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OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE California Academy of Sciences No. 79, 130 pages, 13 figures, 15 tables. December 26, 1969 A Systematic Review of the Scorpionfishes of the Atlantic Ocean (Pisces: Scorpaenidae) By William N. Eschmeyer Colifor Ilia Academy of Sciences San Francisco, California 941 IS SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY 1969 [i] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Acknowledgments 3 Methods 4 Key to scorpion fishes of the Atlantic Ocean 6 Western Atlan tic 1 9 Eastern and Central Atlantic 21 Subfamily Scorpaeninae 23 Genus Pontinus Poey 23 Pont inns helena Eschmeyer 25 Pontinus longispinis Goode and Bean 25 Pontinus neniatophthalmus (Giinther) 27 Pontinus castor Poey 30 Pontinus rathbuni Goode and Bean ^2 Pontinus corallinus Miranda Ribeiro 34 Pontinus accraensis Norman 34 Pontinus kuhlii (Bowdich) 35 Pontinus leda Eschmeyer, new species 38 Pontinus nigropunctatus (Giinther) 40 Genus Neomerinthe Fowler 40 N eomerinthe hemingwayi Fowler 41 Neomerinthe beanorum (Evermann and Marsh) .. 42 Neomerinthe jolgori (Postel and Roux) 44 Genus Trachyscorpia Ginsburg 46 Subgenus Trachyscorpia Ginsburg 47 Trachyscorpia cristulata (Goode and Bean) 47 Trachyscorpia cristulata cristulata (Goode and Bean) 48 Trachyscorpia cristulata cchinata (Koehler) 49 Subgenus Mesoscorpia Eschmeyer, new subgenus 50 Trachyscorpia caprnsis (Gilchrist and X'on Bonde) 50 Genus Phenacoscorpius Fowler _ 51 Phenaco scarpins ncbris Eschmeyer 52 Genus Idiastion Eschmeyer 53 Idiastion kyp/ios Eschmeyer 53 Genus Scorpactia Linnaeus 54 Scorpacna isthmcnsis Meek and Hildebrand 54 Scorpacna bcrgii Evermann and Marsh 55 Scorpacna pctricola Eschmeyer 55 Scorpacna melasma Eschmeyer 55 Scorpacna brachyptcra Eschmeyer 56 Scorpacna elachys Eschmeyer 57 Scorpacna albijimbria Evermann and Marsh 58 Scorpacna grandkornis Cuvier 58 Scorpacna plumicri Bloch 59 Scorpacna brasilicnsis Cuvier 60 Scorpacna dispar Longley and Hildebrand 60 Scorpacna calcarata Goode and Bean 60 Scorpacna incrmis Cuvier 61 Scorpacna agassizii Goode and Bean 61 Scorpacna normani Cadenat 62 Scorpacna angolcnsis Norman 64 Scorpacna stcphanica Cadenat 66 Scorpacna clongata Cadenat 67 Scorpacna scroja Linnaeus 69 Scorpacna laevis Troschel 71 Scorpacna loppci Cadenat 74 Scorpacna annobonae Eschmeyer, new species 75 Scorpacna madercnsts Valenciennes 76 Scorpacna canaricnsis (Sauvage) 79 Scorpacna mcllissii Giinther 79 Scorpacna azorica Eschmeyer, new species 80 Scorpacna notata Rafinesque 81 Scorpacna porcus Linnaeus 83 Genus Scorpacnodes Bleeker 85 Scorpaenodcs tredecimspinosus (Metzelaar) 86 Scorpacnodes caribbaeus Meek and Hildebrand 88 Scorpaenodcs ajricanus Pfaff 89 Scorpacnodes arcnai Torchio 90 Scorpaenodcs clongatus Cadenat 91 [iii] Subfamily Sebastinae 9 1 Genus Helicolenus Goode and Bean 92 Helkolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche) 93 Helicolenus tristanensis Sivertsen 99 Genus Sebastes Cuvier 99 Sebastes capensis (Gmelin) 100 Subfamily Setarchinae 1 02 Genus Set arches Johnson 102 Set arches guentheri Johnson 102 Genus Ectreposebastes Garman 103 Ectreposebastes imus Garman 103 Speciation and Zoogeography of Atlantic Scorpionfishes 104 Summary 106 Literature Cited 121 Index to Genera and Species 138 [ivj A Systematic Review of the Scorpionfishes of the Atlantic Ocean (Pisces: Scorpaenidae)' By William N. Eschmeyer Califortiio Academy oj Sciences San Francisco, California 94118 Introduction of about The scorpionfishes, family Scorpaenidae, comprise a diverse group of 350 valid species. The family is best represented in shallow waters tropical seas, but important groups occur at high latitudes, particularly in the North Indo- Pacific Ocean; the greatest diversity is present in the tropical waters of the Pacific. Besides the commercially important species, some fishes of the family have received much attention because of the presence of toxic substances associ- our of ated with fin spines. Despite the interest in