DOCSLIB.ORG

Thunder Over the Horizon : from V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles / Clayton K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thunder Over the Horizon : from V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles / Clayton K THUNDER OVER THE HORIZON PRAEGER SECURITY INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Board Cochairs Loch K. Johnson, Regents Professor of Public and International Affairs, School of Public and International Affairs, University of Georgia (U.S.A.) Paul Wilkinson, Professor of International Relations and Chairman of the Advisory Board, Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence, University of St. Andrews (U.K.) Members The late Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski, USN (Ret.), former Director of Force Transformation, Office of the Secretary of Defense (U.S.A.) Eliot A. Cohen, Robert E. Osgood Professor of Strategic Studies and Director, Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University (U.S.A.) Anthony H. Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, Center for Strategic and International Studies (U.S.A.) Thérèse Delpech, Senior Research Fellow, CERI (Atomic Energy Commission), Paris (France) Sir Michael Howard, former Professor of History of War, Oxford University, and Professor of Military and Naval History, Yale University (U.K.) Lieutenant General Claudia J. Kennedy, USA (Ret.), former Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters, Department of the Army (U.S.A.) Paul M. Kennedy, J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History and Director, International Security Studies, Yale University (U.S.A.) Robert J. O’Neill, former Chichele Professor of the History of War, All Souls College, Oxford University (Australia) Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland (U.S.A.) Jusuf Wanandi, co-founder and member, Board of Trustees, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia) Fareed Zakaria, Editor, Newsweek International (U.S.A.) THUNDER OVER THE HORIZON From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles Clayton K. S. Chun War, Technology, and History Robert Citino, Series Editor PRAEGER SECURITY INTERNATIONAL Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chun, Clayton K. S. Thunder over the horizon : from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles / Clayton K. S. Chun. p. cm.—(War, technology, and history, ISSN 1556–4924) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–275–98577–6 (alk. paper) 1. Rocketry—History. 2. Rockets (Aeronautics)—History. 3. Rockets (Ordnance)—History. 4. Guided missiles—History. I. Title. II. Series. TL781.C488 2006 621.43'56—dc22 2005032678 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2006 by Clayton K. S. Chun All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2005032678 ISBN: 0–275–98577–6 ISSN: 1556–4924 First published in 2006 Praeger Security International, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America TM The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Contents Introduction vii 1. Ballistic Missile Fundamentals: How Ballistic Missiles Work 1 2. V-2: The Dawn of a New Age 39 3. Cold War: Push-Button Warfare 57 4. The Cuban Missile Crisis 87 5. Ballistic Missiles at War: The Case of Iraq 109 6. Ballistic Missile Proliferation 141 7. Ballistic Missiles Reinvent National Strategy and Policy 169 8. Ballistic Missiles and the Impact of Technology 183 Appendix: Tables 199 Selected Bibliography 209 Index 213 Introduction HISTORY IS FILLED WITH examples of new weapons and technologies that have revolutionized warfare. Man’s introduction of gunpowder, the airplane, and other discoveries have changed the nature of warfare forever. Ballistic missiles have done the same since World War II. These new weapons have provided a nation the capability to bypass the battlefield and hit a capital city or strategic target with relative impunity. Ballistic missiles, coupled with nu- clear weapons, have made profound changes to international relations, re- gional balances of power, and how countries think about conflict. Whole national strategies have been devised to incorporate their effects and how a state should treat an enemy who possesses them. The United States and the former Soviet Union developed and controlled vast missile inventories that threatened mutual annihilation all within thirty minutes. Fortunately, these weapons were never used, but their legacy con- tinues to haunt the world. The cold war ended with the United States and countries from the former Soviet Union trying to disarm their strategic nu- clear force. However, these delivery systems have found new lives among na- tions wishing to influence regional and global rivals. Today, one can see these weapon systems and others in North Korean and Iranian arsenals. Some countries have acquired ballistic missiles to expand their ability to hit only battlefield targets and treat them as mere extensions of field artillery. Others have sought them as a way to counter an existing threat that they could not counter with conventional weapons. These weapons also offer a path to ex- pand