DOCSLIB.ORG

From Biomass to Biocarbon – Trends and Tradeoffs When Co- Firing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Biomass to Biocarbon – Trends and Tradeoffs When Co- Firing Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference Environmental Management and Engineering (EME 2009) July 6 - 8, 2009 Banff, Canada FROM BIOMASS TO BIOCARBON – TRENDS AND TRADEOFFS WHEN CO- FIRING Hugh McLaughlin, PhD, PE Director of Biocarbon Research, Alterna Energy Inc. #102 3645 – 18th Avenue, Prince George, BC, Canada V2N 1A8 www.alternaenergy.ca, [email protected] ABSTRACT the utility location, and adapting the operations of the The challenges associated with co-firing a biofuel in an utility to accommodate the characteristics of the new fuel existing combustion train can be conceptually divided (Baxter, 2005). One popular strategy is to co-fire a into assembling a biofuel creation capability, transporting portion of the alternative biofuel with the historic fossil the biofuel to the utility location, and adapting the fuel. In general, the relative portion of biofuel that can be operations of the utility to accommodate the successfully co-fired with the historic fuel is dependent on characteristics of the new fuel. This analysis will develop the magnitude of the differences in physical and and compare the properties of three biofuels capable of combustion properties of the two fuels (Demirbas, 2003; being co-fired: dry wood pellets, torrefied wood pellets Kiel, 2008). and biocarbon pellets (carbonized biomass pellets). The The current programs to utilize renewable fuel physical properties and processing mass balances of these sources are considering a broad range of biomass sources renewable resources will be investigated. Additional that share a common property of all being characterizations will be provided that influence the “lignocellulosic” in composition, but vary widely in most transportation and utilization of the fuel by the utility in other properties, such as plant origin, bulk density, coal and lignite combustion processes. Utilizing recent moisture and ash properties. While ongoing research data from the literature on the production and includes all types of biomass, the vast majority of the transportation costs of biofuels produced in British historic work has focused on the starting biomass source Columbia and consumed by utilities in Sweden, the of wood residues and the thermal conversion to torrefied market value and associated maximum production cost, wood and onto biocarbon (also known as biochar and including profit, is discussed. It is concluded that if the charcoal). For the purposes of utilization as fuel, the overall biofuel supply chain includes significant thermal conversion processes stop at biocarbon (charcoal). transportation costs, relative to the cost of the raw Further processing at higher temperatures yield “bio- biomass and operating costs of the biofuel conversion coke” for metal refining. Additional specialized processes process, then higher energy density products, such as such as formal “activation” can yield activated carbons, biocarbon pellets, potentially represent the most cost- comparable with traditional coconut shell activated effective biofuel and present the most compatible biofuel carbons. for co-firing with coal. This analysis will compare two well-documented options for solid biomass-based fuels, dried wood pellets KEY WORDS and torrefied wood pellets, with a less well studied option, Sustainable Development, Co-firing Biomass, carbonized wood pellets (i.e. Biocarbon). Biocarbon fuels Biocarbon/Biochar Properties, Biofuel Supply Chain are processed at higher “carbonizing” temperatures to Economics produce a higher energy-density fuel per unit weight at lower overall mass yield. As will be discussed, the interaction of producing higher quality biofuels with 1. Introduction lower shipping weight influences the overall economics of the supply chain from biomass “on the stump” to The combination of heightened corporate environmental electricity flowing into the grid. stewardship, public and regulatory pressure to reduce GHG emissions, and supply chain concerns for traditional utility fossil fuels such as coal and lignite have created 2. Materials and Methods strong interest and motivation to utilize renewable biomass sources in traditional utility generating capacity. The underlying data utilized in the discussion that follows The challenges associated with utilizing a different fuel in have been culled from the existing literature and an existing combustion train occur at every step of the combined to isolate the phenomena of