The Right to Information in Times of Crisis
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Freedom of Expression
! BRIEFING NOTE SERIES Freedom of Expression Centre for Law and Democracy International Media Support (IMS) ! FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION BRIEFING NOTE SERIES July 2014 ! This publication was produced with the generous support of the governments of Denmark, Sweden and Norway. ! Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) International Media Support (IMS) 39 Chartwell Lane Nørregade 18 Halifax, N.S. 1165 Copenhagen K B3M 3S7 Denmark Canada Tel: +1 902 431-3688 Tel: +45 8832 7000 Fax: +1 902 431-3689 Fax: +45 3312 0099 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.law-democracy.org www.mediasupport.org © CLD, Halifax and IMS, Copenhagen ISBN 978-87-92209-62-7 This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you give credit to Centre for Law and Democracy and International Media Support; do not use this work for commercial purposes; and distribute any works derived from this publication under a licence identical to this one. ! Abbreviations ACHR American Convention on Human Rights COE Council of Europe ECHR European Court of Human Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICT Information and communications technology IPC Indonesia Press Council OAS Organization of American States OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PKK Kurdistan Workers’ Party PSB Public service -
Freedom of Information: a Comparative Legal Survey
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FOIA--Public Records Request
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION--REQUEST FOR PUBLIC RECORDS To: City of Liberty From: __________________________ City Administrator’s Office Name PO Box 716 __________________________ Liberty, SC 29657 Address [email protected] __________________________ City, State, Zip Code __________________________ Telephone Description of records requested: Are you asking for these records for a commercial use/purpose? Yes No Please indicate the format in which you would like the City to respond to your request. Please know the City may not be able to accommodate the requested format. Cost per the City’s policy may be applied to any of these formats. Inspection Only Hard Copy Email: ___________________________ Fax: ____________________________ Other Format: _____________________ By my signature, I hereby state that I have received a copy of the City of Liberty’s policy outlining possible charges I may incur as part of this request. Signature: ________________________________ Date: ____________________________ For Office Use Only: Date Received: _____________ Due Date: ______________ Response Date: _____________ Department(s) Responsible for Responding: __________________________________________ City Attorney Involvement: Yes No City Staff Assigned Response: ___________________________________________________ Notations:________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Associated Fees: _______________________ Paid: Yes No FREEDOM OF INFORMATION POLICY The City of Liberty upholds the Public’s right to know the activities of its government, but finds it necessary to adopt a written policy to advise its employees. With regard to our own records, this office discloses records in compliance with the state’s Freedom of Information Act. All FOIA requests must be submitted in writing and will be responded to within ten (10) business days unless the records are more than 24 months old, then it will be responded to within twenty (20) business days. -
Information Retrieval System: Concept and Scope MODULE - 5B INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
Information Retrieval System: Concept and Scope MODULE - 5B INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM 15 Notes INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM: CONCEPT AND SCOPE 15.1 INTRODUCTION Information is communicated or received knowledge concerning a particular fact or circumstance. Retrieval refers to searching through stored information to find information relevant to the task at hand. In view of this, information retrieval (IR) deals with the representation, storage, organization of/and access to information items. Here, types of information items include documents, Web pages, online catalogues, structured records, multimedia objects, etc. Chief goals of the IR are indexing text and searching for useful documents in a collection. Libraries were among the first institutions to adopt IR systems for retrieving information. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the importance, definitions and objectives of information retrieval. You will also study in detail the concept of subject approach to information, process of information retrieval, and indexing languages. 15.2 OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: define information retrieval; understand the importance and need of information retrieval system; explain the concept of subject approach to information; LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 321 MODULE - 5B Information Retrieval System: Concept and Scope INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM illustrate the process of information retrieval; and differentiate between natural, free and controlled indexing languages. 15.3 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL (IR) Notes The term ‘information retrieval’ was coined by Calvin Mooers in 1950. It gained popularity in the research community from 1961 onwards, when computers were introduced for information handling. The term information retrieval was then used to mean retrieval of bibliographic information from stored document databases. -
Freedom of Information Act 2000: Slavery Abolition Act 1833
