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11-1-2006 Ethnic Atlas of West , Volume 2 Community Research Institute, Johnson Center for Philanthropy, Grand Valley State University

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Recommended Citation Community Research Institute, Johnson Center for Philanthropy, Grand Valley State University, "Ethnic Atlas of West Michigan, Volume 2" (2006). Research and Publications. Paper 1. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/research/1

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Community Research Institute at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research and Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethnic Atlas of West Michigan V I Hispanic Populations n o

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of the r s h i p The Community Research Institute (CRI) at Grand Valley State University is a partnership between the Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Leadership and the Grand Rapids Community Foundation. CRI’s mission is to assist nonprofit organizations with acquisition of information and technical skills that will help them to understand the evolving needs of the community, plan programs, solve problems, and measure outcomes. For additional information visit our web site at www.cridata.org or contact us directly by calling (616) 331-7585.

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Ethnic Atlas of West Michigan ISSN 1555-2551

Suggested Citation: Doug LaFave, Mark C. Hoffman, and Jeremy Pyne. Ethnic Atlas of West Michigan, Volume 2: Demographic, Economic, Social, and Housing Characteristics of the Hispanic Populations, Including Mexican, Puerto Rican, Guatemalan, Cuban, and Dominican. Grand Rapids, MI: Community Research Institute, Dorothy A. Johnson Center for Philanthropy and Nonprofit Leadership, Grand Valley State University, November 2006. This report documents the demographic, social, economic and housing conditions of the Hispanic/ populations residing in West Michigan’s Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon and Allegan counties, as enumerated in the 2000 U.S. Census. Knowledge about the Hispanic/Latino populations is important as they collectively constitute one of the fastest growing segments of West Michigan’s population due to both immigration and birth rate. Although they are often lumped together, Hispanics/Latinos often identify themselves with many different nationalities with distinct cultures and histories. Thus this report includes details of West Michigan’s five largest Hispanic/Latino heritages: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Guatemalan, Cuban, and Dominican. The authors hope that the maps and tables that are presented in this report will help determine the need for special services; expose unfounded assumptions and stereotypes; and provide insight into patterns of assimilation, economic activity and residential dispersion.

Mexican :

The Mexican-heritage population is the largest among the Hispanics/Latinos. Mexicans/ Mexican- account for about 68 percent of all Hispanics/Latinos and 4.3 percent of all persons in West Michigan.

The majority (63%) of the West Michigan Mexican-heritage population was born in the U.S. About 42 percent was born in Michigan; and another 6.6 percent are naturalized U.S. citizens. The overall citizenship rate is about 70 percent.

Of the foreign-born West Michigan Mexican-heritage population, about 65 percent came to America during the economic boom of the 1990’s. Some Mexicans came as migrant workers, but many others came for jobs in manufacturing.

Mexicans/Mexican-Americans have the lowest median age (22.6 years old) among the five Hispanic/Latino heritages in this study. This suggests that West Michigan’s Mexican- heritage population will likely continue to grow in number and influence.

Mexicans/Mexican-Americans trail the general population in educational attainment. Only about 47 percent of persons over age 25 have earned a high school diploma. Only about 10 percent have earned an Associates degree or a Bachelors degree. Low educational attainment is partially the reason that almost 20 percent of the Mexican-heritage population in West Michigan lives in poverty.

Puerto Rican :

The Puerto Rican-heritage population is the second largest among the Hispanics/Latinos in West Michigan. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is legally part of the United States, which means that persons born in Puerto Rico are native-born U.S. citizens.

Page 1 English language difficulties are relatively low among persons with Puerto Rican heritage. Only 10 percent report speaking English “not well” or “not at all.” English is the first language for many, with over one-third speaking only English at home.

Among the five Hispanic/Latino heritages examined, Puerto Rican-heritage households have the highest rate of families without children (32%). also have a relatively high rate of female-headed households (23%).

Surprisingly, for full-time workers, the median income is higher for females than for males with males earning $25,962 and females earning $26,042. The Puerto Rican female workforce has a median income ($26,042) almost equal to that of the general female workforce ($27,877). Other than manufacturing, the Puerto Rican-heritage workforce is prominent in the health care and food service industries.

Only 42 percent of Puerto Rican-heritage households are homeowners, which is low compared to all Hispanics/Latinos (54%) and the general population (75%).

Guatemalan :

Most of the Guatemalan-heritage population is a relatively recent addition to West Michigan, with 80 percent arriving in the 1990’s. Because most / are relatively recent immigrants, about three quarters are not U.S. citizens.

