VCU Open 2014 Round #9
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Crusaders and Georgia: a Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography1
David Tinikashvili Ilia State University Ioane Kazaryan Unaffiliated researcher Crusaders and Georgia: A Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography1 Keywords: Georgia, Iberia, Crusades, David the Builder (King of Georgia), Jerusalem, Antioch, Roman Church, Pope I. Introduction In the present article we consider military relations between Latins and Georgians (Iberians) in the period of the Crusades. The research draws on Georgian and non-Georgian medieval sources as well as relevant secondary historical publications and reassesses some of the opinions expressed in the works by Georgian researchers. One of the first mentions of Georgians (Iberians2) in the Medieval Latin sources is a letter of a 12th century Latin clergyman, Ansellus, the Cantor of the Holy Sepulchre, addressed to Gallon the Bishop of Paris [Ansellus 1902: 729-732]. However, the major source of information about the Georgians is Historia Orientalis by Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre (†1240) [Jacques de Vitry 2008]. The chronicle was written at the time of the Fifth Crusade. Since then Georgians become widely known to Latin authors, who portrayed them 1 The authors are grateful to Dr Peter Halfter for his helpful comments on the article. 2 In this period “Iberia” and “Georgia” were synonyms [Skylitzae 1973: 339, 74-80; 340]. It should be mentioned that when Emperor Basilius arrived in Georgia, it was not eastern but south-western Georgia, which Skylitzae likewise calls Iberia. Besides, under the reign of David the Builder and King Thamar, Georgia (Saqartvelo) was a single kingdom called by the Latins Iberia in the 12th-13th centuries; e.g. crusader G. De Boys writes: “quodde Hiberia quidam Christiani” (“Christians from Iberia”). -
Cassini RADAR Images at Hotei Arcus and Western Xanadu, Titan: Evidence for Geologically Recent Cryovolcanic Activity S
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L04203, doi:10.1029/2008GL036415, 2009 Click Here for Full Article Cassini RADAR images at Hotei Arcus and western Xanadu, Titan: Evidence for geologically recent cryovolcanic activity S. D. Wall,1 R. M. Lopes,1 E. R. Stofan,2 C. A. Wood,3 J. L. Radebaugh,4 S. M. Ho¨rst,5 B. W. Stiles,1 R. M. Nelson,1 L. W. Kamp,1 M. A. Janssen,1 R. D. Lorenz,6 J. I. Lunine,5 T. G. Farr,1 G. Mitri,1 P. Paillou,7 F. Paganelli,2 and K. L. Mitchell1 Received 21 October 2008; revised 5 January 2009; accepted 8 January 2009; published 24 February 2009. [1] Images obtained by the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper retention age comparable with Earth or Venus (500 Myr) (RADAR) reveal lobate, flowlike features in the Hotei [Lorenz et al., 2007]). Arcus region that embay and cover surrounding terrains and [4] Most putative cryovolcanic features are located at mid channels. We conclude that they are cryovolcanic lava flows to high northern latitudes [Elachi et al., 2005; Lopes et al., younger than surrounding terrain, although we cannot reject 2007]. They are characterized by lobate boundaries and the sedimentary alternative. Their appearance is grossly relatively uniform radar properties, with flow features similar to another region in western Xanadu and unlike most brighter than their surroundings. Cryovolcanic flows are of the other volcanic regions on Titan. Both regions quite limited in area compared to the more extensive dune correspond to those identified by Cassini’s Visual and fields [Radebaugh et al., 2008] or lakes [Hayes et al., Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) as having variable 2008]. -
Thomas De Waal the Caucasus
THE CAUCASUS This page intentionally left blank THE CAUCASUS AN INTRODUCTION Thomas de Waal 1 2010 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data de Waal, Thomas. The Caucasus : an introduction / Thomas de Waal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9; 978-0-19-539977-6 (pbk.) 1. Caucasus Region—Politics and government. 2. Caucasus Region—History. 3. Caucasus Region—Relations—Russia. 4. Russia—Relations—Caucasus Region. 5. Caucasus Region—Relations—Soviet Union. 6. Soviet Union—Relations—Caucasus Region. I. Title. DK509.D33 2010 947.5—dc22 2009052376 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Zoe This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1 1. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Saint Grigol Peradze Grigol Peradze 900Th Anniversary 900Th
იიივანეივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახსახსახელობისსახ ელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი ისტორიისა დადადა ეთნოლოგიის ინსტიტუტი IIIvaneIvane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Institute ofofof History andandand Ethnology ვარშავის უნივერსიტეტი აღმოსავლეთ ევროპისმცოდნეობის ცენტრი University of Warsaw Centre for East European Studies საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია Georgian National Academy of Sciences წმიდა მღვდელმოწამე გრიგოლ ფერაძის საზოგადოება Society ofofof Saint Archimandrite Grigol Peradze SSSaintSaint Grigol Peradze 2nd International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 900th Anniversary of the Battle of Didgori Tbilisi, Georgia September 20 – 21, 2021 First Circular Grigol Peradze is a great Georgian scholar canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Chur ch as a saint martyr . Still very young, he was forced to leave Georgia (to avoid the Bolshevik regime) and found refuge in Europe. While abroad, Grigol Peradze began an active scientific research, he searched everywhere and collected Georgian manuscripts a nd studied them. After a divine vision, he gave up secular life and became a monk. Unfortunately, the totalitarian regime did not allow him to live in peace even in Europe. When Nazi Germany occupied Poland, he was there. Grigol Peradze as a foreigner coul d leave the country, but he did not. He did not cooperate with the Nazis and tried to protect Jews from Nazi repressions. Therefore, he was soon confined in a concentration camp and ended his life in a gas chamber. According to the statement, St. Grigol Pe radze entered the cell instead of one Jew who had many children in order to save human life and not to bow to evil. In 2019 the Georgian society celebrated the 120th anniversary of this great Georgian figure. -
Volunteering in Georgia a Handbook
Volunteering in Georgia A Handbook © Copyright Academy for Peace and Development, 2008. Disclaimer The use of this handbook in part or whole is permissible providing the integrity of the manual remains intact and an appropriate quotation and referencing system are used. Printed by The NewsPaper ‘‘Sakartvelos Matsne’’ Ltd. Tbilisi, Georgia. Cover: Graffiti, Tbilisi. ISBN 978 9941 0 0725 5 Volunteering in Georgia A Handbook 006 Preface Dear volunteers going to Georgia, Your upcoming experience of the European Voluntary Service (EVS) is certainly going to be one of the most adventurous and personality-enriching periods in your life. Not only because you are going to the Southern Caucasus, far away from your home country and culture, but also because you will support the local com- munity where you are going with your work, because you will help other people from your heart! By being an international volunteer you will definitely learn a lot and experience both the bright and dark sides of the local culture you are moving to. Neverthe- less your work will also be directed towards people there. You will need a lot of responsibility and surely will face great moments of success shared with others. Being a member of the large family of EVS volunteers makes you an actor of positive change in Europe and beyond. Assume this fully and enjoy a mindful of heartfelt emotions! The Handbook you are just about to read will be very helpful with your pre- paration for and awareness of many obstacles that you will meet along the way. The Handbook might also help you a lot to identify your own objectives for your upcoming EVS project. -
Selçuklu-Gürcü Mücadelelerinde Bir Dönüm Noktası: Didgori Savaşı (1121) Ve Sonuçları*
TAD, C.35/S.60,2016,s. 73-96 Selçuklu-Gürcü Mücadelelerinde Bir Dönüm Noktası: Didgori Savaşı (1121) ve Sonuçları∗ A Milestone in the Seljuk-Georgian Conflicts: The Battle of Didgori (1121) and Its Results Erhan ATEŞ∗∗ Makale Bilgisi Article Info Başvuru: 9 Ağustos 2016 Recieved: August 9, 2016 Kabul: 8 Eylül 2016 Accepted: September 8, 2016 Özet XI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren başlayan Selçuklu-Gürcü ilişkileri çok sayıda çatışmaya sahne olmuştur. Selçuklular bölgeye geldikten sonra kısa bir süre içerisinde Gürcülere üstünlüklerini kabul ettirmişlerdir. Ancak IV. David’in başa geçmesinin ardından bu durum tam tersine dönmüştür. İlk olarak içerideki problemleri halleden Gürcü Kralı, daha sonra yönünü dış politikaya çevirmiştir. Selçuklulara karşı seferlere girişen IV. David, çok sayıda askerî zafer kazanmıştır. David’in başa geçişiyle başlayan Gürcü yükselişi, 1121 yılındaki Didgori Savaşı ile zirveye ulaşmıştır. Didgori Savaşı’nı kazandıktan sonra cesaretlenen Gürcü ordusu, yönünü Müslümanların yaklaşık 400 yıldır kontrol ettiği Tiflis’e çevirmiştir. 