interest. As such, process, but can be conceptually divided into assembling the reader is recommended to review the original works to a biofuel creation capability, transporting the biofuel to evaluate the credibility of the raw data. References, 650-811 43 including web links if available, are provided for all 2.2 Predicting the energy content of biomass to literature resources utilized. biocarbon fuels – derived fuel metrics 2.1 Biomass to Biocarbon Properties from the Solid biomass-based fuels are only recently being literature considered for commercial-scale utility fuels, except for a handful of dedicated applications in the pulp and paper Anyone familiar with biomass literature is compassionate industries, such as bark boilers, etc. Of paramount interest with the challenges of defining “typical” properties of to any utility application is the heating value of the fuel, thermally modified biomass. Further complicating the since the application fundamentally generates heat and characterization of carbonized biomass, or biocarbon, is converts that thermal energy into electricity. the variability created by the interactions between starting Heating value metrics come in two versions, gross or biomass and the reaction conditions. A recent review of higher heating value (GHV or HHV), and net or lower charcoal technology (Antal and Grønli, 2003) will provide heating value (NHV or LHV). Net Heating Value, NHV, the motivated reader with a sound overview and a taste of is a far more representative measure of how much useful the complexity of the well-documented interactions when energy the electricity-generating utility can extract from lignocellulosic biomass is thermally modified. the fuel and will be used for this analysis. The difference While there is no such thing as universally between the two measures involves the fate of the water representative biocarbon, the Antal review does contain a formed during combustion (either condensing to a liquid set of data contained in a doctoral dissertation that and relinquishing the heat of condensation or persisting as provides a reasonably coherent set of data to serve as the a vapour and leaving with said energy), and depends on basis for the discussion that follows (Schenkel, 1999). the fuel, with high quality coals and pure carbon Before dissecting the actual data, the reader is (graphite) having little or no difference and methane cautioned that biomass is intrinsically variable and one having a NHV 10% less than the GHV. Since biomass- can get into more trouble than it is worth attempting to based fuels contain significant amounts of hydrogen, one over-quantify the underlying trends. The phenomena finds significant differences between GHV and NHV (see depicted in the graphs of Schenkel’s work have been discussion by Spill-Sorb, 2008). tabulated to allow more facile manipulation as a The literature options for predicting the energy spreadsheet (please email [email protected] density of biofuels were reviewed. The well-established for a reprint, copy of the Excel spreadsheet, and the and historically utilized Dulong’s Formula was utilized, esoteric references cited herein). Since the original raw with the method described by Spill-Sorb to convert GHV data was not available and the original figures show to NHV at 15.6C (60F – which is the historic reference significant scatter in the data, some smoothing of the data temperature for heating value data). The calculated values was applied to emphasize the underlying trends, as shown are shown in Table 1. Table 1 also provides the energy in Figure 1. requirements to dry incoming biomass from some initial moisture content to a reference point of zero residual moisture, which is a state passed through on the way to higher treatment temperatures associated with torrefaction and carbonization. 100% Carbon Hydrogen 90% Oxygen Fuel Yield 80% Fixed Carbon % Fixed Carbon Yield 70% 60% 50% 40% Mass fraction (%) 30% 20% 10% 0% 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Biomass Processing Temperature Celsius Figure 1. Trends on biocarbon properties with increasing carbonization temperatures 44 Table 1 Calculated energy content of biofuels and derived fuel metrics Moisture Fuel Yield Dulong's NHV Energy Yield % of dry wood Energy Density Content & wt fuel per GJ/te fuel GJ/te feedstock energy delivered dry wood=100% Temp C wt dry wood dry wood = 100% 50% 200.00% 6.08 12.17 83.98% 41.99% 40% 166.67% 7.76 12.94 89.32% 53.59% 30% 142.86% 9.44 13.49 93.13% 65.19% 20% 125.00% 11.13 13.91 95.99% 76.80% 10% 111.11% 12.81 14.23 98.22% 88.40% 0%, 200C 100.00% 14.49 14.49 100.00% 100.00% 250C 93.50% 15.14 14.16 