scorpionfishes, understanding world. the systematic status of the species is poor for most areas of the The present account deals with Atlantic species. Western Atlantic species which I have not treated earlier (Eschmeyer, 196Sa, b; Eschmeyer and Collette, all western 1966; Eschmeyer and Bailey, in press) are studied in most detail, but in North Atlantic species are mentioned and are included the keys (except references, Atlantic species of the genus Sebastes). Pertinent additional material, the or comments are given for some species treated in my earlier papers. Of those from the Gulf of Guinea are species occurring in the eastern Atlantic, given most attention, based on collections by the Institute of Marine Sciences, the Guinean Trawling Survey, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. and islands of St. Other species from the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, 1 Contribution no. 1068 from the Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Miami. Florida. [1] 2 CALIFORMA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Occ. Papers Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha are included, except North Atlantic species of Sebastes. Fifty-eight species in 11 genera are recognized; this includes one western Atlantic species of doubtful validity. Two species are treated as composed of two subspecies. In the eastern Atlantic the species occurring in the Mediter- ranean Sea and adjacent parts of the Atlantic deserve additional study, partic- ularly in regard to distribution and early literature. The most comprehensive accounts of eastern Atlantic scorpionfishes are those by Norman {1935a), Fowler (1936), Cadenat (1945), and Boutiere (1958). Recently several species have been described as new from the eastern Atlantic: Scorpaenodes arenai Torchio 1962a, Scorpaena gaillardac Roux 1954 (=5. stcphanica), and Scor- paena folgori Postel and Roux 1964 (here placed in Neomerinthe). Eschmeyer and Collette (1966) reported Ectreposebastes imus from the Gulf of Guinea and the western Atlantic. Wheeler and Eschmeyer (1968) removed Helicolenus microphthalmus from the Atlantic fauna. The supposed western Atlantic species Scorpaena microlcpis Gunter was found (Eschmeyer and Bailey, in press) to have been described from a specimen of the eastern Pacific species 5. guttata which had incorrect locality data. A new subgenus and three new species are described in the present paper. The scorpionfishes found in the Atlantic Ocean belong to the more generalized subfamilies. Zoogeographically, several distributional patterns are evident. Comparison of species on both sides of the Atlantic shows that the deeper the species lives the greater the likelihood that it has a close relative on the opposite side of the Atlantic or occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. The genera containing shallow-water species show more endemism. In the genus Sebastes (broadly defined), the single species occurring in the extreme South Atlantic has affinities with the small South American Pacific fauna which in turn probably arose from ancestors which were able to move south along the tropical Central American coast; the presence of three species of Sebastes in the extreme North Atlantic is most easily explained by a trans-Artie origin. A few of the warm-water genera are so far known only from the Atlantic, but most are represented in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Some world-wide tropical and south-temperate genera are more speciose in the Atlantic than in other areas; in some cases this may be a result of more collection and study of the Atlantic fauna. Species of the western Atlantic are given first within each genus, and in most cases the sections on comparisons in each species' account deal mainly with species of the same genus from the same side of the Atlantic. Major com- parisons of the faunas and comments on zoogeograjjhy are given in a separate section. The key is divided into two parts, the first for western Atlantic species and the second for