A relatively large portion of this population (20%) is under age five. This is partly because of international adoption. In 1990, was the eighth most common foreign source for adopted orphans. By 2000, Guatemala had risen to fourth. (By 2005, it was third, with 3,783 immigrant visas issued to Guatemalan orphans.1) About 7 percent of Guatemalan- born children in West Michigan are with adoptive families.

Partly because the majority of the Guatemalan-heritage population has come from Guatemala, where the illiteracy rate is close to 30 percent,2 educational attainments among West Michigan’s Guatemalans/Guatemalan Americans is very low. Only 16 percent have a high school diploma and only 2.9 percent have either an Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree. This statistic will likely improve as the children go through the U.S. education system.

With such low educational attainment, it is not surprising that the Guatemalan-heritage population has a high poverty rate (31%) compared to all Hispanics/Latinos (20%) and the general population (8%). Guatemalan-heritage home-owners have homes that are significantly older (median year built: 1940) and cheaper (median value: $47,300) when compared to all Hispanics/Latinos (1961; $85,400) and the general population (1969; $114,800). Surprisingly, they report a very high median monthly gross rent ($577), with 17 percent of Guatemalan-heritage households reporting rent over $800 per month. This anomaly is partly caused by many Guatemalan households (71%) sharing a renter- occupied unit. Though the Guatemalans live in units with relatively higher rents, by sharing rental units with other households, they lower their individual cost.

Page 2 Guatemalans/Guatemalan Americans in West Michigan appear to have been attracted to the area by manufacturing jobs. Among the top five Hispanic/Latino-heritage populations, they have the highest rate of employment in production and transportation occupations (60%). Also unique among the top-five Hispanic/Latino-heritage populations, their top ranked industry of employment is “food manufacturing.”

Cuban :

The Cuban/Cuban-American community has been established in West Michigan longer than other Hispanic/Latino communities. About 22 percent of the Cuban-heritage population came before 1970. This is partly because, after the 1959 Cuban revolution, Cuban immigrants have been quickly and automatically granted refugee or parolee status, making them legal residents.

The statistics also show the Cubans/ to be a more “mature” population, being the oldest among the other top-five Hispanic/ Latino-heritage populations, with the average age being 30.5 years. The Cuban-heritage population has the smallest average household size, with slightly less than 3 persons per household.

High educational achievement also makes the Cuban population unique. Almost 70 percent of Cubans over age 25 have earned a high school diploma. Almost 20 percent have an Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree. This may reflect both the maturity of the immigrant population, and the likelihood that even new Cuban immigrants are well educated, as the literacy rate in Cuba is 97 percent.3

Among the top-five Hispanic/ Latino-heritage populations, the Cuban-heritage population has the highest home ownership rate (65%). Home-owning Cubans/Cuban-Americans also have the highest median home value ($121,500), $6,700 higher than that of the general population.

With the Cuban-heritage population being economically successful, it seems odd that has a relatively high rate of public assistance, with 11.6 percent of households receiving some form of public assistance income. This may be because Cubans/Cuban Americans are likely to be legally eligible, more aware of benefits, and less likely to eschew contact with government programs.

Dominican :

The Dominican-heritage population is unique among the top-five Hispanic/ Latino-heritage populations in that there are more females than males among the population 15 years of age and older. Typically, immigrant populations have a higher number of males, because males are more likely to move first and bring their families later, or return home themselves. Despite a number of inquiries, no wholly satisfactory hypothesis has been offered for this anomaly, even though it is equally true for the national Dominican-heritage population. Dominicans have a high rate of employment in health care, which traditionally

Page 3 has a large female work force. However, there is no way to know if this is a cause or a result of Dominican demographics. The best that can be stated is that "the higher number of women relative to men in the Dominican population is due to the higher number of female immigrants.” 4

Over 95 percent of Dominicans/ live in a family household. This is greater than any other top-five Hispanic/ Latino-heritage population. The Dominican- heritage population also has a relatively high average family size: almost 4 persons per family. Only 11.5 percent of families are without children.

Almost 70 percent of the Dominican-heritage population was born abroad. Of those, the citizenship rate is relatively high, with over 25 percent being naturalized citizens.