97.72% 104.52% 300C 80.00% 16.83 13.47 92.95% 116.19% 350C 58.00% 20.86 12.10 83.51% 143.97% 400C 40.00% 24.10 9.64 66.56% 166.39% 450C 30.00% 26.57 7.97 55.03% 183.43% 500C 27.00% 27.49 7.42 51.23% 189.74% 200% Energy Yield (dry wood = 100%) Energy Density (dry wood = 100%) 180% Fuel Yield (wt fuel per wt dry wood) 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Moisture Content 0% Highest Treatment Temperature Figure 2. Derived Fuel Metrics of Biofuels (dry wood = 100%) In Table 1, a number of metrics have been calculated The 250C and 300C rows represent the range of to allow the variations of biofuel properties to be metrics for torrefied wood and the 350C to 450C rows compared as they relate to actual utilization of the represent the range of biocarbon products. The 500C row biofuels in the utility industries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Developing a Wood Pellet/ Densified Biomass Industry in Washington State: Opportunities and Challenges
    Developing a Wood Pellet/ Densified Biomass Industry in Washington State: Opportunities and Challenges A Report to the Washington State Legislature December 2012 Page 1 Densified biomass: Part of Washington’s energy solution The Washington State University (WSU) Energy Program was directed by the Washington State Legislature [3ESHB-2127, section 603 (8)] to conduct a study of densified biomass as a renew- able fuel for heating homes, businesses and other facilities in our state. This report to Governor Chris Gregoire and the Legislature presents a summary of the WSU Energy Program’s densified biomass study findings. What is densified biomass? Washington’s pellet mill industry has shrunk by Raw biomass materials, such as forest slash and one-third in recent years, primarily due to the construction waste, are irregular in shape, low facilities’ debt loads. in energy density, greatly affected by moisture, • In 2009, three mills – located in Omak, and can be difficult to transport. Shelton and Tacoma – had a combined capacity of 180,000 tons per year. Another Biomass densification solves these problems by mill in Skagit County was in the permitting compressing sawdust and chipped wood to process, but never opened. create solid biofuel pellets that provide consis- • By 2012, the state had only two operating tent quality, low moisture content, high energy mills – Olympus Pellets in Shelton and density and homogenous size and shape. Manke in Tacoma – with a combined Densification increases the energy density of capacity of 160,000 tons per year. biomass by approximately 10 to 15 percent, so more heat is produced per unit of pellets This report provides insights to reinvigorate burned than if the same amount of raw wood the densified biomass/wood pellet industry in was burned.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross Laminated Timber As Sustainable Construction Technology for the Future
    Tommaso Scalet Cross Laminated Timber as Sustainable Construction Technology for the Future Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Degree in Civil Engineering Degree Programme of Sustainable Building Engineering Thesis 18 December 2015 Abstract Author Tommaso Scalet Title Cross Laminated Timber as Sustainable Construction Technology for the Future Number of Pages 34 pages Date 18 December 2015 Degree Bachelor in Engineering Degree Programme Civil Engineering Specialisation option Sustainable Building Engineering Instructors Eric Pollock, Senior Lecturer Albino Angeli, General Manager of Xlam Dolomiti S.r.l. The purpose of this final year project was to investigate and analyse the sustainability per- formances of cross laminated timber (CLT) construction technology. First the availability of the raw material (timber) was studied comparing the systems of Northern Italy and Finland. Second, the manufacturing process and application of CLT in construction was compared to other traditional construction systems. A central part of the study was the environmental impact of the adhesive used in the production, with a special focus on the emissions in the production, application and disposal phases. Further studies were conducted on how to treat CLT waste material and how to improve and optimize the manufacturing process to reach a complete sustainability of the product. For the Bachelor‟s thesis, the disposal of the timber and wood adhesive in CLT were stud- ied. With the support of the collected data, it was possible to propose four technical solu- tions to the problem of the disposal of waste come from the CLT. It was concluded that CLT can be advertised as a completely sustainable material for construction.