species occurring in the eastern Atlantic and islands of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. No. 79] ESCHMEYER: ATLANTIC SCORPIONFISHES 3 Acknowledgments Specimens from the eastern Atlantic were obtained from several sources. Many came from the Pillshury collections in the (iulf of (iuinea. My participa- tion in the two Pillsbury cruises off West Africa was supported by the University of Miami Deep-Sea Biological Program sponsored by the National Geographic Society. Operation of the Pillsbury was financed by a biological ship-time grant from the National Science Foundation. Additional specimens are from the Guinean Trawling Survey in the Gulf of Guinea (through Frank J. Williams), collections by Bruce B. Collette on Guinean Trawling Survey 1, and from col- lections by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service research vessel Geronimo; some William J. Richards (Tropical Atlantic Biological Laboratory) provided specimens collected by the R/V Geronimo. Julio Rodriguez-Roda (Institute de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Cadiz, Spain) generously loaned specimens reported by Cervigon (1960) from Mauritania; Fernando Cervigon provided additional information. J. Blache (Institute Fundamental D'Afrique Noire, Goree, Sene- gal) loaned specimens of Scorpaenodes ajricanus. Edward C. Raney (Cornell University) loaned specimens collected by Gilbert Bane in the Gulf of Guinea. Donald P. de Sylva (Institute of Marine Sciences) provided color slides of two species from the Azores. A loan of specimens from the British Museum (Natural History) was through the generosity of Alwyne C. Wheeler and P. Humphrey Greenwood. Specimens from the western Atlantic were from collections made by the United States Fish
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  • Behaviour and Patterns of Habitat Utilisation by Deep-Sea Fish

    Behaviour and Patterns of Habitat Utilisation by Deep-Sea Fish

    Behaviour and patterns of habitat utilisation by deep-sea fish: analysis of observations recorded by the submersible Nautilus in "98" in the Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic By Dário Mendes Alves, 2003 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master Science in International Fisheries Management Department of Aquatic Bioscience Norwegian College of Fishery Science University of Tromsø INDEX Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….ii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..iii page 1.INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………1 1.1. Deep-sea fisheries…………………………………………………………….……..1 1.2. Deep-sea habitats……………………………………………………………………2 1.3. The Bay of Biscay…………………………………………………………………..3 1.4. Deep-sea fish locomotory behaviour………………………………………………..4 1.5. Objectives……………………………………………………………………...……4 2.MATERIAL AND METHODS…………………………………………….…..……5 2.1. Dives, data collection and environments……………………………………………5 2.2. Video and data analysis……………………………………………………...……...7 2.2.1. Video assessment and sampling units………………………………...…..7 2.2.2. Microhabitats characterization…………………………………….……...8 2.2.3. Grouping of variables……………………………………………………10 2.2.4. Co-occurrence of fish and invertebrate fauna……………………………10 2.2.5. Depth and temperature relationships…………………………………….10 2.2.6. Multivariate analysis……………………………………………………..11 2.2.7. Locomotory Behaviour………………………………………………......13 3.RESULTS……………………………………………………………………………14 3.1. General characterization of dives………………………………………………….14 3.1.1. Species richness, habitat types and sampling……………………………14 3.1.2. Diving profiles, depth and temperature………………………………….17 3.1.3. Fish distribution according to depth and temperature………………...…18 3.2. Habitat use………………………………………………………………………....20 3.2.1. Independent dive analysis……………………………………………..…20 3.2.1.1. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Dive 22……………...…..20 3.2.1.2. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Dive 34………………….22 3.2.1.3. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Dive 35………………….24 3.2.1.4.