The State of Florida and the Nation As a Whole

STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Elton J. Gissendanner, Executive Director

DIVISION OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Art Wilde, Director

BUREAU OF GEOLOGY Walter Schmidt, Chief

INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102

THE INDUSTRIAL MINERALS OF FLORIDA

Kenneth M. Campbell

Published for the FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TALLAHASSEE 1986 -3-7 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

BOB GRAHAM Governor

GEORGE FIRESTONE JIM SMITH Secretary of State Attorney General

BILL GUNTER GERALD A. LEWIS Treasurer Comptroller

RALPH D. TURLINGTON DOYLE CONNER Commissioner of Education Commissioner of Agriculture

ELTON J. GISSENDANNER Executive Director

ncp

n, )3l LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Bureau of Geology August 1986

Governor Bob Graham, Chairman Florida Department of Natural Resources Tallahassee, Florida 32301

Dear Governor Graham:

The Bureau of Geology, Division of Resource Management, Depart- ment of Natural Resources, is publishing as its Information Circular No. 102, The Industrial Minerals of Florida. This report summarizes the geology, mining and beneficiation of industrial minerals found in Florida. Products, uses, economic trends and environmental aspects are outlined. This report will be useful to geologists, state and local governmental agencies and the citizens of the State and will help the reader more fully realize the impact of mining on the economy of Florida.

Respectfully yours,

Walter Schmidt, Chief Bureau of Geology

iii Printed for the Florida Geological Survey

Tallahassee 1986

ISSN No. 0085-0640

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction ...... 1

Cem ent ...... 1 D iscussion ...... 1 Econom ic Trends ...... 2 Environmental Concerns ...... 2

Clays ...... 5 Geology ...... 5 Mining and Beneficiation ...... 7 Uses ...... 7 Transportation and Economic Trends ...... 9 Reserves ...... 9 Environmental Concerns ...... 9 Heavy M inerals ...... 11 Geology ...... 11 Trail Ridge Deposit ...... 11 Green Cove Springs and Boulougne Deposits ...... 12 Mining and Beneficiation ...... 12 Products and Uses ...... 14 Transportation and Economic Trends ...... 15 Reserves ...... 15 Environmental Concerns ...... 16

Magnesium Compounds ...... 16 Processing ...... 16 Uses ...... 16 Econom ic Trends ...... 17 Reserves ...... 17 Environmental Concerns ...... 17

Oil and Gas ...... 17 Geology ...... 17 Products and Uses ...... 18 Transportation ...... 19 Production Trends ...... 19 Reserves ...... 19 Environmental Concerns ...... 19 Byproduct Sulphur ...... 23

Peat ...... 23 v G eology ...... 23 M ining ...... 24 U ses ...... 2 5 Transportation and Economic Trends ...... 25 Reserves ...... 25 Environmental Concerns ...... 27

Phosphate ...... 28 D iscussion ...... 28 G eology ...... 29 Central Florida Phosphate District ...... 29 Southern Extension of the Central Florida Phosphate D istrict ...... 31 Northern Florida Phosphate District ...... 31 M ining ...... 32 Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore ...... 33 Products and Uses ...... 34 Transportation ...... 34 Economic Trends ...... 34 Reserves ...... 36 Environmental Concerns ...... 36 W ater Usage ...... 36 Power Consumption ...... 36 Radiation ...... 36 W ater Quality ...... 37 A ir Q uality ...... 37 Clay W aste Disposal ...... 37 W etlands ...... 38 Byproduct Fluorine ...... 38 Recovery ...... 38 U ses ...... 39 Economic Trends ...... 39 Byproduct Uranium ...... 39 G eology ...... 39 Extraction ...... 40 Economic Trends ...... 40 Reserves ...... 40

Sand and Gravel ...... 41 G eology ...... 4 1 Northwest Florida ...... 41 North Florida ...... 42 Central Florida ...... 42 South Florida ...... 43 Mining and Beneficiation ...... 43 U ses ...... 44 Transportation ...... 44

vi Econom ic Trends ...... 44 Reserves ...... 44 Environmental Concerns ...... 44

Stone ...... 4 6 G eology ...... 46 Northwest Florida ...... 46 The Western One-Half of North and Central Peninsular Florida ...... 47 Atlantic Coast ...... 49 Southw est Florida ...... 49 Mining and Beneficiation ...... 50 Products and Uses ...... 51 Transportation ...... 51 Econom ic Trends ...... 53 Reserves ...... 53 Environmental Concerns ...... 53