    [Show full text]
  • Made Even Better
    MADE EVEN BETTER Niagara’s sawmill in Invercargill, New Zealand spans more than 20 hectares, the site employs over 100 staff at the sawmill, office, kilns, treatment and finger jointing plants. Niagara’s Ashburton plant uses timber from the sawmill to manufacture a superior range of building and finishing products. Ashburton • Niagara’s sawmill and remanufacture plant is ideally located at Kennington, seven kilometres north of New Zealand’s southern-most city, Invercargill. Invercargill • Niagara Truss & Frame and Parklands Firewood & Landscaping Supplies are both located in Invercargill. 4 History 5 Timber source 6 Sawmilling 8 Kiln drying 10 Quality control 12 Remanufacturing 14 Ashburton plant 16 Timber grades 17 Bark, chip, sawdust and briquettes 18 Niagara Truss & Frame 19 Parklands Firewood & Landscaping Mid 50’s forklift at the original Niagara sawmill Carting timber - early 40’s Generations of timber Originally established in the small Southland country settlement of Niagara, the company, which has been wholly owned by the Richardson family since 1954, has graduated from three sawmills to its present site at Kennington on the outskirts of Invercargill. Providing quality timber is their lifeblood and they have expertise, experience and a belief that their product, like the tall forest, will stand the test of time. Ensuring they utilise each tree to maximum capacity means they provide a full spectrum of products, from milled timber through to precision building products and everything in between, including bark, chip, sawdust, firewood
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Pellets Thesis
    The Feasibility of a Wood Pellet Plant Using Alternate Sources of Wood Fibre Garrett Blom WOOD 493 A Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Wood Products Processing In The Faculty of Forestry April 21st 2009 Abstract: This Thesis will evaluate the feasibility of building and operating a pellet plant in interior British Columbia. This thesis will examine the economic demand for wood pellets in different regions of the world. It will also identify the current Canadian supply and production of wood pellets. The thesis considers the capital costs associated with the building of a pellet plant as well as the machine capital costs. The variable costs associated with a pellet plant are examined in this thesis, with an emphasis on the costs associated with obtaining different wood fibre sources. Transportation and drying costs are also taken into consideration with regards to variable costs. In the analysis of data five different scenarios are calculated to identify the feasibility of using different fibre sources to operate a pellet plant. Recommendations based from these scenarios demonstrate the feasibility of operating and building a pellet plant in interior British Columbia. Page | ii Table of Contents: Title Page i Letter of Transmittal ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vi List of Figures vii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Problem Statement 1 1.1 Biomass Energy 1 1.2 Environmental Benefits 1 2 THE PRODUCTION OF WOOD PELLETS 3 2.1 Environmental Fibre Options 3 2.2 Energy
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Energy in Pennsylvania: Implications for Air Quality, Carbon Emissions, and Forests
    RESEARCH REPORT Biomass Energy in Pennsylvania: Implications for Air Quality, Carbon Emissions, and Forests Prepared for: Prepared by: December 2012 The Heinz Partnership for Endowments Public Integrity Pittsburgh, PA by Mary S. Booth, PhD The Biomass Energy in Pennsylvania study was conducted by Mary S. Booth, PhD, of the Partnership for TABLE OF CONTENTS Policy Integrity. It was funded by the Heinz 4 Executive Summary Endowments. 4 Central findings 8 Recommendations 10 Chapter 1: Biomass Energy — The National Context 11 The emerging biomass power industry 11 Cumulative demand for “energy wood” nationally 14 Chapter 2: Carbon Emissions from Biomass Power 15 The Manomet Study 18 Chapter 3: Pollutant Emissions from Biomass Combustion 19 Particulate matter 20 Particulate matter emissions from small boilers 20 Use of pellets to reduce emissions and the carbon dilemma 22 Particulate matter controls for large boilers 22 Controls for other pollutants 24 Chapter 4: Biomass Combustion Impacts on Human Health 25 Special characteristics of biomass emissions 26 Diesel emissions from biomass harvesting and transport 27 Chapter 5: Policy Drivers for Biomass Power in Pennsylvania 28 Bioenergy in Pennsylvania’s Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard 29 Pennsylvania’s Climate Action Plan 30 Blue Ribbon Task Force on the low-use wood resource 31 Financial incentives for biomass and pellet facilities 31 Pennsylvania’s “Fuels for Schools and Beyond” program 32 Penn State University’s Biomass Energy Center 33 Chapter 6: Biomass Supply and Harvesting in Pennsylvania
