstützung polar regions and in the seas either conducted by the durchgeführten Forschungsarbeiten in den Institute (AWI) or with its support. Polargebieten und in den Meeren. The following items are published: Es werden veröffentlicht: — expedition reports (incl. station lists and — Expeditionsberichte (inkl. Stationslisten route maps) und Routenkarten) — expedition results (incl. — Expeditionsergebnisse Ph.D. theses) (inkl. Dissertationen) — scientific results of the Antarctic stations and of — wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der other AWI research stations Antarktis-Stationen und anderer Forschungs-Stationen des AWI — reports on scientific meetings — Berichte wissenschaftlicher Tagungen Die Beiträge geben nicht notwendigerweise die The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily Auffassung des Instituts wieder. reflect the opinion of the Institute. The „Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung” continue the former „Berichte zur Polarforschung” * Anschrift / Address Alfred-Wegener-Institut Editor in charge: für Polar- und Meeresforschung Dr. Horst Bornemann D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany Assistant editor: www.awi.de Birgit Chiaventone Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden ab 2008 aus- schließlich als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben (URL: http://epic.awi.de). Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are only available as web-based open-access publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de) The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2010/11 (ANT-XXVII/2) Edited by Eberhard Fahrbach with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this publication using the identifier hdl:10013/epic.38039 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.38039 ISSN 1866-3192 ANT-XXVII/2 28 November 2010 - 5 February 2011 Cape Town – Punta Arenas Chief scientist Eberhard Fahrbach Coordinator Eberhard Fahrbach CONTENTS 1. Zusammenfassung und Fahrtverlauf 3 Summary and Itinerary 13 2. Weather conditions 21 3. Oceanography 30 3.1 Decadal variations of water mass properties in the Atlantic sector (WECCON-HAFOS) 30 3.2 Measurement of trace gases (CFCs, SF6; helium isotopes, neon) 70 3.3 Radiocarbon sampling in the southern circumpolar current, Weddell Sea and west of the Antarctic Peninsula 75 3.4 Oxygen Isotope sampling in the Weddell Sea Bottom Water off the Antarctic Peninsula 76 3.5 Nutrients distribution in the Weddell Sea and adjacent areas 76 3.6 Sea-ice observations 81 4. Chemistry 87 4.1 Repeat sections of total carbon dioxide and total alkalinity across the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Weddell gyre 87 4.2 Investigation of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants and monitoring of legacy POPs in Antarctica 89 5. Biology 95 5.1 Marine mammal survey 95 5.2 MAPS: Marine Mammal Perimeter Surveillance 102 5.3 Ocean acoustics: moored recorders, PALAOA observatory and field recordings 111 5.4 Antarctic krill demography and population dynamics west of the Antarctic Peninsula in 2010/11 119 5.5 Hyperbenthos of deep-sea basins west of the Antarctic Peninsula 136 1 5.6 Effect of CO2 and iron on phytoplankton 137 5.7 Biogenic gas distributions along frontal zones in the Southern Ocean 142 6. Painting and Photography 143 7. Acknowledgements 144 ANNEXES A.1 Teilnehmende Institute / participating institutions 146 A.2 Fahrtteilnehmer / cruise participants 149 A.3 Schiffsbesatzung / ship’s crew 151 A.4 Stationsliste / Station List PS77 153 A.5 Posidonia operations during ANT-XXVII/2 199 A.6 Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) during ANT-XXVII/2 – Technical Report 229 2 1. ZusammenfassuNg uNd FAHRTVERLAuF Eberhard Fahrbach Alfred-Wegener-Institut Am 28. November 2010 um 19:30 Uhr lief Polarstern von Kapstadt zur Antarktisreise ANT-XXVII/2 aus. Wir waren 44 Besatzungsmitglieder und 53 wissenschaftliche Fahrtteilnehmer/innen aus 12 Nationen an Bord. Zunächst führte der Kurs nach Südwesten. Am 29. und 30. November erfolgten die Inbetriebnahme der Labors und Anlagen, Einweisungen und Belehrungen. Die erste Station mit der Messung eines Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsprofils mit der CTD- Sonde (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) begann am 30. November um 1.55 UTC. Von nun an lief die Forschung in vollem Gang. Nach ruhigen Verhältnissen beim Auslaufen hatte der Wind inzwischen zugenommen. Unser Kurs führte entlang einer Linie von verankerten Pressure Inverted Echo Soundern (PIES), die zur Messung des Drucks am Meeresboden und der Schalllaufzeit bis zur Meeresoberfläche und zurück dienen. Diese Daten werden genutzt, um die Schwankungen des Wassertransports und der vertikal gemittelten Temperatur des Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstroms über mehrere Jahre hinweg zu erfassen. Die Geräte werden am Meeresgrund ausgesetzt. Auf ein akustisches Signal hin kommen sie nach Ablauf des Messzeitraums mit den gespeicherten Daten an die Meeresoberfläche zurück, wo sie vom Schiff aus aufgenommen werden. Leider konnten die ersten beiden aufzunehmenden PIES nicht wiedergefunden werden. Beim Auslegen des zweiten PIES traten Probleme auf, da er nach der Auslegung wider Erwarten an die Oberfläche zurückkehrte. Das schlechte Wetter (schlechte Sicht und Schaumkronen) erzwang Einschränkungen beim Walbeobachtungsprogramm. Bei 46°01’S 5°51’O trafen wir am 4. Dezember den ersten Eisberg an. Am 7. Dezember erreichten wir bei 51°25’S den Meridian von Greenwich. Von hier aus ging es mit Kurs Süd bis zum antarktischen Kontinent. Während der gesamten Reise erfolgten Messungen von Temperatur, Salzgehalt und der Meeresströmung vom fahrenden Schiff aus. Entlang der Kurslinie wurden vertikal profilierende Driftkörper (Floats vom Typ NEMO - Navigating European Marine Observer und APEX) ausgelegt. Im Weddellwirbel erfolgte die Aufnahme und Auslegung von Verankerungen, die Strömungs-, Temperatur- und Leitfähigkeitsmessgeräte, Schallquellen zur Ortung von Driftkörpern (Floats), akustische Registriergeräte und Eisecholote (upward looking sonar, ULS) zur Messung der Eisdicke trugen. Standardmäßig wurden Messungen mit einem CTD-System (conductivity, temperature, depth) ausgeführt, das mit Wasserschöpfern ausgestattet war, um Proben zur Bestimmung der Konzentration von gelösten Nährstoffen, Sauerstoff, Spurenstoffen und CO2-Parameter zu erhalten. Ferner wurde das Wasser zur Messung biologischer Größen und zur Durchführung von Experimenten bereit gestellt. 3 ANT-XXVII/2 In der Nacht vom 9. auf 10. Dezember begegneten wir vereinzelten Bruchstücken zerfallener Eisschollen. Am 10. Dezember wurden sie häufiger (verbunden mit dem ersten Schneefall) und am Nachmittag kam eine fast geschlossene Eisdecke in Sicht. Von da an durchquerten wir offene Schollenfelder, die zwar den Seegang dämpften, aber unsere Fahrt nicht beeinträchtigten. Allerdings verändern sich die Eisbedingungen rasch, da wir am kritischen Punkt der Frühjahrsschmelze waren. Am 11. Dezember erreichten wir die erste Verankerung im Strömungssystem des Weddellwirbels, AWI- 227. Leider konnte sie nicht geborgen werden, obwohl wir mit Posidonia akustisch mit ihr
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