References ...... 54

A ppendix ...... 62 Mineral Producers in Florida ...... 62

Producers By Commodity ...... 62

Commodities By County ...... 89

FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Quantity and value of portland cement ...... 3 2 Quantity and value of masonry cement ...... 4 3 Fuller's earth mine, Marion County ...... 8 4 Quantity and.value of clays ...... 10 5 Heavy minerals "wet mill" beneficiation plant ...... 13 6 Getty Oil drilling rig, East Bay, Santa Rosa County ..... 18 7 Past and present oil and gas production from Florida fields ...... 20 8 Quantity and value of petroleum crude ...... 21 9 Quantity and value of natural gas ...... 22 10 Quantity and value of peat ...... 26 11 Location of the Florida phosphate districts ...... 30

vii 12 International Minerals and Chemicals Corp. Clear Springs phosphate mine, Polk County ...... 32 13 Quantity and value of phosphate in Florida and North C arolina ...... 35 14 Suction dredge used in sand mining ...... 43 15 Quantity and value of sand and gravel ...... 45 16 Limestone quarry, Citrus County ...... 50 17 Limestone quarry, mining below water level with dragline ...... 51 18 Quantity and value of crushed stone ...... 52

TABLES

Table Page

1 Conversion factors for terms used in this report ...... 1

viii THE INDUSTRIAL MINERALS OF FLORIDA

by Kenneth M. Campbell

INTRODUCTION

Although Florida is not generally thought of as a mining state, it ranked fourth nationally in total value of non-fuel minerals produced in 1985 (Boyle, 1986). In 1981, the total value of Florida's mineral production (including fuels) was in excess of 3.8 billion dollars. In 1983, the Florida phosphate industry was reported to have led the nation in phosphate production for 90 consecutive years (Boyle and Hendry, 1985). Florida and North Carolina produced 87 percent of the national production of phosphate in 1983 and approximately 27.4 percent of the world production (Stowasser, 1985a). These figures indicate the great importance of industrial minerals, and mining activities, to the economy of the State of Florida and the nation as a whole. This publication is intended to respond to the needs expressed by the general public, governmental agencies, and industry, regarding information on Florida's Economic Minerals. The report will help the reader more fully realize the impact of the mining industry on Florida's, and ultimately the nation's economy. The units of measurement utilized in this report are those commonly used by the respective industries. The metric conversion factors for terms used in this report are given in Table 1. TABLE 1

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN inches 25.4 millimeters inches 2.54 centimeters feet 0.3048 meters miles (statute) 1.6093 kilometers cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters ton (short, 2000 Ib) 0.8929 long ton (2240 Ib) ton (short, 2000 Ib) 0.9072 metric ton (2204.62 Ib)

CEMENT

Discussion

Portland cement and masonry cement are produced from a finely ground mixture of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. Heating, or calcin- ing the mixture in a rotary kiln forms a silicate clinker, which is then 2 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY pulverized. Carefully controlled proportions of these ingredients are necessary to produce a satisfactory product. The chemical composition of portland cement varies, depending on the end product specifications but generally ranges from Ca3SiO, through CaAlIFe2 O,, (Lefond, 1975). The primary ingredient of portland cement is lime (CaO) which is obtained from limestone. Secondary ingredients are silica, alumina and iron. Quartz sand is utilized to provide silica. Clay provides silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The raw materials for cement production in Florida can all be found within the state, although some manufacturers are importing various ingredients. Lime is provided primarily by limestones mined in Florida. One manufacturer, however, has imported aragonite from the Bahamas for this purpose (Wright, 1974). Quartz sand used in the manufacturing process is mined within the state, as is much of the clay. Known reserves of suitable clay in Florida are becoming depleted and portland cement producers are increasingly looking outside the state for other sources. One company is presently importing kaolin from Georgia to supplement the clay obtained in Florida. Staurolite can be used to supply the alumina and part of the iron that is required by the cement formula. The mineral staurolite is a product of heavy mineral separation in the Trail Ridge area of north Florida.

Economic Trends

Cement production is closely tied to construction activity. Demand for cement is expected to increase at an annual rate of about two percent through 1990 (Johnson, 1985). In 1984, production of portland cement in Florida was up seven percent from the levels of 1983, while masonry cement production was up 26 percent (Boyle and Hendry, 1985; Boyle, 1986). Preliminary figures for 1985 indicate a decrease to approximately 1983 levels for the production of portland cement, and an increase of approximately four percent in masonry cement. Value of portland cement increased five percent from 1983 to 1984 while the value for masonry cement rose 26 percent. Preliminary figures for 1985 values indicate a decrease to 1983 levels for portland cement and an increase of approximately seven percent for masonry cement (Boyle and Hendry, 1985; Boyle, 1986). There are presently five cement producers active in Flor- ida, with all operations located in the central and southern portion of the state.