The Dominicans/Dominican Americans have a high percentage of persons with an Associate or Bachelor degree (28%). This may be because the Dominican Republic has a high literacy rate (84.7%) but suffers a significant brain drain to the U.S.5

Other Hispanics :

No other West Michigan Hispanic/Latino-heritage population is over 500 persons. The population totals for 14 other Hispanic/Latino-heritage populations are as follows:

Salvadoran 389 Panamanian 72 Honduran 281 Argentinean 72 Colombian 198 Nicaraguan 71 Peruvian 129 Bolivian 44 Chilean 117 Ecuadorian 41 Venezuelan 104 Paraguayan 13 Costa Rican 84 Uruguayan 9

Notes :

1 US Department of State (accessed 2/1/06) Immigrant visas issued to orphans coming to the U.S. http://travel.state.gov/family/adoption/stats/stats_451.html 2 US Central Intelligence Agency (2006). “Guatemala” in The world factbook. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gt.html 3 US Central Intelligence Agency (2006). “Cuba” in The world factbook . http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cu.html 4 Migration Policy Institute (2004). The Dominican population in the united states growth and distribution. http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/MPI_Report_Dominican_Pop_US.pdf 5 Prachi Mishra (2006) Emigration and brain drain: evidence from the Caribbean. IMF Working Paper http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp0625.pdf

Page 4 Table 1: General Demographics for Designated Populations in Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon and Allegan Counties, 2000 Mexican Puerto Guatemalan Cuban Dominican all general Rican Hispanics population

Total population 46,942 5,108 2,061 1,634 1,225 68,916 1,088,514 Median age 22.6 22.7 23.5 31.8 26.6 22.7 33.2 In age cohort: Under 5 13.7% 11.6% 19.6% 7.8% 10.3% 13.5% 7.5% 5-14 20.7% 23.2% 10.9% 16.0% 19.9% 20.9% 16.0% 15-19 9.2% 9.8% 10.5% 8.2% 9.7% 9.3% 7.9% 20-39 39.3% 33.7% 57.4% 33.2% 32.6% 38.4% 29.3% 40-64 14.8% 18.5% 7.7% 26.4% 24.4% 15.2% 28.4% 65 and Over 2.2% 3.1% 0.3% 8.1% 2.8% 2.4% 10.8% Total males 25,752 2,631 1,360 841 574 37,285 537,056 Median age 23.3 22.2 24.2 33.1 25.1 23.2 32.1 Male-to-female ratio for age cohort: Under 5 1.06 to 1 1.1 to 1 0.97 to 1 0.80 to 1 1.31 to 1 1.06 to 1 1.0 to 1 5-14 1.07 to 1 1.1 to 1 0.79 to 1 0.79 to 1 1.29 to 1 1.04 to 1 1.1 to 1 15-19 1.18 to 1 1.2 to 1 2.28 to 1 1.45 to 1 0.79 to 1 1.19 to 1 1.0 to 1 20-39 1.39 to 1 1.0 to 1 2.74 to 1 1.12 to 1 0.81 to 1 1.34 to 1 1.0 to 1 40-64 1.18 to 1 1.2 to 1 2.12 to 1 1.28 to 1 0.86 to 1 1.14 to 1 1.0 to 1 65 and Over 0.93 to 1 0.9 to 1 0.2 to 1 0.75 to 1 0.75 to 1 0.88 to 1 0.7 to 1 Total females 21,190 2,477 701 793 651 31,631 551,458 Median age 21.7 23.3 21.3 30.5 27.6 22 34.3 Of child bearing age (age 15-44) 50.8% 24.5% 57.6% 47.2% 52.8% 50.5% 22.5% Total children 18,415 1,907 627 532 375 26,794 351,662 Adopted 1.0% 0.6% 6.9% 1.7% 0.0% 1.3% 0.9% Speaking English as 1st language (only English at home) or speaking English "very well" (age 5-17 only) 76.1% 90.5% 67.1% 89.4% 82.7% 78.8% 96.9% Total households 10,881 1,437 425 547 335 16,739 396,047 Average household size 3.92 3.25 4.87 2.98 3.75 3.79 2.67 Total families 9,208 1,101 342 387 296 13,559 278,186 Average family size 3.94 3.65 4.32 3.59 3.89 3.83 3.19 Family types: Married couple families with children 48.0% 38.5% 45.9% 50.4% 43.6% 46.8% 38.7% Male-headed family with children 8.8% 5.9% 9.6% 6.2% 7.4% 8.3% 3.0% Female-headed family with children 15.3% 23.3% 11.4% 9.6% 31.8% 17.2% 10.2% Families with no children 17.8% 32.2% 15.2% 27.1% 11.5% 18.1% 48.0% Urban and rural residence Urban 85.3% 93.8% 97.7% 92.6% 98.6% 87.0% 76.0% Rural 14.6% 6.1% 2.2% 7.3% 1.3% 12.9% 3.8% Source: All calculations by Doug La Fave, based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Summary File 4. CRI at the Johnson Center Grand Valley State University

