Foundations of Information Ethics
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Information Ethics in the Context of Information Literacy
Proinflow: časopis pro informační vědy 2/2016 Information ethics in the context of information Literacy Františka Tomoriová Comenius University on Bratislava, Department of Library and Information Science Abstract The concept of information ethics is quite extensive. It is necessary to deal with it also with regard to information literacy, as prove recent and traditional concepts and definitions of information literacy with incorporated ethical espects. Information ethics and information literacy are closely connected, as illustrates the RPT (R-Resource, P-Product, T-Target) model of information ethics created by Luciano Floridi1, Christine Bruce's model of Seven Faces of information literacy, which deals with ethical aspects in connection with wise use of information2 and Nancy Tuana's concept of moral literacy3. Critical thinking is perceived as necessary in the context of both information literacy and information ethics. As Richard Paul4 stresses, information ethics without critical thinking can lead to indoctrination. On the basis of these approaches were created visualizations of connection between information ethics and information literacy. Keywords: information ethics, information literacy, crithical thinking 1 FLORIDI, Luciano. 2013. The Ethics of Information. United States of America: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199641321. 2 BRUCE, Christine. The Seven Faces of Information Literacy. Australia: Auslib Press, 1997. ISBN 978- 1875145430. 3 TUANA, Nancy. Conceptualizing Moral Literacy. Journal of Educational Administration [online]. 2007, 45(4), 364-378 [cit. 2016-06-16]. Retrieved from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uniba/reader.action?docID=10196373 4 PAUL, Richard. Ethics Without Indoctrination. In: The Critical Thinking Community [online]. 2013 [cit. 2016- 06-16]. Retrieved from: http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/ethics-without-indoctrination/494 85 Františka Tomoriová Information ethics in the context.. -
Information Retrieval System: Concept and Scope MODULE - 5B INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
Information Retrieval System: Concept and Scope MODULE - 5B INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM 15 Notes INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM: CONCEPT AND SCOPE 15.1 INTRODUCTION Information is communicated or received knowledge concerning a particular fact or circumstance. Retrieval refers to searching through stored information to find information relevant to the task at hand. In view of this, information retrieval (IR) deals with the representation, storage, organization of/and access to information items. Here, types of information items include documents, Web pages, online catalogues, structured records, multimedia objects, etc. Chief goals of the IR are indexing text and searching for useful documents in a collection. Libraries were among the first institutions to adopt IR systems for retrieving information. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the importance, definitions and objectives of information retrieval. You will also study in detail the concept of subject approach to information, process of information retrieval, and indexing languages. 15.2 OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: define information retrieval; understand the importance and need of information retrieval system; explain the concept of subject approach to information; LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 321 MODULE - 5B Information Retrieval System: Concept and Scope INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM illustrate the process of information retrieval; and differentiate between natural, free and controlled indexing languages. 15.3 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL (IR) Notes The term ‘information retrieval’ was coined by Calvin Mooers in 1950. It gained popularity in the research community from 1961 onwards, when computers were introduced for information handling. The term information retrieval was then used to mean retrieval of bibliographic information from stored document databases. -
Classical Ethics in A/IS
The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems Classical Ethics in A/IS We applied classical ethics methodologies to considerations of algorithmic design in autonomous and intelligent systems (A/IS) where machine learning may or may not reflect ethical outcomes that mimic human decision-making. To meet this goal, we drew from classical ethics theories and the disciplines of machine ethics, information ethics, and technology ethics. As direct control over tools becomes further removed, creators of autonomous systems must ask themselves how cultural and ethical presumptions bias artificially intelligent creations. Such introspection is more necessary than ever because the precise and deliberate design of algorithms in self-sustained digital systems will result in responses based on such design. By drawing from over two thousand years’ worth of classical ethics traditions, we explore established ethics systems, including both philosophical traditions (utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and deontological ethics) and religious and culture-based ethical systems (Buddhism, Confucianism, African Ubuntu traditions, and Japanese Shinto) and their stance on human morality in the digital age.1 In doing so, we critique assumptions around concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, and we attempt to carry these inquiries into artificial systems’ decision-making processes. Through reviewing the philosophical foundations that define autonomy and ontology, we address the potential for autonomous capacity of artificially intelligent systems, posing questions of morality in amoral systems and asking whether decisions made by amoral systems can have moral consequences. Ultimately, we address notions of responsibility and accountability for the decisions made by autonomous systems and other artificially intelligent technologies. -
Guide to the Raymond M. Herbenick Papers
University of Dayton eCommons Guides to Archival and Special Collections University Libraries January 2014 Guide to the Raymond M. Herbenick papers Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/finding_aid eCommons Citation "Guide to the Raymond M. Herbenick papers" (2014). Guides to Archival and Special Collections. 22. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/finding_aid/22 This Finding Aid is brought to you for free and open access by the University Libraries at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Guides to Archival and Special Collections by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Guide to the Raymond M. Herbenick papers, 1965-1998 UASC.025 Finding aid prepared by Rachel DeHart This finding aid was produced using the Archivists' Toolkit September 27, 2012 Describing Archives: A Content Standard University Archives and Special Collections University of Dayton 300 College Park Dayton, Ohio, 45469-1360 937-229-4256 [email protected] Guide to the Raymond M. Herbenick papers, 1965-1998 UASC.025 Table of Contents Summary Information ............................................................................................................................. 3 Biography of Raymond M. Herbenick..........................................................................................................4 Scope and Content.........................................................................................................................................4 -
An Introduction to Cybersecurity Ethics MODULE AUTHOR: Shannon Vallor, Ph.D
An Introduction to Cybersecurity Ethics MODULE AUTHOR: Shannon Vallor, Ph.D. William J. Rewak, S.J. Professor of Philosophy, Santa Clara University TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 2-6 PART ONE: What are the important ethical issues in cybersecurity? 7-12 Case Study 1 13-15 PART TWO: Common ethical challenges for cybersecurity professionals 15-21 Case Study 2 21-24 Case Study 3 24-28 PART THREE: What are cybersecurity professionals’ obligations to the public? 29-34 Case Study 4 34-38 PART FOUR: What ethical frameworks can guide cybersecurity practice? 38-47 PART FIVE: What are ethical best practices in cybersecurity? 48-56 Case Study 5 57-60 Case Study 6 60-61 APPENDIX A: Relevant Professional Ethics Codes & Guidelines (Links) 62 APPENDIX B: Bibliography/Further Reading 63-65 1 An Introduction to Cybersecurity Ethics MODULE AUTHOR: Shannon Vallor, Ph.D. William J. Rewak, S.J. Professor of Philosophy, Santa Clara University 1. What do we mean when we talk about ‘ethics’? Ethics in the broadest sense refers to the concern that humans have always had for figuring out how best to live. The philosopher Socrates is quoted as saying in 399 B.C. that “the most important thing is not life, but the good life.”1 We would all like to avoid a bad life, one that is shameful and sad, fundamentally lacking in worthy achievements, unredeemed by love, kindness, beauty, friendship, courage, honor, joy, or grace. Yet what is the best way to obtain the opposite of this – a life that is not only acceptable, but even excellent and worthy of admiration? How do we identify a good life, one worth choosing from among all the different ways of living that lay open to us? This is the question that the study of ethics attempts to answer. -
Introduction to Information Retrieval
DRAFT! © April 1, 2009 Cambridge University Press. Feedback welcome. 1 1 Boolean retrieval The meaning of the term information retrieval can be very broad. Just getting a credit card out of your wallet so that you can type in the card number is a form of information retrieval. However, as an academic field of study, INFORMATION information retrieval might be defined thus: RETRIEVAL Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). As defined in this way, information retrieval used to be an activity that only a few people engaged in: reference librarians, paralegals, and similar pro- fessional searchers. Now the world has changed, and hundreds of millions of people engage in information retrieval every day when they use a web search engine or search their email.1 Information retrieval is fast becoming the dominant form of information access, overtaking traditional database- style searching (the sort that is going on when a clerk says to you: “I’m sorry, I can only look up your order if you can give me your Order ID”). IR can also cover other kinds of data and information problems beyond that specified in the core definition above. The term “unstructured data” refers to data which does not have clear, semantically overt, easy-for-a-computer structure. It is the opposite of structured data, the canonical example of which is a relational database, of the sort companies usually use to main- tain product inventories and personnel records. -