Environmental Concerns

The environmental concerns of prime importance with respect to cement manufacturing are air and water pollution. Control of fugitive dust is the main means of alleviating these problems. Current Environ- mental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations limit total suspended solids, pH and effluent temperature which can escape from kilns and clinker QUANTITY (THOUSANDS OF SHORT TONS) VALUE (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)

p PRELIMINARY DATA

4.0 250

3.00 150

>. 3.5 200 o. I- u. N 0 v . 00

0m 3.0 150 00 0o"* t

2.5 100 Cyto ,

0 0 0.

2.0 50s -0

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 YEAR Figure 1. Quantity and value of portland cement (Boyle, 1986; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1977 - 1983). wo * QUANTITY (THOUSANDS OF SHORT TONS)

- VALUE (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) p PRELIMINARY DATA w 0-

= > (0 0 500 25 4 0 N N SN h. SN a 400 20 " ) C Coo a rrO

300 15 Ca o c 0 C4 N G°)

Nym

200 .10 0

10055 a a mU U UJ

0 10 II

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 YEAR Figure 2. Quantity and value of masonry cement (Boyle, 1986; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1977 - 1983). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 5 coolers and stacks. Electrostatic precipitators and glass bag dust collec- tors are widely utilized. When the chemical makeup of the dust is not orohibitive (excess alkali), the collected dust can be recycled to the firing and of the kiln (Hall and Ela, 1978) reducing the amount of dust which must be handled for disposal. EPA regulations require strict dust disposal control to eliminate potential water pollution with limitations on quantity of suspended solids and runoff pH. Energy demands may be considered as an environmental concern. Cement manufacturing is highly energy intensive. Oil and gas shortages, and sharply increased fuel costs have impelled cement producers to consider coal as a primary and/or back-up fuel. Reduction in energy consumption is possible with new plants being designed to be energy efficient. Energy efficiency may be enhanced by recycling waste heat, dry process grinding, blending and conveying, reduction in kiln size and com- puter process and blending control (Schmidt, et al., 1979).

CLAYS

Clay deposits are found in many parts of Florida, but only in certain locations are they found with the proper mineralogy, purity and volume necessary for commercial exploitation. External factors such as ready access to transportation facilities, power supply and the labor force must also be favorable. The U.S. Bureau of Mines classifies clays into six groups. These are kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, bentonite, fuller's earth, and common clay (Ampian, 1985a). Clays that are presently mined in Florida include fuller's earth, kaolin and common clays for use as lightweight aggregate, cement ingredients and construction material. With the exception of kaolin, these clays are generally composed of varying amounts of the minerals smectite, kaolinite, or palygorskite (formerly called attapulgite).