Page 5 Table 2: Social Characteristics for Designated Populations in Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon and Allegan Counties, 2000 Mexican Puerto Guatemalan Cuban Dominican all general Rican Hispanics population

Place of Origin Percent of total population born: In Michigan 41.9% 38.1% 14.6% 31.1% 13.6% 41.0% 77.4% In U.S. state other than Michigan 20.2% 23.3% 4.2% 12.6% 13.7% 20.4% 16.8% In foreign country or Puerto Rico [1] 37.2% 37.7% 80.6% 55.7% 69.9% 37.2% 5.8% Year of Entry Percent of foreign-born population entering the U.S.: [2] 1990-2000 64.6% N/A 80.1% 35.1% 52.4% 63.7% 52.2% 1980-1989 23.8% N/A 19.9% 30.2% 29.8% 24.6% 22.4% 1970-1979 7.7% N/A 0.0% 12.8% 13.4% 7.6% 8.8% Before 1970 3.7% N/A 0.0% 21.8% 4.3% 3.9% 16.6% Educational Attainment Percent of population over 25: Completed 9th grade 69.3% 84.5% 37.5% 88.0% 87.0% 72.5% 95.1% High school diploma 47.5% 62.2% 16.0% 68.8% 59.4% 50.8% 84.6% Associate's or bachelor's degree 10.1% 13.8% 2.9% 19.3% 28.5% 11.9% 30.6% Graduate or professional degree 1.4% 2.7% 1.1% 1.1% 3.0% 2.0% 7.3% Doctorate degree 0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.5% Citizenship Percent of all persons: Native-born citizens 63.1% 97.4% 19.7% 44.7% 31.9% 65.0% 94.8% Naturalized citizens 6.6% 0.5% 6.6% 21.7% 25.6% 6.9% 1.9% Non-citizens 30.3% 2.2% 73.7% 28.2% 42.5% 28.1% 3.3% Citizenship rate for foreign-born population: Entering U.S. 1990-2000 5.1% N/A 5.2% 4.6% 8.3% 5.2% 13.5% Entering U.S. 1980-1989 7.2% N/A 3.0% 14.2% 13.3% 7.8% 45.9% Entering U.S. Before 1980 5.6% N/A 0.0% 32.7% 16.0% 6.6% 75.6% Language skills Persons speaking only English at home: 5 to 17 years old: 42.7% 58.8% 28.3% 63.6% 8.8% 44.7% 91.5% 18 to 64 years old: 25.3% 25.5% 3.0% 24.6% 3.9% 24.5% 90.7% 65 years and over old: 20.2% 17.1% 0.0% 25.5% 0.0% 22.2% 94.6%

Persons speaking English "very well" or "well": 5 to 17 years old: 46.6% 38.8% 51.8% 33.5% 91.2% 46.6% 7.2% 18 to 64 years old: 44.6% 62.1% 35.6% 54.6% 54.4% 47.5% 6.8% 65 years and over old: 53.2% 31.4% NA 19.6% NA 47.4% 4.4% Persons speaking English "not well" or "not at all": 5 to 17 years old: 10.7% 2.4% 19.9% 2.9% 0.0% 8.7% 1.3% 18 to 64 years old: 30.1% 12.4% 61.4% 20.9% 41.7% 27.9% 2.5% 65 years and over old: 26.6% 51.4% NA 54.9% NA 30.4% 1.0% Population In linguisticlly isolated households [3] 25.7% 10.3% 67.2% 21.2% 28.0% 24.0% 2.2%

Source: All calculations by Doug La Fave, based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Summary File 4. Notes: [1] Also includes those born in US island territories and those born abroad to American parents. [2] The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is part of the US and its citizens are also US citizens. Citizens of Puerto Rico are not considered "foreign born" for the purpose of entering the 50 United States. [3] A household in which no person age 14 years or older speaks only English nor speaks another language plus English "very well" is classified as "linguistically isolated." In other words, a household in which all members 14 years old and over have difficulty with English is "linguistically isolated." CRI at the Johnson Center Grand Valley State University

Page 6 Table 3: Economic Characteristics for Designated Populations in Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon and Allegan Counties, 2000 Mexican Puerto Guatemalan Cuban Dominican all general Rican Hispanics population

Employment indicators Unemployment rate [4] 7.0% 7.7% 7.3% 8.2% 6.6% 7.0% 4.4% Male participation rate [5] 77.4% 66.4% 84.4% 75.1% 82.2% 76.9% 76.5% Female participation rate [5] 62.5% 66.7% 64.6% 67.3% 65.1% 63.1% 63.1% Dependency rate [6] 38.4% 36.4% 28.7% 32.1% 28.0% 38.1% 36.0% Self-employment rate 3.0% 3.0% 4.1% 3.0% 4.2% 2.9% 7.8%