Information Rights Unit HM Treasury 1 Horse Guards Road London SW1A 2HQ 020 7270 5000 [email protected] www.gov.uk/hm-treasury 31 January 2018 Ref: FOI2018/00186 Freedom of Information Act 2000: Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Thank you for your Freedom of Information enquiry of 5 January 2018. You asked for the following information: “… ’In 1833, Britain used 40% of its national budget to buy freedom for all slaves in the Empire. Britain borrowed such a large sum of money for the Slavery Abolition Act that it wasn't paid off until 2014. This means that living British citizens helped pay for the ending of the slave trade with their taxes'. i] Is it true in 1833 Britain used 40% if it budget to buy freedom for slaves in the Empire? ii] Can you confirm that the borrowed money for the Abolition Act was only paid off in 2014?” I can confirm that HM Treasury does hold information within the scope of your request. The Government used £20 million to fund the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. In 1833, this was equivalent to approximately 40% of the Government’s total annual expenditure. This information is available online. Information on the compensation payable under the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 can be found here: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11249 Information on the UK’s Budget in 1833 can be found on tab A27 of the Bank of England’s ‘A millennium of macroeconomic data’ spreadsheet, which can be found here: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets In answering your second question, it may be useful to explain how the UK Government’s borrowing works. -
Introduction to Information Retrieval
DRAFT! © April 1, 2009 Cambridge University Press. Feedback welcome. 1 1 Boolean retrieval The meaning of the term information retrieval can be very broad. Just getting a credit card out of your wallet so that you can type in the card number is a form of information retrieval. However, as an academic field of study, INFORMATION information retrieval might be defined thus: RETRIEVAL Information retrieval (IR) is finding material (usually documents) of an unstructured nature (usually text) that satisfies an information need from within large collections (usually stored on computers). As defined in this way, information retrieval used to be an activity that only a few people engaged in: reference librarians, paralegals, and similar pro- fessional searchers. Now the world has changed, and hundreds of millions of people engage in information retrieval every day when they use a web search engine or search their email.1 Information retrieval is fast becoming the dominant form of information access, overtaking traditional database- style searching (the sort that is going on when a clerk says to you: “I’m sorry, I can only look up your order if you can give me your Order ID”). IR can also cover other kinds of data and information problems beyond that specified in the core definition above. The term “unstructured data” refers to data which does not have clear, semantically overt, easy-for-a-computer structure. It is the opposite of structured data, the canonical example of which is a relational database, of the sort companies usually use to main- tain product inventories and personnel records. -
Challenges to Freedom of Information in the Digital Age
Challenges to Freedom of Information in the Digital Age David Kaye* We live in an age marked by massive contradictions. It should be the age of transparency, a time during which our access to information globally is unparalleled in history, both a byproduct and objective of the digital age. And yet, it is also an age of secrecy in which governments restrict access to information using a wide range of tools, from over-classification of security information, to a failure to devote resources to freedom of information processes and requests, to the punishment of sources and whistleblowers. I want to discuss one part of this issue, using the framework of international human rights law to address the serious pressures on, and major contributions made by, sources and whistleblowers. THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR MANDATE I will start by explaining my mandate as Special Rapporteur. The United Nations Human Rights Council operates as the central human rights body of the UN. It aims to develop human rights norms and ensure implementation of the rules of human rights law. The Human Rights Council has adopted over fifty mandates relating to human rights law, most typically relating to rights guaranteed under the UN Covenant for Civil and Political Rights and, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (known collectively as “Special Procedures”).1 A UN mandate is typically used to refer to a long- * David Kaye, U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Practice of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, gave this keynote speech at Southwestern Law School’s symposium commemorating “Freedom of Information Laws on the Global Stage: Past, Present and Future” (November 4, 2016). -
Knowledge Democracy and the Implications to Information Access
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1750-497X.htm Knowledge Knowledge democracy and the democracy implications to information access Ahmad Raza and Hasan Sohaib Murad School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology, 37 Lahore, Pakistan Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of “knowledge democracy,” deploying a pluralistic, and cross disciplinary and humanistic critique. Design/methodology/approach – This is a culturally pluralistic and humanistic interpretation of globally emergent form of learning pedagogy, particularly manifested in e-learning. Findings – This paper explores the concept of knowledge democracy in the context of knowledge and information revolution. It has been argued that knowledge democratization implies freedom and equality to access information and knowledge across cultures and societies, particularly in the context of globalization. It is asserted that a democratization of the notion of knowledge would cause a paradigm shift; the way instruction and education are socially structured in different social systems. The knowledge society provides a new spirit of global sharing of values, acceptance of others and learning to live with divergent worldviews. It is contended that e-learning in particular sets a new global social opportunity to transcend regional, racial and national prejudices. Originality/value – The paper underscores the significance of pluralistic and humanistic perspective on knowledge and e-learning. Keywords Globalization, Epistemology, E-learning, Knowledge management, Information and communication technologies Paper type Conceptual paper Social forms of knowledge Historically, knowledge has been the defining attribute of human species. From the simple hunters of pre-historic times to medieval peasants to modern day information creators; all have sought to understand more deeply the structure of physical and social world. -
A Citizen's Guide on Using the Freedom of Information