1122’de Tiflis’i ele geçiren IV. David, burayı başkent yapmıştır. Didgori Savaşı neticesinde bölgesel bir güç haline gelen Gürcü Krallığı dağınık haldeki topraklarını birleştirmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gürcüler, Selçuklular, Kıpçaklar, Didgori Savaşı, Tiflis ∗ Bu makale Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih (Ortaçağ) Anabilim Dalı’nda 2015 yılında tarafımızdan yazılmış olan “XII-XIII. Yüzyıllarda Güney Kafkasya’da Kıpçaklar” başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinden üretilmiştir. ∗∗ Arş. Gör., Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil-Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Ortaçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı, [email protected] 74 Erhan ATEŞ Abstract The relationships between Seljuk-Georgian, which started in beginning of the 11th century, witnessed lots of clashes. A short time after coming to the area, Seljuks made the Georgians accept their superiority. -
Estimating Erosional Exhumation on Titan from Drainage Network Morphology
Estimating erosional exhumation on Titan from drainage network morphology The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Black, Benjamin A., J. Taylor Perron, Devon M. Burr, and Sarah A. Drummond. “Estimating Erosional Exhumation on Titan from Drainage Network Morphology.” Journal of Geophysical Research 117, no. E8 (2012). Copyright © 2012 American Geophysical Union As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012je004085 Publisher American Geophysical Union (AGU) Version Final published version Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85624 Terms of Use Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117, E08006, doi:10.1029/2012JE004085, 2012 Estimating erosional exhumation on Titan from drainage network morphology Benjamin A. Black,1 J. Taylor Perron,1 Devon M. Burr,2 and Sarah A. Drummond2 Received 20 March 2012; revised 15 June 2012; accepted 26 June 2012; published 15 August 2012. [1] Drainage networks on Titan, Earth, and Mars provide the only known examples of non-volcanic fluvial activity in our solar system. The drainage networks on Titan are apparently the result of a methane-ethane cycle similar to Earth’s water cycle. The scarcity of impact craters and the uneven distribution of fluvial dissection on Titan suggest that the surface may be relatively young. The purpose of this study is to assess the importance of erosion relative to other plausible mechanisms of resurfacing such as tectonic deformation, cryovolcanism, or deposition of aerosols. -
Georgia (Country)
Georgia (country) This article is about the country. For the U.S. state, brief Russo-Georgian War in August 2008. see Georgia (U.S. state). For other uses, see Georgia Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Council (disambiguation). of Europe, and the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development. It contains two de facto in- Coordinates: 42°00′N 43°30′E / 42.000°N 43.500°E dependent regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which Georgia ( i/ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/; Georgian: საქართველო, tr. gained limited international recognition after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Georgia and a major part of the Sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ]) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads international community consider the regions to be part of Georgia’s sovereign territory under Russian military of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to [7] the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the occupation. south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Geor- gia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres (26,911 1 Etymology sq mi), and its 2016 population is about 3.72 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the Main article: Name of Georgia (country) government elected through a representative democracy. “Georgia” probably stems from the Persian designation During the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The king- doms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. A unified Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. -
Life and Death in the Shadow of Vesuvius