Computer Ethics: Job of Computer Scientist
International Journals of Advanced Research in Research Article June Computer Science and Software Engineering 2017 ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-7, Issue-6) Computer Ethics: Job of Computer Scientist Juneed Iqbal Bilal Maqbool Beigh Department of Computer science Department of Computer Science Mewar University cluster university of Kashmir Srinagar, India Srinagar, India DOI: 10.23956/ijarcsse/V7I6/0135 Abstract: This paper reiterates the fact that computer ethics is a job of computer scientist and not philosophers. This paper is divided into three sections. First section provides with a brief explanation and discussion on the weaknesses and shortcomings of classical ethical theories like Divine command theories, Ethical Egoism, Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory and Virtue Ethics, which makes them unfit for the application of computer ethics. Second section discusses the ambiguity in theories proposed for foundation of computer ethics. Third section deals with professional ethics and discusses that Computer ethics is a domain of computer scientist. This article gives a clear picture of shortcoming of traditional ethical theories and need of new theory to deal with computer ethics. This article points out flaws in theories trying to give foundation for computer ethics. We suggest professional ethics as practical and preventive measure for computer ethics that caters to its requirements. We also explores the role of computer scientist for the application of computer ethics as a profession. Keywords: Computer ethics; computer scientist; professional ethics; foundational ambiguity; code of ethics. I. INTRODUCTION Modern day societies are driven by computing technologies and are critically dependent on it. Every aspect of society like health, finance, defense, education, transportation and an unending list of other systems which drive our society are dealing with computing technology and artefacts. -
Knowledge Democracy and the Implications to Information Access
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1750-497X.htm Knowledge Knowledge democracy and the democracy implications to information access Ahmad Raza and Hasan Sohaib Murad School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, 37 Lahore, Pakistan Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of “knowledge democracy,” deploying a pluralistic, and cross disciplinary and humanistic critique. Design/methodology/approach – This is a culturally pluralistic and humanistic interpretation of globally emergent form of learning pedagogy, particularly manifested in e-learning. Findings – This paper explores the concept of knowledge democracy in the context of knowledge and information revolution. It has been argued that knowledge democratization implies freedom and equality to access information and knowledge across cultures and societies, particularly in the context of globalization. It is asserted that a democratization of the notion of knowledge would cause a paradigm shift; the way instruction and education are socially structured in different social systems. The knowledge society provides a new spirit of global sharing of values, acceptance of others and learning to live with divergent worldviews. It is contended that e-learning in particular sets a new global social opportunity to transcend regional, racial and national prejudices. Originality/value – The paper underscores the significance of pluralistic and humanistic perspective on knowledge and e-learning. Keywords Globalization, Epistemology, E-learning, Knowledge management, Information and communication technologies Paper type Conceptual paper Social forms of knowledge Historically, knowledge has been the defining attribute of human species. From the simple hunters of pre-historic times to medieval peasants to modern day information creators; all have sought to understand more deeply the structure of physical and social world. -
Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Information Architecture Related to Libraries
Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Information Architecture Related to Libraries Vitor Taga Danielly Oliveira Inomata Caroline Rodrigues Vaz Mauricio Uriona Maldonado Gregório Varvakis Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Brasil ARTICLE Abstract Objective. Information architecture is a determinant guiding element for content layout and user navigation. This work aims at identifying and characterizing the scientific production about information architecture related to libraries. Method. In order to achieve the objective, a bibliometric review and a systemic analysis were conducted, the first to identify the most cited articles, the most productive authors in the field, the main journals; and the latter to characterize the debate and results presented in the articles. For the structured literature review, the Proknow-C method was utilized. The search was made in the Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct databases. Results. One hundred fifteen articles were identified. Three peaks in the number of publications in 2001 (5), 2002 (6) and 2006 (4) were identified. Conclusions. The publications were concentrated in the Social Sciences and Computer Science. The main keywords (Digital libraries, Information architecture and World Wide Web) already contextualize and represent the content of the recovered articles. In relation to content analysis of the articles, a possible convergence in papers aimed towards studies of information architecture and digital libraries is discussed, which is very coherent with the current literature. We point out information architecture makes digital information environments better labelled and facilitates information access. Keywords Bibliometrics; Information architecture; Libraries Análise bibliométrica da produção científica de Arquitetura da Informação relacionados às bibliotecas Resumo Objetivo. -
The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China
The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China Yuyu Chen David Y. Yang* January 4, 2018 — JOB MARKET PAPER — — CLICK HERE FOR LATEST VERSION — Abstract Media censorship is a hallmark of authoritarian regimes. We conduct a field experiment in China to measure the effects of providing citizens with access to an uncensored Internet. We track subjects’ me- dia consumption, beliefs regarding the media, economic beliefs, political attitudes, and behaviors over 18 months. We find four main results: (i) free access alone does not induce subjects to acquire politically sen- sitive information; (ii) temporary encouragement leads to a persistent increase in acquisition, indicating that demand is not permanently low; (iii) acquisition brings broad, substantial, and persistent changes to knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and intended behaviors; and (iv) social transmission of information is statis- tically significant but small in magnitude. We calibrate a simple model to show that the combination of low demand for uncensored information and the moderate social transmission means China’s censorship apparatus may remain robust to a large number of citizens receiving access to an uncensored Internet. Keywords: censorship, information, media, belief JEL classification: D80, D83, L86, P26 *Chen: Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. Email: [email protected]. Yang: Department of Economics, Stanford University. Email: [email protected]. Yang is deeply grateful to Ran Abramitzky, Matthew Gentzkow, and Muriel Niederle -
Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories
NIST Special Publication 800-60 Volume I Revision 1 Volume I: Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories Kevin Stine Rich Kissel William C. Barker Jim Fahlsing Jessica Gulick I N F O R M A T I O N S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 August 2008 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY James M. Turner, Deputy Director Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof-of-concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. ii Authority This document has been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to further its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, P.L. 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems. -
Library and Information Science Open Access Journals in Arab Countries Dr
Submitted on: 18.12.2019 IFLA Division V Satellite Meeting: Leadership Roles in International Librarianship: How Can Information Professionals from Africa, Asia and Oceania, and Latin America and the Caribbean Be Part of It? Date: 20-21 August 2019 Location: Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt Library and Information Science Open Access Journals in Arab Countries Dr. Amal M. Khallaf Lecturer, LIS Department, Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt E- Mail address: [email protected] Copyright © 2019 by Amal M. Khallaf. This work is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Abstract: In response to open access initiatives, many LIS open access journals have been issued in Arab countries. These journals are not widely known; many DOAJ studies pointed out that there is only one Arabic journal. Giving a wider prospective to LIS open access journals in Arab countries was the objective of this study. Descriptive analysis was used to examine Arabic open access journals' web pages during May and June 2019. Data were collected using a refereed checklist. The study found out that There are 12 open access Journals issued in 8 Arab countries, one of them is ceased since 2013, institutions is the largest publishing body, followed by scientific associations, and 75% of these journals issue in dual formats (paper and digital). Only three journals have open access declaration on its web page, and 4 journals only are covered by indexing services; Dar Al Mandunah covers 75% of these journals. Most full text languages are in Arabic and English, while 80% of journals' web pages are in Arabic.