    [Show full text]
  • Pelletization of Refuse-Derived Fuel with Varying Compositions of Plastic, Paper, Organic and Wood
    sustainability Article Pelletization of Refuse-Derived Fuel with Varying Compositions of Plastic, Paper, Organic and Wood Hamid Rezaei 1,* , Fahimeh Yazdan Panah 1, C. Jim Lim 1 and Shahab Sokhansanj 1,2 1 Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; [email protected] (F.Y.P.); [email protected] (C.J.L.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK 3B48, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 May 2020; Accepted: 4 June 2020; Published: 6 June 2020 Abstract: The combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) is called refuse-derived fuel (RDF). RDF is a blend of heterogeneous materials and thus its handling is challenging. Pelletization is an efficient treatment to minimize the heterogeneity. In this research, typical RDF compositions were prepared by mixing several mass fractions of paper, plastic, household organic and wood. The collected compositions were ground, wetted to 20% moisture content (wet basis) and pelletized. Increasing the plastic content from 20% to 40% reduced the pelletization energy but increased the pellet’s calorific value. Pellets with higher plastic content generated more dust when exposed to shaking. Making durable pellets with 40% plastic content needed an increase in die temperature from 80 ◦C to 100 ◦C. Increasing the paper content from 30% to 50% increased the durability but consumed higher energy to form pellets. Paper particles increased the friction between pellet’s surface and die wall as was evident from expulsion energy. Force versus displacement curve for material compression revealed that the RDF compositions have rigid material characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Effects of a 30% Credit on the Expected Demand For
    FutureMetrics LLC 8 Airport Road Bethel, ME 04217, USA An Analysis of the Effects of a 30% Credit on the Expected Demand for High Efficiency Wood Pellet, Wood Chip, and Agricultural Residue Fueled Boilers: The Cost/Benefit to the Treasury, and the Jobs Created The demand estimates in this analysis are based on the 30% tax credit on qualifying private sector high-efficiency biomass fueled boilers that are used to replace heating oil fueled boilers as proposed in Senate Bill 1007: Biomass Thermal Utilization Act of 2013 Prepared by Dr. William Strauss, Chief Economist, Biomass Thermal Energy Council Executive Summary A program of tax credits for high efficiency boilers that use biomass fuels such as wood pellets, wood chips, and agricultural residues will have very significant positive economic effects. The cost of the tax credits will be greatly outweighed by the increased tax revenues. This paper describes how adding a tax credit for high efficiency biomass boilers to the existing tax code1 will benefit the economy, create jobs, and will generate significantly more tax revenue than the cost of the credits. The program will also help increase the US’s energy independence and reduce its need for foreign oil. The table below summarizes the estimated tax effects of the program. Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Cost of Tax Credits to the Treasury $0 $32,610,000 $41,778,000 $56,167,000 New Tax Revenues to the Treasury $0 $29,909,000 $55,562,000 $99,712,000 Net Benefit (Cost) to the Treasury $0 ($2,701,000) $13,784,000 $43,545,000 (The tax impacts are assumed to accrue in the year following each of the tax credit years.) 1See the proposed bill at http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s1007/text and a summary at the end of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Woody Biomass Feedstock Yard Business Development Guide a Resource and Business Guide to Developing a Woody Biomass Collection Yard