technologies to allow for space launches or a means to demonstrate na- tional pride. Ballistic missile development and deployment offer a wide range of ways to enhance a country’s military, political, and economic capabilities. For many nations, the introduction of ballistic missiles by a regional rival viii Introduction or foe has sparked an almost instant panic and movement to counter this threat. As in the cold war, nations have rushed to build rival systems, create a capability or policy to counter the threat, or press for negotiations to stop or remove the threat. Some of these fears are legitimate, while others are mere rhetoric. This book explains many questions and issues concerning these de- livery vehicles. It explores how they work, their use, and their impact in war and peace. Specially, the book examines how the systems and components op- erate. Understanding how these weapons work provides the reader an aware- ness of the technical challenges that scientists and engineers had to overcome. Next, several case studies are presented to illustrate how nations have used and developed these systems. The case studies include the Germans’ use of the V-2 in World War II, the United States’ development of ballistic missiles, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Iraq’s conflicts with Iran and the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Additionally, this study examines how the United States’ nuclear strategy developed with the introduction of these systems. The book also in- vestigates today’s proliferation of ballistic missiles. This study presents the reader a summary review of nations that pose the biggest threats to the United States or its interests. Finally, the book ties the effects that technology had on several key national and military security topics. New technology changed warfare concepts, national strategy, and organizations and helped introduce a new military field, space, during this period. Today the spread of technology through instant information, globaliza- tion, shifting international and political interests, the rise of regional rivalries, and other factors have contributed greatly to ballistic missile proliferation. In many cases, this proliferation has complicated the national strategies and se- curity of countries from the United States to China. Nations that have little to lose from an attack that includes conventional weapons or weapons of mass destruction may find ballistic missiles a way to stay in power. Nuclear weapons also provide a relatively inexpensive way to maintain a military advantage over foes. Demystifying the process of building nuclear weapons and their deliv- ery systems has increased the fear that nuclear weapons will be used. Instead of relying on conventional forces to win wars, states today can use ballistic missiles to immediately attack cities, economic targets, or targets deep in an enemy’s territory and create tremendous devastation. These new delivery sys- tems have complicated national security policy and defense planning. The leaders of nations that have a nuclear capability might contemplate actions they never considered before. If both sides in a confrontation have the ability to release nuclear weapons, then one side might want to use those sys- tems to disarm its opponent first. Because defenses against these types of weapons are not widely available, a nation’s military capabilities, cities, capi- tal, and infrastructure are inviting targets in an enemy’s gun sight, and if at- Introduction ix tacked, their destruction would be certain. Relatively fragile or unstable coun- tries that possess these weapons are vulnerable to terrorist or revolutionary attacks and may become susceptible to control by radical groups. Such groups might not be influenced by international diplomacy or internal government mechanisms to control the release of chemical or nuclear warheads. This sit- uation could provide a radical group the instant capability to create massive destruction against its neighbors or other nations. Ballistic missiles today offer countries a way to equalize disparate military capabilities that may have taken great time and expense to create comparable conventional capabilities. Now, any country that possesses the willingness, re- sources, and access to obtain these weapon systems can join a growing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, and the V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ENGINEERING CONSENT: PEENEMUENDE, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, AND THE V-2 MISSILE, 1924-1945 Michael Brian Petersen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Jeffrey Herf Departmen t of History This dissertation is the story of the German scientists and engineers who developed, tested, and produced the V-2 missile, the world’s first liquid -fueled ballistic missile. It examines the social, political, and cultural roots of the prog ram in the Weimar Republic, the professional world of the Peenemünde missile base, and the results of the specialists’ decision to use concentration camp slave labor to produce the missile. Previous studies of this subject have