Income In 1999 Median income for: All households $39,179 $31,184 $37,596 $30,521 $35,450 $37,231 $46,116 Households w/ householder age 45-54 $47,295 $38,289 $25,455 $40,673 $36,750 $43,589 $61,239 Families $37,907 $33,365 $30,714 $40,724 $35,800 $37,275 $54,118 Full-time all-year male worker $26,439 $25,962 $16,698 $29,766 $24,800 $26,490 $40,605 Full-time all-year female worker $22,319 $26,042 $16,552 $25,000 $17,875 $22,691 $27,877 Per household income from selected sources by percentage: Interest, dividends and rent 12.3% 7.4% 11.2% 20.6% 4.1% 12.3% 38.8% Self-employment 6.7% 7.1% 4.2% 4.5% 4.4% 6.1% 10.9% Public assistance 7.0% 8.8% 3.2% 11.6% 6.4% 6.9% 2.7% Households by income threshhold: Below poverty 19.6% 22.6% 31.5% 17.9% 17.0% 20.1% 8.3% Earning over $125,000 2.9% 1.7% 2.1% 0.9% 2.3% 2.7% 5.5%

Employment By Occupation Workers In Each Classification: Management and Professional 10.8% 13.7% 3.0% 24.9% 12.2% 11.7% 29.6% Service 16.4% 15.8% 13.9% 8.4% 10.5% 16.0% 13.5% Sales and office 15.5% 21.1% 7.8% 13.1% 21.4% 16.1% 25.6% Farming, fishing and forestry 5.5% 0.5% 5.0% 0.0% 1.3% 4.6% 0.7% Construction, extraction and maintenance 8.2% 4.9% 9.6% 5.9% 8.9% 8.0% 8.3% Production and transportation 43.4% 43.9% 60.4% 42.2% 45.5% 43.4% 22.3% Top five occupations of employment:

Assemblers and Assemblers and Assemblers and Metal And Plastic Metal And Plastic Assemblers and Metal And Plastic Ranked 1st fabricators fabricators fabricators Workers Workers fabricators Workers

Metal And Plastic Metal And Plastic Metal And Plastic Assemblers and Assemblers and Metal And Plastic Assemblers and Ranked 2nd Workers Workers Workers fabricators fabricators Workers fabricators Laborers and Building and Laborers and Laborers and Laborers and Material material movers, grounds material movers, material movers, Customer service material movers, recording, Ranked 3rd hand maintenance hand hand representatives hand scheduling, etc. Agricultural Laborers and Vehicle Material Material Building and Building and workers, inc. material movers, mechanics, recording, recording, grounds grounds Ranked 4th supervisors hand installers, repair scheduling, etc. scheduling, etc. maintenance maintenance Building and Building and Electrical Agricultural Retail sales grounds Customer service grounds Information & equipment mech. workers, inc. workers, ex. Ranked 5th maintenance representatives maintenance records clerks & maint. supervisors cashiers Source: All calculations by Doug La Fave, based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Summary File 4. Notes:

[4] The unemployment rate is the percent of the civilian labor force who did not work during the 2000 Census week, were looking for work during the previous 4 weeks, and were available to start a job. Also included were those on temporary layoff from a job but available to [5] The participation rate is the percentage of persons age 16 years and over that are in the labor force (employed or unemployed). [6] The dependency rate is the percentage of all persons who are not of working age (i.e. under 16 and over 65). CRI at the Johnson Center Grand Valley State University

Page 7 Table 3 (cont.): Econ. Characteristics for Designated Populations in Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon and Allegan Counties, 2000 Mexican Puerto Guatemalan Cuban Dominican all general Rican Hispanics population