Geology

Clay is a general term for common materials which have a very fine particle size and which exhibit the property of plasticity when wet. Strictly speaking, clay is both a size term and the name of a group of minerals. Clay sized particles are those which are less than 0.000154 inches (1/256 mm) in largest dimension. Clay minerals are composed of hydrous aluminum or magnesium silicates forming the minerals kaolinite, smectite, illite, halloysite and palygorskite. These minerals combine with a large number of possible clay sized impurities including silica, iron oxides, carbonates, mica, feldspar, potassium, sodium and other ions (Hosterman, 1973). The large number of possible components increases the potential for variation from deposit to deposit. The term fuller's earth is derived from the original use of the material, that of cleaning wool and textiles. Ampian (1985a) states that, "the term has neither a compositional nor a mineralogical connotation and the 6 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY " substance is defined as a non-plastic clay or clay-like material, usually high in magnesia, that has adequate decolorizing and purifying properties." Fuller's earths are composed primarily of palygorskite or varieties of smectite (Ampian, 1985a). Florida fuller's earths in the Gadsden County area are predominantly palygorskite while those located in Marion County consist primarily of smectite (Hosterman, 1973). The fuller's earth deposits in Gadsden County occur as beds and lenses in the upper part of the Hawthorn Group of Miocene age. The Hawthorn Group in the Gadsden County area is composed primarily of sand, silt and clay, thin limestone beds and minor amounts of phosphorite. The fuller's earth generally occurs as two beds, each two to eight-feet thick, separated by a hard sandy bed as much as 11 -feet thick. Above this is a sequence of lenticular, reddish-brown, brown, and yellowish-brown clayey sands, clay beds, and local channel-fill gravel deposits known as the Miccosukee Formation. The upper part of the Hawthorn Group and the Miccosukee Formation together constitute an overburden thickness which ranges from a few feet to 75 or more feet. The fuller's earth deposits located in Marion County represent the lower Hawthorn Group and are located on the edge of the Hawthorn outcrop belt. The fuller's earth clays are the only Hawthorn material present (T. Scott, personal communication, 1983). The fuller's earth is underlain by limestone of the Eocene Ocala Group, and is overlain by undifferentiated sands, clayey sands and sandy clays (Patrick, et al., 1983; T. Scott, personal communication, 1983). The ore zone is approximately 26-feet thick and consists of several beds of clay containing various amounts of quartz sand and silt, phosphorite granules and dendrites (Patrick, et al., 1983). The clay minerals present in the fuller's earth include illite, sepiolite, smectite and possibly palygorskite (Patrick, et al., 1983). Up to 28 feet of overburden covers the fuller's earth. The overburden is often much thinner where part of the overburden material has been removed by erosion (Patrick, et al., 1983). There is only one active kaolin mine in Florida, located in western Putnam County. This deposit is of probable Pliocene age, although, at the present time, there is uncertainty as to the formation identity and age (Scott, 1978; personal communication, 1985). The kaolin comprises less than 20 percent of the material mined (Calver, 1957); the remainder is predominantly quartz sand with minor amounts of mica, feldspar and heavy minerals. Common clays occur in essentially all of the geologic formations exposed at the surface in Florida and in most of the counties. At present, only one company is mining clay in Florida for use as lightweight aggregate. This deposit located in Clay County is a naturally bloating clay composed primarily of smectite and kaolinite and is thought to be lagoonal in origin (Edward Phillips, personal communication, 1983). The deposit is of Pliocene to Pleistocene age (T. Scott, personal communication, 1983). Approximately 10 feet of sand overburden must be removed to expose INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 7 the bloating clay. The upper bed is brown clay which averages 15 feet in thickness and contains a lower percentage of kaolinite than smectite. This upper bed is separated from a lower clay bed by two feet of white quartz sand. The lower clay bed averages 20 feet in thickness and contains smectite as the dominant clay mineral. Both beds contain lenses of shelly clay which are not used (Edward Phillips, personal communication, 1983).

Mining and Beneficiation

All clays in Florida are mined by the open pit method. The overburden is first removed by a dragline or earthmover. A dragline is utilized to remove the clay, which is then trucked to the plant for processing. The kaolin-bearing sands are mined by a floating suction dredge. The processing procedures vary widely due to the different purposes for which the clay is mined. The processing required for fuller's earth consists of drying, grinding, grading by size and packaging. The kaolin-bearing sands are beneficiated by separation of the sand and clay and removal of impurities through a series of disaggregating, washing, screening, thickening, filtering, and drying operations. The sand fraction is retained, further beneficiated and classified. Clays for lightweight aggregate production are fired in a rotary kiln at high temperatures. Two conditions are necessary for bloating (expand- ing) to occur. When the bloating temperature is reached, the clay mass must be in a pyroplastic condition and, at the same time, gasses must be evolving throughout the clay mass (Conley, et al., 1948). The product is a mass comprised of thin-walled bubbles produced by the gas expansion. The expansion process is dependent on impurities in the clay such as iron compounds, alkaline earths (CaO, MgO) and alkalis (K,Na,0), carbon in some cases, and on pH (generally greater than 5) (Conley, et al., 1948). The clay structure seems to play little part in the bloating process. After firing, the expanded product is graded by size.

Uses

Fuller's earth is a term applied to clays and clay-like materials which have adequate decolorizing and filtration properties. These clays were originally used to "full" or remove oil from woolen cloth and fibers. The term is still used today although the primary uses of the clays have changed. Fuller's earth is used primarily as an absorbent (oil dry, kitty litter, etc.), for drilling muds, as a carrier for insecticides and fungicides, and for filtering and decolorizing. The advantage in using fuller's earth as a drilling mud is that it does not flocculate (settle out) when salt water is encountered (Hosterman, 1973). Lightweight aggregates are used to reduce the unit weight of concrete products without adversely affecting their structural strength. Some properties of lightweight aggregates are: their relative light weight, high 8 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Figure 3. Fuller's earth mine, Marion County. Photo by Tom Scott.

fire resistance, substantial compressive strength, good bonding with cement, chemical inertness, and abrasion resistance. Kaolin mined in Florida has uses which include ceramics, whiteware, refractory brick, wall tile, and electrical insulators. Additional industrial applications include use in paint, paper, rubber and plastics (Ampian, 1985a). Common clays have a variety of uses, such as road construction, brick manufacturing, and manufacturing of portland cement. Very little clay is utilized in road construction, as limestone is the major road base material used in the state. Only a few county road departments maintain "clay" (usually a clayey sand) pits for local road construction and maintenance. INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 9

There is presently only one brick-manufacturing operation in the state, ocated at the Apalachee Correctional Institution at Chattahoochee. This .s not a commercial enterprise, and all of the bricks produced are used by state agencies. All commercial brick manufacturing plants in Florida have closed due to economic reasons. Clay is commonly used as a source of silica and alumina in the manufacturing of portland cement. In the southern part of the state, known clay deposits are very scattered and usually have a high content of impurities. One manufacturer of portland cement imports kaolin from Georgia for use as a source of alumina while another uses staurolite, which is obtained as a by-product of the heavy minerals industry in Clay County.

