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Norsk Presse – Politisk Forankret for Alltid?

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Norsk Presse – Politisk Forankret for Alltid? Norsk presse – politisk forankret for alltid? En studie av fem avisers valgkampdekning i 2011 Tonje Charlotte Storås Masteroppgave i medievitenskap Institutt for medier og kommunikasjon UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 01.06.13 I © Tonje Charlotte Storås 2013 Norsk presse – politisk forankret for alltid? Tonje Charlotte Storås http://www.duo.uio.no Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo II Sammendrag Denne masteroppgaven tar for seg fem norske avisers dekning av valgkampen ved kommune- og fylkestingsvalget i 2011. Disse fem er Aftenposten, Dagsavisen, Klassekampen, Nordlys og iTromsø. Avisene er valgt ut på grunn av deres tidligere politiske ståsted, og fordi de i dag er konkurrenter med tanke på lokalisering og størrelse. Formålet med oppgaven er å belyse likheter og ulikheter i avisene og deres dekning av de enkelte partiene, og å se dekningen i forhold til deres tidligere partitilhørighet og pressens samfunnsoppdrag i dag. For å finne ut dette brukes kvantitativ innholdsanalyse og kvalitative intervjuer med ansatte i tre av avisene. Den kvantitative innholdsanalysen bidrar med å vise hvordan dekningen av valgkampen var, mens de kvalitative intervjuene bidrar til å forstå hva redaksjonene selv mener er deres samfunnsansvar og hvordan de mente de hadde dekket valgkampen. Politisk kommunikasjon som forskningsfelt danner grunnlaget for de teoretiske perspektivene. Medialiseringen av politikken, normativ medieteori og medienes rolle i valgkampen gir teoretisk grunnlag for å kunne si noe om endringene i samfunnsoppdraget og hvilke følger disse har fått for demokratiet. Abstract This master thesis examines the coverage of the election campaign by municipal and county elections in 2011 by five norwegian newspapers. These five newspapers are Aftenposten, Dagsavisen, Klassekampen, Nordlys and iTromsø. The newspapers have been selected on the basis that they all previously had spesific political standpoints and today are competitors in terms of location and size. The aim of this study is to examine similarities and differences in the newspapers and their coverage of the various parties, and to see the cover in relation to their former party affiliation and the press' role in todays society. To determine this, two methods have been used; quantitative content analysis and qualitative interviews with some of the staff in three of the newspapers. The quantitative content analysis is intended to show how the coverage of the campaign was, while the qualitative interviews help to understand what editors think are their responsibility and how they covered the election campaign. Political communication research fields form the basis of the theoretical perspectives. Mediatization of politics, normative media theory and media's role in the campaign provides the theoretical basis to say something about the changes of the mediated social responsibility and the implications these have had for the democracy. III IV Forord Nå er dagen kommet, enden på masteroppgaven er nådd. Da er det på tide å takke alle de som har bidratt med oppmuntrende ord og gode råd på veien. Først og fremst retter jeg en stor takk til Eli Skogerbø for veiledning, for pensumbøker jeg har fått låne, motivasjon og inspirasjon underveis. Retter en stor takk også til veiledningsgruppa mi for nyttige tips og innspill. Jeg vil takke jentene på skrivestua, og spesielt Karianne og Ragnhild for korrekturlesing på oppgaven. Og Ragnhild; Takk for seks kjempefine år som verdens beste med-studine. Takk til Marte, Vilde og Helena som jeg bor med, for frisøndager og annen hygge, og takk til Marte og Helena for korrekturlesing. Takk til kollegene mine som har stilt opp og brydd seg, og Silje-sjef som har latt meg ta mye fri for at jeg skulle bli ferdig. Takk til intervjuobjektene mine – Anders Opdahl, Ole Mathismoen og Jørn-Christian Skoglund. Sist men ikke minst, takk til mamma, pappa og Filip for all støtte dere har gitt meg, og ikke minst for at dere har bidratt til å gjøre meg interessert i politikk. Dere er fantastiske! V VI Innholdsfortegnelse Sammendrag ............................................................................................................................................ III 1 Innledning ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Fra partipresse til definert samfunnsoppdrag .................................................................... 1 1.2 Pressens rolle i valgkamp ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Problemstillinger .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Metodiske valg ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Teoretiske perspektiver ............................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Oppgavens struktur ...................................................................................................................... 6 2 Pressens historie fra 1945 til 2000-tallet ....................................................................... 7 2.1 Gjenoppbyggingen av pressen .................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Partipressen – fra storhetstid til avisdød og avvikling ..................................................... 8 2.2.1 Begynnelsen på slutten ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Valgkamp i mediene – fra kanal til regissør ....................................................................... 11 2.4 Endringene i partitilhørigheten hos analyseobjektene ................................................. 12 2.4.1 Aftenposten .............................................................................................................................................. 12 2.4.2 Dagsavisen ................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.4.3 Klassekampen ......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.4 Nordlys ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.5 iTromsø ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Historien som teoretisk bakgrunn ........................................................................................ 14 3 Kvantitativ innholdsanalyse og kvalitative intervju ................................................. 15 3.1 Metodiske hovedvalg ................................................................................................................. 15 3.2 Utvelgelse av tekster til kvantitativ innholdsanalyse ..................................................... 17 3.3 Kvantitativ innholdsanalyse .................................................................................................... 18 3.3.1 Seks steg i utførelsen av en kvantitativ innholdsanalysen .................................................. 18 3.3.2 Kodebokens utforming ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.3.3 Problemer ved bruk av kvantitativ innholdsanalyse ............................................................. 21 3.3.4 Reliabilitet, validitet og operasjonalisering av oppgaven. ................................................... 23 3.4 Kvalitative forskningsintervju ................................................................................................ 25 3.4.1 Utfordringer ved kvalitative forskningsintervju ...................................................................... 30 3.5 Oppsummering av metode ....................................................................................................... 32 4 Politisk kommunikasjon i offentligheten ..................................................................... 33 4.1 Endringe av vilkårene for politisk kommunikasjon. ...................................................... 34 4.2 Medialiseringen av politikken ................................................................................................ 37 4.2.1 Hvilke følger har en politiske medialiseringen for demokratiet? ..................................... 39 4.3 Medienes rolle i offentligheten ............................................................................................... 41 4.3.1 Teorier innenfor medienes rolle i offentligheten .................................................................... 43 4.4 Pressens rolle i valgkamp ......................................................................................................... 45 4.5 Oppsummering av teorien ....................................................................................................... 46 5 Avisenes visjoner .................................................................................................................. 47 5.1 Redaksjonene ............................................................................................................................... 47
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