Employment By Industry Workers in each industrial clasification: Agricultural. forestry, fishing & mining 5.4% 0.3% 5.2% 0.0% 1.3% 4.3% 1.1% Arts, entertainment, recreation, accomodation & food services 8.8% 6.2% 8.7% 5.2% 2.3% 8.2% 6.8% Construction 5.7% 2.6% 3.2% 7.0% 0.7% 5.1% 5.8% Educational, health & social services 8.5% 13.3% 3.4% 12.7% 18.8% 9.7% 18.4% Finance, insurance, real estate & rental 1.9% 3.9% 0.6% 7.4% 1.5% 2.2% 5.1% Information 1.0% 1.8% 0.0% 1.1% 0.0% 1.1% 1.8% Manufacturing 40.8% 44.0% 55.2% 41.0% 48.4% 41.7% 26.9% Other services 3.2% 4.4% 11.4% 1.5% 5.8% 3.9% 4.6% Professional, scientific, management, administrative & waste management 6.0% 3.9% 1.7% 7.8% 2.3% 4.5% 6.7% Public administration 1.6% 2.3% 0.0% 2.7% 0.0% 1.7% 2.2% Retail trade 10.1% 10.0% 3.7% 7.1% 15.1% 10.0% 12.7% Transportation, warehousing & utilities 2.1% 4.7% 1.0% 2.9% 3.3% 2.3% 3.4% Wholesale trade 4.3% 2.8% 5.3% 3.0% 0.0% 3.8% 4.7% Top five industries of employment: Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation equipment equipment Food equipment equipment equipment Ranked 1st manufacturing manufacturing Manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing manufacturing Health Care Transportation Accommodation equipment Finance & Accommodation Educational Ranked 2nd & food services Health Care manufacturing insurance Health Care & food services services Transportation Food Metal Accommodation Metal Food equipment Ranked 3rd Manufacturing manufacturing & food services Construction manufacturing Manufacturing manufacturing Agriculture, Furniture & Administrative & Plastic & rubber forestry, fishing related Metal support, waste products Metal Ranked 4th And hunting manufacturing manufacturing mngt. manufacturing manufacturing Construction Plastic & rubber Furniture & Accommodation products Food Food related Accommodation Ranked 5th Construction & food services manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing manufacturing & food services

Table 4: Housing Characteristics for Designated Populations in Kent, Ottawa, Muskegan and Allegan Counties, 2000 Mexican Puerto Guatemalan Cuban Dominican all general Rican Hispanics population

Owner-occupied units [7] 5,363 648 97 277 199 8,190 296,554 Share of all units owner-occupied 53.6% 42.5% 28.5% 65.4% 63.1% 53.8% 74.9% Median value of owned housing units $83,700 $80,000 $47,300 $121,500 $66,700 $85,400 $114,800 Median real estate taxes $1,096 $1,233 $494 $1,329 $800 $1,134 $1,382 Median age of structure 1961 1960 1940 1962 1959 1961 1969 Median year householder moved in 1996 1995 1997 1995 1997 1996 1992 Units valued over $200,000 2.7% 2.0% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 3.4% 13.1% Units without a mortgage 14.4% 13.3% 14.4% 18.9% 2.8% 14.4% 27.7% Renter-occupied units [7] 5,262 878 317 230 146 8,055 99,493 Share of all units renter-occupied 46.3% 57.5% 71.4% 34.5% 36.8% 46.1% 25.1% Median contract rent $466 $464 $508 $505 $443 $466 $485 Median gross rent $541 $524 $577 $558 $521 $538 $543 Median age of structure 1972 1972 1950 1973 1973 1964 1972 Units with rent $800 or more 7.5% 4.4% 16.7% 6.9% 4.1% 8.0% 10.5% Median gross rent as a percent of household income in 1999 21.0% 26.6% 19.0% 30.9% 20.6% 22.2% 23.3%

Source: All calculations by Doug La Fave, based on U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Summary File 4.

Notes: [7] A housing unit is assigned to the ethnicity of the householder. CRI at the Johnson Center Grand Valley State University

Page 8 Population Pyramids for Designated Populations in Kent, Ottawa, Muskegon and Allegan Counties, 2000

Male Female

male female male Male Femalefemale Over 8 4 yearsMexican Over 8 4 year s Puerto Rican 8 0 t o 8 4 years 80 to 84 years Over 84 years 7 5 t o 7 9 years 75 to 79 years 7 0 t o 7 4 years 70 to 74 years 80 toOver 84 years 84 years 6 5 t o 6 9 years 65 to 69 years 6 0 t o 6 4 years 60 to 64 years 75 to80 79 to years 84 years 5 5 t o 5 9 years 55 to 59 years 75 to 79 years 5 0 t o 5 4 years 50 to 54 years 70 to 74 years 4 5 t o 4 9 years 45 to 49 years 65 to70 69 to years 74 years 4 0 t o 4 4 years 40 to 44 years 3 5 t o 3 9 years 35 to 39 years 60 to65 64 to years 69 years 3 0 t o 3 4 years 30 to 34 years 2 5 t o 2 9 years 25 to 29 years 55 to60 59 to years 64 years 2 0 t o 2 4 years 20 to 24 years 15 t o 19 year s 15 t o 19 year s 50 to55 54 to years 59 years 10 t o 14 year s 10 t o 14 year s 50 to 54 years 5 to 9 years 5 t o 9 years 45 to 49 years Un der 5 year s Un der 5 year s 40 to45 44 to years 49 years