1 Union Calendar No. 127 109TH CONGRESS "!REPORT 1st Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 109–226 A CITIZEN’S GUIDE ON USING THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT AND THE PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 TO REQUEST GOVERNMENT RECORDS SECOND REPORT BY THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/ index.html http://www.house.gov/reform SEPTEMBER 20, 2005.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 21–892 PDF WASHINGTON : 2005 VerDate 11-MAY-2000 14:44 Sep 20, 2005 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4012 Sfmt 4012 D:\DOCS\21892.TXT HGOVREF1 PsN: HGOVREF1 COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM TOM DAVIS, Virginia, Chairman CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut HENRY A. WAXMAN, California DAN BURTON, Indiana TOM LANTOS, California ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida MAJOR R. OWENS, New York JOHN M. MCHUGH, New York EDOLPHUS TOWNS, New York JOHN L. MICA, Florida PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania GIL GUTKNECHT, Minnesota CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland STEVEN C. LATOURETTE, Ohio DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois CHRIS CANNON, Utah WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri JOHN J. DUNCAN, JR., Tennessee DIANE E. WATSON, California CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland DARRELL E. ISSA, California LINDA T. SANCHEZ, California GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida C.A. DUTCH RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland JON C. PORTER, Nevada BRIAN HIGGINS, New York KENNY MARCHANT, Texas ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of LYNN A. -
Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Information Architecture Related to Libraries
Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Information Architecture Related to Libraries Vitor Taga Danielly Oliveira Inomata Caroline Rodrigues Vaz Mauricio Uriona Maldonado Gregório Varvakis Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Brasil ARTICLE Abstract Objective. Information architecture is a determinant guiding element for content layout and user navigation. This work aims at identifying and characterizing the scientific production about information architecture related to libraries. Method. In order to achieve the objective, a bibliometric review and a systemic analysis were conducted, the first to identify the most cited articles, the most productive authors in the field, the main journals; and the latter to characterize the debate and results presented in the articles. For the structured literature review, the Proknow-C method was utilized. The search was made in the Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct databases. Results. One hundred fifteen articles were identified. Three peaks in the number of publications in 2001 (5), 2002 (6) and 2006 (4) were identified. Conclusions. The publications were concentrated in the Social Sciences and Computer Science. The main keywords (Digital libraries, Information architecture and World Wide Web) already contextualize and represent the content of the recovered articles. In relation to content analysis of the articles, a possible convergence in papers aimed towards studies of information architecture and digital libraries is discussed, which is very coherent with the current literature. We point out information architecture makes digital information environments better labelled and facilitates information access. Keywords Bibliometrics; Information architecture; Libraries Análise bibliométrica da produção científica de Arquitetura da Informação relacionados às bibliotecas Resumo Objetivo. -
The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China
The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China Yuyu Chen David Y. Yang* January 4, 2018 — JOB MARKET PAPER — — CLICK HERE FOR LATEST VERSION — Abstract Media censorship is a hallmark of authoritarian regimes. We conduct a field experiment in China to measure the effects of providing citizens with access to an uncensored Internet. We track subjects’ me- dia consumption, beliefs regarding the media, economic beliefs, political attitudes, and behaviors over 18 months. We find four main results: (i) free access alone does not induce subjects to acquire politically sen- sitive information; (ii) temporary encouragement leads to a persistent increase in acquisition, indicating that demand is not permanently low; (iii) acquisition brings broad, substantial, and persistent changes to knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and intended behaviors; and (iv) social transmission of information is statis- tically significant but small in magnitude. We calibrate a simple model to show that the combination of low demand for uncensored information and the moderate social transmission means China’s censorship apparatus may remain robust to a large number of citizens receiving access to an uncensored Internet. Keywords: censorship, information, media, belief JEL classification: D80, D83, L86, P26 *Chen: Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. Email: [email protected]. Yang: Department of Economics, Stanford University. Email: [email protected]. Yang is deeply grateful to Ran Abramitzky, Matthew Gentzkow, and Muriel Niederle -
Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories
NIST Special Publication 800-60 Volume I Revision 1 Volume I: Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories Kevin Stine Rich Kissel William C. Barker Jim Fahlsing Jessica Gulick I N F O R M A T I O N S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 August 2008 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY James M. Turner, Deputy Director Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof-of-concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL’s responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems. This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL’s research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. ii Authority This document has been developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to further its statutory responsibilities under the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, P.L. 107-347. NIST is responsible for developing standards and guidelines, including minimum requirements, for providing adequate information security for all agency operations and assets but such standards and guidelines shall not apply to national security systems.