been the domain of either of sensationalistic journalists or the unabashed admirers of the German missile pioneers. Only rarely have historians ventured into this area of inquiry, fruitfully examining the history of the German missile program from the top down while noting its admi nistrative battles and technical development. However, this work has been done at the expense of a detailed examination of the mid and lower -level employees who formed the backbone of the research and production effort. This work addresses that shortcomi ng by investigating the daily lives of these employees and the social, cultural, and political environment in which they existed. It focuses on the key questions of dedication, motivation, and criminality in the Nazi regime by asking “How did Nazi authori ties in charge of the missile program enlist the support of their employees in their effort?” “How did their work translate into political consent for the regime?” “How did these employees come to view slave labor as a viable option for completing their work?” This study is informed by traditions in European intellectual and social history while borrowing from different methods of sociology and anthropology.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-1 German Input to the Chapter on Warfare Materials.Pdf
    Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Expert Group on environmental risks of hazardous SUBMERGED 4-2016 submerged objects Tallinn, Estonia 12-14 April 2016 Document title German input to the Chapter on Warfare materials Code 3-1 Category DEC Agenda Item 3 – Warfare materials Submission date 22.3.2016 Submitted by Germany Reference Background The document includes a first draft of the translation (February 2016) of annex 10.2 of the report “Munitions in German Marine Waters - Stocktaking and Recommendations” (Effective: December, 5th, 2011) Link to the original annex 10.2 in German Language: http://www.schleswig- holstein.de/DE/UXO/TexteKarten/PDF/Berichte/anhang_10200.html Link to the report with annexes in German language: http://www.schleswig- holstein.de/DE/UXO/Themen/Fachinhalte/textekarten_Berichte.html Link to the abstract in English language: http://www.schleswig- holstein.de/DE/UXO/TexteKarten/PDF/blmp_kurzbericht_2011_EN.html - abridged translation (Effective: April 2012) Source: www.underwatermunitions.de Contact: [email protected] Action requested The Meeting is invited to use the material when drafting the chapter on warfare materials. Page 1 of 1 Contribution to HELCOM SUBMERGED 5 – Tallin First draft of the translation (February 2016) of annex 10.2 of the report “Munitions in German Marine Waters - Stocktaking and Recommendations” (Effective: December, 5th, 2011) Link to the original annex 10.2 in German Language: http://www.schleswig- holstein.de/DE/UXO/TexteKarten/PDF/Berichte/anhang_10200.html Link to the report with annexes in German language: http://www.schleswig- holstein.de/DE/UXO/Themen/Fachinhalte/textekarten_Berichte.html Link to the abstract in English language: http://www.schleswig- holstein.de/DE/UXO/TexteKarten/PDF/blmp_kurzbericht_2011_EN.html - abridged translation (Effective: April 2012) Source: www.underwatermunitions.de Contact: [email protected] 10.2.3.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonlinear Robust Control of an Highly Manoeuvrable Missile
    “Sapienza” Universita` di Roma Facolta` di Ingegneria DIS - Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica “Antonio Ruberti” Nonlinear Robust Control of an Highly Manoeuvrable Missile supervisor: candidate: Chiar.mo Prof. Salvatore Monaco Giovanni Mattei co-supervisor: Ing. Emidio Pizzingrilli A.Y. 2010-2011 Introduction Automatics and control theory should be considered at the top of modern engineering science. Control systems are everywhere and, over time, they are going to be more and more essential (not just incidental, as happens now) for the proper functioning of any system. This thesis is about control system design for a generic air-to-air missile autopilot and guidance system. For the autopilot, a nonlinear recursive approach is proposed, beginning from a simpler, nominal, implementation to arrive, in the end, to a more complicated robust one. The first two control systems proposed are based on a wiser version of Backstepping, which uses a non-quadratic Lyapunov function to achieve in a more natural way some necessary dynamic cancellations. A faster version of these two autopilots is also designed, including nonlinear damping terms. Then, nonlinear robust control theory is introduced, highlighting the structure of the generic nonlinear uncertain system. A nonlinear robust roll autopilot is designed, including in the robust recursive approach, that shall represent the baseline for the robust versions of the autopilot, also a revisited version of Lyapunov redesign, which has no counterpart in control theory literature. For pitch and yaw dynamics are, finally, proposed the static and dynamic robust recursive designs, two rigorous and systematic approaches to the problem of controlling a nonlinear uncertain system, which seem to be well suited to handle the structure of the missile vector-fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Deutschen Flakraketen Im Zweiten Weltkrieg1