    Woody Biomass Feedstock Yard Business Development Guide A resource and business guide to developing a woody biomass collection yard Prepared by: The Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Working Group Chartered under the Biomass Research and Development Board Abstract This Guide provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities to establish a woody biomass feedstock yard in the United States. It includes information on biomass sourcing; facility site selection and equipment; biomass sort yards; biomass collection, concentration, and distribution; biomass handling, sorting, and economic considerations; business planning; marketing and distribution; financial feasibility analysis; and sources of technical assistance and funding. Additional references and resources are included. KEYWORDS: woody biomass; biomass feedstock yard; biomass sort yard; biomass collection yard; biomass concentration yard; biomass distribution yard; biomass handling, sorting, storage, and inventory; weight scaling. COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: (Upper Left) Wheelabrator biomass yard, Anderson, CA. This large feedstock yard supports a 54 MW power plant in northern Sacramento Valley. Forest residues from a variety of forest thinning operations create a colorful mix of feedstocks; mixing of the fuel reduces any inconsistencies in quality and moisture content. Date unknown. Source: Steve Jolley, former Wheelabrator employee. (Upper Right) Small mill residue loading station. Source USDA Forest Service. (Lower Left) Screening chipped woody biomass. Source USDA Forest Service. (Lower Right) Conveyor belt system and chip pile at Mt. Lassen Power plant, Westwood, CA. The truck driver operated hydraulic chip truck unloaders are at the far left of the photo. September 18, 2002. John Stewart. AVAILABILITY: This publication is also available online at: http://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/Woody_Biomass/documents/feedstock_yard_guide.pdf DISCLAIMERS: The use of trade or firm names is for information only and does not imply endorsement by the Federal Woody Biomass Utilization Group of any product or service.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodcreek 4-In-1 Pellet Grill OWNER’S MANUAL OPERATING INSTRUC TIONS
    Woodcreek 4-in-1 Pellet Grill OWNER’S MANUAL OPERATING INSTRUC TIONS SAVE THIS MANUAL FOR FUTURE REFERENCE Model SMK0036AS / SMK0036ASO WARNING NOTICE TO INSTALLER: PLEASE READ THIS ENTIRE MANUAL BEFORE INSTALLATION AND USE OF THIS PELLET FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCE. LEAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS COULD RESULT IN WITH THE GRILL OWNER PROPERTY DAMAGE, BODILY INJURY OR EVEN DEATH. CONTACT LOCAL BUILDING OR FIRE OFFICIALS ABOUT RESTRICTIONS FOR FUTURE REFERENCE . AND INSTALLATION INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS IN YOUR AREA. SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS. IMPORTANT SAFETY WARNINGS WE WANT YOU TO ASSEMBLE AND USE YOUR GRILL AS SAFELY AS POSSIBLE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SAFETY ALERT SYMBOL IS TO ATTRACT YOUR ATTENTION TO POSSIBLE HAZARDS AS YOU ASSEMBLE AND USE YOUR GRILL & SMOKER. WHEN YOU SEE THE SAFETY ALERT SYMBOL, PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE INFORMATION WHICH FOLLOWS! READ ALL SAFETY WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE ASSEMBLING AND OPERATING YOUR GRILL & SMOKER. WARNING Do NOT use in humid or wet conditions WARNING 1. Improper installation, adjustment, service or maintenance can cause injury or property damage. 2. Read all instructions and guidelines carefully and thoroughly before installation, use or service. 3. Failure to follow these instructions could result in fi re or electrical shock. DANGER NOT for use in or on boats or recreation vehicles. DANGER 1. Do not store or use gasoline, liquid propane or any other fl ammable vapors or liquids in the vicinity of this appliance. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS: General Warnings . 3-4 Operating the Grill . 5-10 Proper Care and Maintenance . .11 Transporting and Storage. .12 Grill Cooking Tips.