12 % 10 % 8% 6% 4% 2%0%0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 35 to40 39 to years 44 years 30 to35 34 to years 39 years 25 to30 29 to years 34 years 20 to25 24 to years 29 years 15 to20 19 to years 24 years 10 to15 14 to years 19 years 5 to 109 years to 14 years Under 5 yearsto 9 years Under 5 years

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% Male Female Male Female male Guatemalan female male Dominican female Over 8 4 year s Over 8 4 years Over 8 4 years Over 8 4 years 8 0 t o 8 4 years 8 0 t o 8 4 years 80 to 84 years 80 to 84 years 7 5 t o 7 9 years 7 5 t o 7 9 years 75 to 79 years 75 to 79 years Page 9 7 0 t o 7 4 years 7 0 t o 7 4 years 70 to 74 years 70 to 74 years 6 5 t o 6 9 years 6 5 t o 6 9 years 65 to 69 years 65 to 69 years 6 0 t o 6 4 years 6 0 t o 6 4 years 60 to 64 years 60 to 64 years 5 5 t o 5 9 years 5 5 t o 5 9 years 55 to 59 years 55 to 59 years 5 0 t o 5 4 years 5 0 t o 5 4 years 50 to 54 years 50 to 54 years 4 5 t o 4 9 years 4 5 t o 4 9 years 45 to 49 years 45 to 49 years 4 0 t o 4 4 years 4 0 t o 4 4 years 40 to 44 years 40 to 44 years 3 5 t o 3 9 years 3 5 t o 3 9 years 35 to 39 years 35 to 39 years 3 0 t o 3 4 years 3 0 t o 3 4 years 30 to 34 years 30 to 34 years 2 5 t o 2 9 years 2 5 t o 2 9 years 25 to 29 years 25 to 29 years 2 0 t o 2 4 years 2 0 t o 2 4 years 20 to 24 years 20 to 24 years 15 t o 19 year s 15 t o 19 year s 15 t o 19 year s 15 t o 19 year s 10 t o 14 year s 10 t o 14 year s 10 t o 14 year s 10 t o 14 year s 5 to 9 years 5 to 9 years Population and Housing, Summary Files 2 & 4 2 Files Summary and Housing, Population of Bureau. 2000Census U.S. Census Source: 5 to 9 years 5 to 9 years Un der 5 year s Un der 5 year s Un der 5 year s Un der 5 years

12 % 10 % 8% 6% 4% 0%2% 2%0% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 12 % 10 % 8% 6% 4% 2%0%0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Male Female

male Cuban female male general population Femalefemale Over 8 4 years Over 8 4 years Male 80 to 84 years 80 to 84 years Over 84 years 75 to 79 years 75 to 79 years 70 to 74 years 70 to 74 years 80 to 84Over years 84 years 65 to 69 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 60 to 64 years 75 to 8079 toyears 84 years 55 to 59 years 55 to 59 years 50 to 54 years 50 to 54 years 70 to 7574 toyears 79 years 45 to 49 years 45 to 49 years 40 to 44 years 65 to 69 years 40 to 44 years 70 to 74 years 35 to 39 years 35 to 39 years 30 to 34 years 60 to 64 years 30 to 34 years 65 to 69 years 25 to 29 years 25 to 29 years 20 to 24 years 55 to 6059 toyears 64 years 20 to 24 years 15 t o 19 year s 15 t o 19 year s 10 t o 14 year s 50 to 5554 toyears 59 years 10 t o 14 year s 5 t o 9 years 45 to 49 years Un der 5 year s 5 to 9 years 50 to 54 years Un der 5 year s 40 to 44 years 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 45 to 49 years 12 % 10 % 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 35 to 4039 toyears 44 years 30 to 3534 toyears 39 years 25 to 3029 toyears 34 years 20 to 2524 toyears 29 years 15 to 2019 toyears 24 years 10 to 1514 toyears 19 years 5 to 910 years to 14 years Under 55 years to 9 years 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Under 5 years

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% West Michigan Reference Map

Laketon Muskegon Township North Muskegon Egelston Moorland Casnovia Muskegon Lake Tyrone Solon Nelson Spencer Muskegon u

Cedar Springs Muskegon Heights Cedar Springs Roosevelt Park Muskegon

Sullivan Norton Shores 1 Ravenna 3 Chester Sparta Algoma y Fruitport Courtland Oakfield a