    Karl-Heinz Ludwig Die deutschen Flakraketen im Zweiten Weltkrieg1 In einem 1967 veröffentlichten Sammelband über den Zweiten Weltkrieg wird darauf hingewiesen, daß schätzungsweise rund hunderttausend »beachtenswerte« geschichtswissenschaftliche Beiträge zu diesem, die politische Situation der ganzen Erde umgestaltenden Ereignis veröffentlicht worden sind2. Vergleichsweise wenig ist über die Rüstung geschrieben worden, d. h. über die technisch-wissenschaftliche Entwicklung von Kriegsgerät, seine tedinisch-wirtsdiaftliche Fertigung und die Modalitäten der späteren Anwendung. Aber nicht nur die Probleme der Rüstung und damit der Wirtschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg sind unzureichend durchdrungen, noch weniger geklärt ist ihr tatsächlicher Zusammenhang mit denen der Strategie. Bis heute läßt sich nidits Endgültiges darüber aussagen, ob das zunächst so ein- gängige Schema stimmt, wonach zu einer deutschen Blitzkriegsstrategie der ersten Kriegsjahre eine konzipierte Breitenrüstung gehört habe und ab Ende 1941 mit dem sich in die Länge ziehenden Krieg eine Phase der Tiefenrüstung begann8. Die Brauchbarkeit dieses Schemas muß stark angezweifelt werden. Die wechselnden strategischen Zielsetzungen in der Zeit bis 1941 haben naturgemäß nur eine Rüstung der Breite ermöglicht. Eine durchgestaltete Rüstung der Tiefe aber, d. h. geplante Forsdiungs-, Konstruktions- und Entwicklungsarbeiten auf längere Sicht, ein langfristiger Ausbau aller Grundindustrien, eine frühzeitige Abstimmung der Geräteendfertigung beispielsweise mit der Treibstoffversorgung usw.,
    [Show full text]
  • Ballistic Missile Operations
    Ballistic milestones MILE STONES missile Dr Carlo Kopp operations THE 1991 GULF WAR BROUGHT THE WORD ‘SCUD’ INTO THE EVERYDAY MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC LEXICON. Arguably, this is a sad reflection on our times, that in the public consciousness the sustained bombardment of Britain by A-4/V-2 ballistic missiles in the later months of World War II was all but forgotten. That the R11/8K11/SS-1 Scud is a direct linear descendent of the A-4/V-2 ballistic missile is another basic reality that has eluded those who define public perceptions of world developments. The technical aspects of the evolution of the A-4 missile, known by its propaganda name V-2, have been studied extensively and a vast amount of literature exists detailing this program, including some excellent W3 references. What has been studied much less is the operational side of A-4 and how this progenitor of today’s Inter-Continental, Intermediate Range and Tactical Ballistic Missiles set the pattern for the operational use of such weapons, a pattern which persists to this day. For better or for worse, many operational realities remain unchanged as long a basic technology remains unchanged. The principal designer of the A-4 was Dr Wernher von Braun of NASA fame, a patrician of Prussian aristocratic descent who pursued a career in rocket physics rather than the family tradition of politics. A recently restored example of the A-4 on the Meillerwagen TEL, both owned by the US Air Force museum. Splinter camouflage was typical for operational weapons, using a range of patterns and colours.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazi Secrets: an Occult Breach in the Fabric of History
    CONTENTS Title Copyright INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL ODDITIES Non-Whites & Jews in the German Army Spring of Life and Baby Abductions Lake Toplitz: the Nazi Abyss Werewolves The Underground Reich Wonder Weapons NAZI OCCULTISM The Hollow Earth Theory World Ice Theory Neuschwabenland The Ahnenerbe The Wewelsburg Hexen Files Hitler and Magic Wotan and the Aryan Archetype POST-WAR MYTHS The Morning of the Magicians Hitler’s Death The Mystic Treasure of the SS Fantasy Wonder Weapons The Genocide Nazism Becomes a Semi-Religious Movement The Black Sun The Vril EPILOGUE PICTURE CREDITS 2 NAZI SECRETS An Occult Breach in the Fabric of History Revised and Augmented Edition Frank Lost 3 Updated facts about Nazi Secrets and new books at: www.euromyst.com Copyright © 2013 Frank Lost All rights reserved. 4 INTRODUCTION Sometimes reality can be stranger than fiction. It is therefore unnecessary to add more fantasies to the genuine historical facts in the field of Nazi occultism, especially when it comes to their weird expeditions and their pseudo-scientific researches. The true amateur of sensational and strange stories can still be fully satisfied with Himmler's Witch Project, or the Hollow Earth Theory, or the various moons of the World Ice Theory that fell on our planet and drowned the Atlanteans. This is real history and some high-ranking Nazis did believe in these theories, no matter how sensational they may sound to modern ears. It does not add anything to the uncanny spell of such stories to pollute them with material that cannot be verified or, even worse, with pure lies coming straight out of the imagination of poor authors in search of quick money and fame.
