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A Comparative Study of the Pāli, Chinese and Sanskrit

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A Comparative Study of the Pāli, Chinese and Sanskrit See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/36174796 A Study of a stereotyped structure of the path in early Buddhist literature : a comparative study of the Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit sources / Article Source: OAI CITATIONS READS 2 507 1 author: Kin Tung Yit National Sun Yat-sen University 6 PUBLICATIONS 17 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Transforming Buddhism (Confucianism and Taoism) to Science View project Theory Construction and empirical studies of Social Science for Chinese （華人社會科學理論建構與實徵研究（思源學會） ） View project All content following this page was uploaded by Kin Tung Yit on 24 April 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A STUDY OF A STANDARD PATH-STRUCTURE IN EARLY BUDDHIST LITERATURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PĀLI, CHINESE AND SANSKRIT SOURCES KIN TUNG YIT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL IN ACCORDANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES JULY 2004 Declaration I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the Regulations of the University of Bristol. The work is original except where indicated by special reference in the text and no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree. Any views expressed in the thesis are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University of Bristol. The thesis has not been presented to any other University for examination either in the United Kingdom or overseas. KIN TUNG YIT JULY 2004 Abstract This thesis is a study of one prominent meditative path-structure in early Buddhism. The path-structure is called the ‘Stereotyped Structure of the Path’ (henceforth SSP) in this study, as it is a list that contains more than twenty items of formulas that are composed in a step-by-step order and according to a definite pattern. The list sequentially presents the stages from initial meditative and related disciplinary practice through to the result of Buddhist final liberation. This thesis is divided into two parts, both of which are based on a comparative study of the different versions of the texts that contain the SSP list. These texts include the materials transmitted in PAli, Sanskrit, and Chinese sources. The four NikAyas, the four Āgamas and the SaGghabhedavastu are our primary concern. Part I examines the appearances of the SSP list as a whole entity, while Part II examines the members of the list individually. Many forms of the list are found throughout the early Buddhist canon. The most common form of the list presents a complete and longest version, which occurs in considerable numbers of text in DN/DĀ and MN/MĀ. There are also other forms of the list scattered in many other texts. Some of them have a shortened form in terms of the length, which present a partial form of the list with items missing. In a number of cases these shorter lists are combined with items that are not seen in the standard SSP list. All these accounts are examined in Part I, and a thorough comparison is undertaken. The applications of these lists and their broad distribution across various texts have significant implication. The wide-ranging use of the SSP list brings us to consider whether we could discover the origin of the SSP list in these numerous instances. Through a careful investigation several possibilities have been considered. Part II is dedicated to a comprehensive study on the components of the SSP list, namely the SSP formulas. Ten of such formulas are examined in full detail and others are summarized in the Appendices. The presentation and content of the formulas reveal interesting points while doing a comparative study through many different texts. The implications of the variation as well as the similarity of the formulas in various texts indicate some significant points. They imply information regarding how the fixed units of expression have been applied successfully, in terms of the transmission of the list. These fixed units from the SSP formulas work well not only due to a certain level of flexibility in their employment but also under a remarkable fixity of the arrangement. The conclusion drawn from this suggests that this fixity, which is in i fact governed by the underlined fundamental principle of the path-structure, has lead the SSP list – as seen all over the canon - to a highly consistent and coherent presentation. This is so regardless of the great deal of variations found in many occurrences. This message is in turn of crucial importance in assisting our understanding of the nature of the composition and transmission of Buddhist oral literature. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies in Taiwan, for providing me the scholarship for my study at the University of Bristol, and my thanks also go to the grant from the Fa-Guang Institute of Buddhist Studies in Taiwan. I would like to express my appreciation to many teachers, friends and relatives who have offered their generous help in supporting the living of my family in Bristol. All these funding have made possible the writing of this thesis. My special thanks are due to my advisor, Dr Rupert Gethin, who has continuously given me many inspiring comments in numerous enjoyable meeting for helping the research for this study. I have learned so much from his stimulating and enlightening conversations. I owe thanks to Professor Paul Williams, who has guided me in learning Mahāyana and Tibetan Buddhism; and Dr John Peacock, who taught me Theravāda Buddhism while I was a MA student. I am grateful to both of their warm and constant concern on my studies. I would like to thank Rita Langer, who has kindly offered her help for me on reading Meisig’s work in German. Without her help, I could not access to use this work in this study. Similar thanks are also due to Jundo Nagashima in helping me to read some Japanese papers. During my staying in Bristol, the circle of Bristol Buddhologists has offered me a lot of interesting discussion on Buddhist Studies, particularly in many coffee mornings in Hawthorn. I also owe particular thanks to friends who have helped to improve my English: Karl Gibbs, Gregory Shushan, Ken Robinson and Dechen Rochard. Thank you all so much! A special debt of gratitude goes to my wife Hsiu-Lee and my three lovely children, for putting up with me and my studies for so long. iii Declaration I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the Regulations of the University of Bristol. The work is original except where indicated by special reference in the text and no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree. Any views expressed in the thesis are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University of Bristol. The thesis has not been presented to any other University for examination either in the United Kingdom or overseas. KIN TUNG YIT JULY 2004 iv Abbreviations ADP(I) A Dictionary of Pāli: Part 1 AN AGguttara NikAya ASĀ Another Chinese version of SaMyukta Āgama BD Bukkyōgo dai jiten (Dictionary of Buddhist technical terms) BDĀ Baltimore Dīrgha Āgama BHSD Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary BJT Buddha Jayanti Tripitaka BSR Buddhist Studies Review BW Bon-wa dai jiten (The Sanskrit-Japanese-Chinese Dictionary) CBETA Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association (Chinese Electronic Tripitaka Series, Taishō ed.) CED Chinese-English Dictionary CPD Critical Pali Dictionary CSCD ChaTTha SaGgAyana CD-Rom (Version 3) DĀ Dīrgha Āgama Dhp-a Dhammapada-aTThakathA DN Dīgha NikAya EĀ Ekottarika Āgama FW62 Foshuo fanwang liushierjian jing (‘The Buddha’s discourse of the sixty-two views of BrAhma-net’) HC Hanyudacijian (Great Dictionary of Chinese terms) HZ Hanyudazidian (Great Dictionary of Chinese words) IIJ Indo-Iranian Journal JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JIABS Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic society JPTS Journal of the Pali Text Society JYM Jiyimenzhu lun (*AbhidharmasaGgItiparyAyapAda-zAstra) JZG Jizhiguo jing (independent Chinese translation of the ŚrAmaNyaphala-sUtra) MĀ Madhyama Āgama Mil MilindapaJha MN Majjhima NikAya Mvu MahAvyupatti MW Monier Williams’ Sanskrit-English Dictionary N/Ā NikAyas and Āgamas v Nidd Niddesa PED Pali-English Dictionary Pkt. Prakrit Pp PugalapaJJatti PTC Pali TipiTakaM Concordance PTS Pali Text Society SĀ SaMyukta Āgama Saun Saundarananda SBV SaGghabhedavastu ŚikS ŚikSasamuccaya Skt. Sanskrit SN SaMyutta NikAya Spk SAratthappakAsinI SSP Standard structure of path T Taishō shinshū dai zōkyō (Taishō revised version of the Chinese Canon) Śrbh(C) ŚrAvakabhUmi(Chinese) Śrbh(S) ŚrAvakabhUmi(Sanskrit) Vibh VibhaGga Vibh-a VibhaGga-aTThakathA Vin Vinaya Vism Visuddhimagga vi Explanatory Notes 1. The Pail text Society’s editions of Pali texts have been used in this work. For their abbreviations I follow A Critical Pali Dictionary (CPD). For full citation of editions used see BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2. My quotation of English translation of the Majjhima NikAya and the SaMyutta NikAya are basically following Bodhi, 1995 and 2000, respectively. For the DIgha NikAya I refers to Walshe’s work (1987), for the AGguttara NikAya I refers to Woodward’s (1932), and I have made slight changes in the wording of some passages, in order to make them in consistent with Bodhi’s translation. 3. Pali texts are quoted by volume and page, e.g. D I 1 indicates DIgha NikAya, volume I, page 1. Other modes of quotation: DN1 indicates the sutta in DIgha NikAya number 1, MN27 refers to the sutta in Majjhima NikAya number 27, etc.
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