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Page 10 Kent Grand River Grand Haven Township

Robinson Lake Tallmadge Grand Rapids Township Allendale Ada Vergennes Michigan I- Grand Rapids 96 Ottawa Walker East Grand Rapids

Lowell

Olive U Georgetown . Port Sheldon S . Blendon Grandville Lowell Township H Cascade ig h w a Kentwood y

3 1 Hudsonville 96 I-1

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Lakes and Rivers Allegan Overisel Salem Leighton Laketown Dorr Barry Counties Fillmore Cities and Townships CRI at the Johnson Center Grand Valley State University u Grand Valley State University CRI at the Johnson Center Johnson CRI at the Reeds Lake Reeds

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- I Mexicans in Greater Grand Rapids, 2000 Less than Less 1% 1-5% than 5% Greater Expressways Rivers and Lakes Counties Cities and Townships 1 Dot = 5 = Person 5 1 Dot Doug La Fave Graduate Research Assistant School of Public and Nonprofit Administration ValleyGrand State University Grand Rapids, MI December 2005 Percentage of Tract Population Tract of Percentage Intensity Density Map Features Source: U.S. Census 2000 CensusBureau. of Population Housing, and Summary File 1, Table PCT11: Hispanic or Latino by specific origin. Projection:Plane, Michigan State South, NAD83 Note: This informationpercent is from100 data. Nonsampling error may affect accuracy. Those or in whole in Mexican, were they that indicating part, are included. 1 April, 2000 (Census Day) is the referencedate. Created by:

Page 11 Mexicans in West Michigan, 2000 u ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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Lake Michigan ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Kent !! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! I ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! - ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 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H ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! i ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! w ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! y ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! - ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 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Intensity ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! U ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! S ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! . ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! H ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Percentage of Tract Population ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! i ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! h ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! w ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! y !! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Less than 1% ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 ! Lake! Macatawa! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! !! ! !!!! ! !!! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! !! !! ! !! !! !!!!!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! !! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 ! ! ! !! !! !!!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! !! !!!!!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Holland! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! Kent ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1-5% ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Allegan ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Greater than 5% ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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- I Cubans in Greater Less than Less 0.5% 0.5-1% than 1% Greater Expressways Rivers and Lakes Counties Cities and Townships 1 Dot = 1 = Person 1 1 Dot Doug La Fave Graduate Research Assistant School of Public and Nonprofit Administration ValleyGrand State University Grand Rapids, MI December 2005 Percentage of Tract Population Tract of Percentage Intensity Density Map Features Source: U.S. Census 2000 CensusBureau. of Population Housing, and Summary File 1, Table PCT11: Hispanic or Latino by specific origin. Projection:Plane, Michigan State South, NAD83 Note: This informationpercent is from100 data. Nonsampling error may affect accuracy. Those indicating that they were Cuban, inor whole in part, are included. 1 April, 2000 (Census Day) is the referencedate. Created by:

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About the Authors

Douglas W. La Fave is a graduate student in the MPA program at the School of Public and Nonprofit Administration, Grand Valley State University. He was a graduate assistant during the 2005-2006 school term. He graduated from University in Bloomington with a BA in political science and history with a minor in sociology. He has worked for the Republican Party in Indiana and the Republican National Committee. He served as an assistant to Michigan Secretary of State Terri Land. Doug La Fave can be reached at [email protected].

Mark C. Hoffman is associate professor at the School of Public and Nonprofit Administration, Grand Valley State University. He received his Ph.D. from the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University. He is published in Public Voices and Public Administration Review (PAR) and has presented at numerous conferences, including URISA's Public Participation GIS Conferences and IMAGIN conferences. He received the 2002 William and Fredrick Mosher Award for best article by an academician appearing in PAR and is currently serving on the PAR board of editors. Prior to moving to Grand Rapids, he was a research associate with the Northern Data and Information Service and the Housing Policy Research Program at Cleveland State University. Mark Hoffman can be reached at [email protected]

Jeremy Pyne is GIS specialist with the Community Research Institute. He holds a MPA degree with an emphasis in urban and regional policy and planning and bachelor of science degree with a major in geography and planning, both from GVSU. He has presented his work at GVSU's 2001 Student Scholarship Day and the 2004, 2005 and 2006 IMAGIN conferences. His interests include GIS, urban planning, and demographic studies. Jeremy Pyne can be reached at [email protected]

This study was made possible by a grant from the GVSU Office of Graduate Studies and Grants Administration, which funded Doug La Fave’s graduate assistantship for the 2005-06 academic year. Ethnic Atlas of West Michigan p i h s r Leade

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