    [Show full text]
  • The Germans and the Development of Rocket Engines in the USSR
    Olaf H. Przybilski JBIS, Vol. 55, pp.404-427, 2002 The Germans and the Development of Rocket Engines in the USSR OLAF H. PRZYBILSKI Technical University Dresden, Institute for Aerospace Engineering, D-01062 Dresden, F. R. Germany. Previous analyses of post-World War II developments of German rocket engines in Russia were mainly based on information published by Soviet scientists and design engineers in obscure specialist journals, which were the only sources giving the technical parameters of these engines. No detailed drawings and few photographs were published. A more accurate picture of the genesis of post-war Soviet rocket propulsion can now be painted. The author was granted unprecedented access to the archives of Moscow enterprises and research facilities. This material is supplemented by that from new Russian publications in the nineties and personal interviews with the German rocket experts who were taken to the USSR. For the first time it became clear that the raketnyje dvigateli (rocket engines) of even today's Soyuz launcher are based on the basic developments of German experts. Keywords: German rocket engines, German rocket experts, Soviet rocket genesis 1. From the A4 Basket Head Chamber Model 39 to the RD-100 As soon as the Red Army occupied Thuringia in engine group were Dr. Karl Zinner (inventor of the July 1945, the resurrection of the extremely expen- shower-head injector); engineers Hans Lindenberg sive Aggregat 4/Vergeltungswaffe 2 engine began. (Papa Lindenberg; died in 1947 in the United States), The background is generally known: after a long and Konrad K. Dannenberg. They were sent to test series, a reliable 1.5-tonne thrust liquid rocket Peenemuende and were constantly present at test engine combustion chamber was produced by Dr.- stand V in Kummersdorf [3 and 4].
    [Show full text]
  • APH Spring 2021 Issue-All
    SPRING 2021 - Volume 68, Number 1 WWW.AFHISTORY.ORG know the past .....Shape the Future Spring 2021 -Volume 68, Number 1 WWW.AFHISTORY.ORG know the past .....Shape the Future Features Building Malmstrom’s Minuteman Missile Fields in Central Montana, 1960-1963 Troy A. Hallsell 5 Lost in Space: The Defeat of the V–2 and Post-War British Exploitation of German Long-Range Rocket Technology Bryan Hunt 17 Silent Saviors: Gliders for American Resupply Operations in Normandy, June 1944 Cole A. Resnik 37 Minutemen and Roentgens: A History of Civil Air Patrol’s Aerial Radiological Monitoring Program Jayson A. Altieri 43 Book Reviews Over There in the Air: The Fightin’ Texas Aggies in World War I, 1917-1918 By John A. Adams, Jr. Review by Dennis H. Berger 52 Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force By David W. Bath Review by Troy A. Hallsell 452 Unforgotten in the Gulf of Tonkin: A Story of the U.S. Military’s Commitment to Leave No One Behind By Eileen Bjorkman Review by Scott A. Willey 53 Race of Aces: WWII’s Elite Airmen and the Epic Battle to Become the Master of the Sky By John R. Bruning Review by Steven Agoratus 53 Iraqi Mirages: The Dassault Mirage Family in Service with the Iraqi Air Force, 1981-1988 By Tom Cooper Review by George W. Runkle 4554 Israeli Eagles F–15A/B/C/D/I By Amos Dor Review by Scott A. Willey 55 Many a Close Run Thing: From Jet Fighter Pilot to Airline Captain By Tom Enright Review by Tony Kambic 55 Beyond Valor: A World War II Story of Extraordinary Heroism, Sacrificial Love and a Race Against Time By Jon Erwin & William Doyle Review by Steven Agoratus 56 The Freedom Shield: When We Were Young, We Were There By John D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dark Side of the Moon Mission When Neil Armstrong, “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins Flew to the Moon 50 Years Ago, They Used German Technology
    July 2019 LIFE 17 The dark side of the moon mission When Neil Armstrong, “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins flew to the moon 50 years ago, they used German technology SHUTTERSTOCK/WIZZO89 that would elevate Apollo 11 to templative tone of voice, he notes: a comprehensive list of contrac- Erlangen was also involved in the former Army Research Center BY PHILIP ARTELT the moon in 1969. “Science in and “Some of the things invented in tors involved in the lunar landing, mission. It didn’t provide medical in Peenemünde: “Things have AND NANA BRINK of itself does not have a moral Peenemünde became crucial to but it contains no companies from equipment for the astronauts, as been growing here for the past dimension,” he would later say. US rocket technology, and many Germany. one might expect; instead, the 75 years,” says historian Philipp othing is impossible in In fact, von Braun was a clever German engineers like Wernher On the third day of the flight team was responsible for the zinc Aumann. “It shows us the extent the land of opportunity. opportunist who always achieved von Braun made a seamless transi- to the moon, Edwin “Buzz“ sulfide phosphors needed to light to which the efforts of humans N“We choose to go to the his goals – just like his rockets. tion in continuing their work after Aldrin radioed back to Earth: the ship’s instrumentation “in will eventually disappear in the moon in this decade and do the He was an exceedingly ambitious the war.” “We’re thinking about taking the magic green,” as the company’s forest.” Still, the site that many other things, not because they scientist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Von Braun Team, from the Beginnings of Modern Space Flight to the Future, This Is How We Go!