Life and death in the shadow of Vesuvius The following Educator’s Guide for A Day in Pompeii was designed to promote personalized learning and reinforce classroom curriculum. The worksheets and classroom activities are appropriate for various grade levels and apply to proficiency standards in social studies, language arts, reading, math, science and the arts. Students are encouraged to use their investigation skills to describe, explain, analyze, summarize, record and evaluate the information presented in the exhibit. The information gathered can then be used as background research for the various Classroom Connections that relate to grade level academic content standards. In order to best suit you and your classroom needs, this Educator’s Guide has been broken up into the following areas: A. Pre-visit Information Background Information i. Vocabulary ii. Volcanism 1. Types of Volcanoes 2. Advantages of Volcanoes iii. Mt. Vesuvius iv. Pompeii Classroom Connections B. Museum Visit Information Exhibit Walk-through Exhibit Student Worksheet C. Post-visit Information Classroom Connections i. Language Arts/Social Studies ii. Science iii. Fine Arts Further Readings Ohio and National Standards PRE-VISIT INFORMATION Vocabulary Archaeologist – A scientist who studies artifacts of the near and distant past in order to develop a picture of how people lived in earlier cultures and societies. These artifacts include physical remains, such as graves, tools and pottery. Artifact – A hand-made object or the remains of an object that is characteristic of an earlier time or culture, such as an object found at an archaeological excavation. Caldera – A cauldron-like depression in the ground created by the collapse of land after a volcanic eruption. -
Prerequisites for Explosive Cryovolcanism on Dwarf Planet-Class Kuiper Belt Objects ⇑ M
Icarus 246 (2015) 48–64 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Prerequisites for explosive cryovolcanism on dwarf planet-class Kuiper belt objects ⇑ M. Neveu a, , S.J. Desch a, E.L. Shock a,b, C.R. Glein c a School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA c Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA article info abstract Article history: Explosive extrusion of cold material from the interior of icy bodies, or cryovolcanism, has been observed Received 30 December 2013 on Enceladus and, perhaps, Europa, Triton, and Ceres. It may explain the observed evidence for a young Revised 21 March 2014 surface on Charon (Pluto’s surface is masked by frosts). Here, we evaluate prerequisites for cryovolcanism Accepted 25 March 2014 on dwarf planet-class Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). We first review the likely spatial and temporal extent of Available online 5 April 2014 subsurface liquid, proposed mechanisms to overcome the negative buoyancy of liquid water in ice, and the volatile inventory of KBOs. We then present a new geochemical equilibrium model for volatile exso- Keywords: lution and its ability to drive upward crack propagation. This novel approach bridges geophysics and geo- Charon chemistry, and extends geochemical modeling to the seldom-explored realm of liquid water at subzero Interiors Pluto temperatures. We show that carbon monoxide (CO) is a key volatile for gas-driven fluid ascent; whereas Satellites, formation CO2 and sulfur gases only play a minor role. -
XIX Saukune Saqartvelos Istoriasi Gardamtexi Epoqaa
George Sanikidze G. Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies, Ilia State University, Georgia BETWEEN EAST AND WEST: 19TH C. FRENCH PERCEPTION OF GEORGIA The 19th century is a turning point in the history of Georgia. After its incorporation into the Russian Empire radical changes took place in the country. Europeans have taken an ever increasing interest in Georgia, specifically in its capital Tbilisi. This article discusses a change in France’s perception of Georgia and its capital during the nineteenth century. The nineteenth century French memoirs and records on Georgia can be divided into three basic groups. These groups reflect changes in the political and economic situation in the East-West relations which had immediate implications for Georgia. The first period coincides with the “Great Game” during the Napoleonic wars when Georgia inadvertently became part of France’s Eastern policy. The French sources on Georgia are comprised of so- called Treaty of Finkenshtein between France and Persia, French newspapers (Le moniteur, Journal de l’Empire, Nouvelles étrangères...) reporting, and data on Georgia by French envoys in Persia (General Ange de Gardane (1766–1818), Amadée Jaubert (1779-1847), Joseph Rousseau (1780-1831), Camille Alphonse Trézel (1880-1860)...). The second period was a time of taking interest economically in Georgia and its capital Tbilisi, which by then (especially under the so-called preferential tariff policy) had become a transit trade route for European goods going East, Iran in particular. In this regard an invaluable source is the work by the first French consul in Tbilisi Chevalier Jacques François Gamba (1763-1833). Although the economic activity of France in the Caucasus relatively slowed after the preferential tariff was revoked (1831), many French still traveled to Georgia.