    [Show full text]
  • Supply Considerations for Scaling up Clean Cooking Fuels for Household Energy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Supply considerations for scaling up clean cooking fuels for household energy in low- and middle-income countries Puzzolo E.1,2, Zerriffi H.3, Carter E.4, Clemens H.5, Stokes H.6, Jagger P.7, Rosenthal J.8*, Petach H.9* Affiliations 1. University of Liverpool, Department of Public Health and Policy, Liverpool, United Kingdom 2. Global LPG Partnership, New York, USA 3. University of British Columbia, Forest Resources Management, Canada 4. Colorado State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, USA 5. Hivos, The Hague, The Netherlands 6. Project Gaia, Inc., Gettysburg, PA, USA, 7. University of Michigan, School for Environment and Sustainability USA 8. Fogarty International Center, NIH, USA 9. U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA Correspondence: ThisElisa is Puzzolo, the author PhD, manuscript MPH, MSc accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but hasDepartment not been ofthrough Public theHealth copyediting, and Policy typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which Universitymay lead to of differences Liverpool between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1029/2019GH000208 Whelan Building This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Quadrangle Liverpool L69 3GB [email protected] * DISCLAIMER: The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not represent official statements of the U.S. National Institutes of Health or USAID or the U.S. Government. Funding Support: None. KEYWORDS: clean cooking, fuel supply, household air pollution, clean energy, clean fuels This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ABSTRACT Promoting access to clean household cooking energy is an important subject for policy making in low- and middle-income countries, in light of urgent and global efforts to achieve universal energy access by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 7).
    [Show full text]
  • Engineered Wood Fuels for Southeast Alaska Local Wood Chips for Thermal Energy Applications, and the Specific Case of Haines, Alaska
    United States Department of Agriculture Engineered Wood Fuels for Southeast Alaska Local Wood Chips for Thermal Energy Applications, and the Specific Case of Haines, Alaska David L. Nicholls, Robert Deering, and Thomas R. Miles Forest Pacific Northwest General Technical Report May Service Research Station PNW-GTR-965 2019 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance pro- gram, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any pro- gram or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in lan- guages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimina- tion Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_ filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncle Ethan's Wood Pellet Fuel Brochure
    ® ® PREMIUMFrequently Asked WQuestionsOOD PREMIUM WOOD What are Uncle Ethan’s products made of? UnclePRODUCTS Ethan’s products are made of 100% recycled wood fiber. They are bonded with PRODUCTS naturally occurring lignin in the wood fiber. No additional wax or other artificial binders are ever used. Do they smell like chemicals? Uncle Ethan’s products only contain wood, so they smell like burning firewood. They never create a chemical odor, unlike other brands. How do I store my wood products? Because no artificial binders are used, Uncle Ethan’s wood products can be susceptible to moisture. Be sure to store your pellet fuel in a dry place. Uncle Ethan’s Pellet Fuel is a great choice for those who value nature and the responsible use of its resources. Visit UncleEthans.com for more information. s greatest pleasures life’ E Printed on paper containing 100% post-consumer recycled waste Co m e f r o m n at u r ©2011 Universal Forest Products, Inc. All rights reserved. Grand Rapids, MI 49525 Uncle Ethan’s is a trademark of UFP Eastern Division, Inc. HPBA and its logo are registered trademarks of the Patio & Barbecue Association, Inc. Uncle Ethan The characters portrayed or events described in this brochure are purely fictitious. Any resemblance to real persons is coincidental. 6704_8/11 All-Natural. No added chemicals. 100% renewable. Wood fires, the way nature intended. All-Natural Premium Wood Pellet Fuel Uncle Ethan’s pellet fuel is manufactured using only the best quality wood fiber avail- able. State-of-the-art production equipment ensures consistent low moisture, resulting in better compression.
    [Show full text]