    2000 (37th) Space Means Business in the 21st The Space Congress® Proceedings Century May 2nd, 1:00 PM Paper Session I-A - The Von Braun Team, From the Beginnings of Modern Space Flight to the Future, This is How We Go! Ron Caswell Lockheed Martin JSC Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Caswell, Ron, "Paper Session I-A - The Von Braun Team, From the Beginnings of Modern Space Flight to the Future, This is How We Go!" (2000). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 8. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-2000-37th/May-2-2000/8 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thirty - Seventh Space Congress Paper: From the beginnings of modern space flight to the future, This is how we go! By: Ron Caswell Lockheed Martin JSC May 2nd, 2000 Cape Canaveral, Florida Radison From the beginnings of modern space flight to the future, This is how we go! Ron Caswell May 2000 With the desire to help bring the world’s space programs into the future it is helpful to study successful people who have contributed significantly in space endeavors, and see how they made their contributions. The two great men who contributed the most to modern space flight are Wernher von Braun (pronounced: von Brown) and Russian born Sergei Korolev.
    [Show full text]
  • V2 to Bomarc
    ISSN: 2044-4095 Author(s): Joshua Comyn Affiliation(s): The University of Melbourne Title: V2 to Bomarc: Reading Gravity’s Rainbow in Context Date: 2014 Volume: 2 Issue: 2 URL: https://www.pynchon.net/owap/article/view/62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7766/orbit.v2.2.62 Abstract: In this article I argue that while Thomas Pynchon’s 1973 novel, Gravity’s Rainbow, is set primarily between 1944-1946 in Europe, it also simultaneously addresses itself to its own authorial context—that of the “Long Sixties” in America. In particular I consider details of Pynchon’s employment at the Bomarc Service News in the years 1960-1962—the Bomarc being a surface- to-air interceptor missile manufactured by the Boeing Aircraft Company for the United States Air Force. Given that the V-2 rocket is the preeminent symbol of control in Gravity’s Rainbow, I argue that we ought to consider Gravity’s Rainbow in relation to the Bomarc, a technological descendent of the V-2, and a key defensive weapon in the Air Force’s Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), a centralised system for continental air defence, and the preeminent computerised command and control system of its time. The Bomarc was for these reasons a crucial component of a technical system of control that provided the primary material support for what Paul Edwards has described as the “closed-world discourse” of Cold War America. In light of this history I proceed to read the novel in terms of the operative presence of this discourse in the American public domain—in articles, newsreels and other media—demonstrating the manner in which the ‘Rocket-State’ of Gravity’s Rainbow reconstitutes the human subject as a cyborg, thereby problematising the liberal humanist conception of the subject as discrete, autonomous and autopoetic.
    [Show full text]
  • A Shot Into Space
    A Shot into Space In the early afternoon of 3 October 1942, the accelerating missile. It was the fifth launch sky above Peenemünde was bright blue with attempt they had observed in eight months. light cloud cover. A moderate breeze blew Following two failed attempts in March and in from the nearby coast. One might almost June, the third projectile had achieved ver- have thought it was a place of untouched tical flight for 25 seconds in August before se clusion and peace – a strange idyll far re- crashing down to earth, as the oxygen-alco- moved from the war. But the appearance was hol fuel mixture had extinguished too early. deceptive. It was the calm before the storm at As the rocket had reached a height of almost Test Stand 7. twelve kilometres, the launch was considered Anyone who could find a space at a win- a success. It had accelerated to the planned dow or on a roof in the densely forested en- 1.9 times the speed of sound. closure of the Army Research Centre had The Aggregat 4 (A 4) was the German been looking out impatiently towards the Wehr­­macht’s first long-range missile, re- sea since midday. Despite the highest secrecy garded as “suitable for war use” since 1940. classification and strictly observed security Wernher von Braun, his team of design en- zones, rumours had spread quickly among gineers and 1,300 scientists had been work- the 10,000 employees in the Third Reich’s ing towards a rocket capable of bearing a largest high-technology centre: the fourth 750-kilo gramme explosive charge over a test version of the A 4 ballistic missile was minimum distance of 200 to 300 kilometres just about to be launched from Test Stand 7.
    [Show full text]