Transportation and Economic Trends

Transportation of clays mined in Florida is primarily by truck and rail. Demand for the various types of clay is expected to increase 2-4 percent annually through 1990 (Ampian, 1985b). Production of clay increased approximately 13 percent in 1984 from 1983, while value (excluding kaolin) increased approximately eight percent (Boyle and Hendry, 1985; Boyle, 1986). Preliminary figures for 1985 indicate an increase of approximately 16 percent and 47 percent for production and value respectively over the 1984 figures (Boyle, 1986).

Reserves

The majority of the state, with the exception of south Florida, contains abundant quantities of common clays. The U.S. Bureau of Mines (Ampian, 1985a) states that Florida reserves of common clays are virtually unlimited. Individual deposits, however, are not necessarily suitably located or suitable for specific purposes. Identified deposits of common clays suitable for lightweight aggregate are quite limited. This situation probably reflects lack of exploration and testing. Fuller's earth resources are estimated to be 300 million short tons (Ampian, 1985a). Reserves for kaolin are not specified by Ampian (1985a), but can be considered limited to moderate.

Environmental Concerns

Environmental concerns related to clay mining are primarily associated with air and water pollution. Dust control measures and settling ponds are used to help alleviate these problems in and around production plants and storage areas. Timely land reclamation and revegetation will minimize the effects of dust and runoff from mining areas. 1300 50 00

1200 45 0

i QUANTITY ( THOUSANDS OF SHORT TONS ) 1100 40 N S0 VALUE ( MILLIONS OF DOLLARS )

P PRELIMINARY DATA 0 1000 35 * EXCLUDES KAOLIN VALUE 5 S ,.:O CrV" n

> 900 30 --- 4 -J n V

_0 0

700 20 (

600 15

o50010 ___ .. - 1976 1977* 1978 1979* 1980* 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 YEAR Figure 4. Quantity and value of clays (Boyle, 1986; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1977- 1983). . ,- .. ,il ,.,B,,g^^tT,...,.,, i. .,,,,r.., .. , INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 11

HEAVY MINERALS

Geology

The history of the Florida heavy mineral deposits began millions of years before their deposition in Florida sediments. The heavy minerals were originally formed in the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Blue Ridge and the Piedmont regions in the southern Appalachians (Gilson, 1959). Following extensive weathering and erosion of the crystalline rocks the heavy mineral grains were subjected to a lengthy period of abrasion and winnowing as they were transported by fluvial and marine longshore currents. Finally, they were deposited as sedimentary grains in Florida. None of the economically important detrital minerals found in Florida sediments are known to occur in Florida sedimentary rocks as primary minerals (Garner, 1972). Heavy minerals are associated with essentially all of the quartz sands and clayey sands in Florida, however, economically valuable concentrations are much less widespread. The areas which are of economic importance are the Trail Ridge and Green Cove Springs deposits located in the northeast peninsula of Florida. All of the commercially valuable heavy mineral deposits in Florida are inland from the present shoreline, and are genetically associated with older, higher shore lines (Pirkle, et al., 1974).

TRAIL RIDGE DEPOSIT

The Trail Ridge is a sand ridge which extends southward from the Altamaha River in southeast Georgia into Clay and Bradford counties in the peninsula of Florida, a distance of approximately 130 miles. Ridge crest elevations range from approximately 140 feet in southern Georgia to approximately 250 feet near its southern end in Florida (Pirkle, et al., 1977). The Trail Ridge heavy mineral ore deposit is located at the southern end of the Trail Ridge in Bradford and Clay counties. The ore body, which has an average thickness of 35 feet, measures approximately 17-miles long by one or two miles wide. Heavy minerals (specific gravity greater than 2.9) comprise approximately four percent of the deposit. The titanium minerals rutile, ilmenite and leucoxene make up 45 percent of the heavy mineral fraction (Carpenter, et al., 1953). Staurolite, zircon, kyanite, sillimanite, tourmaline, spinel, topaz, corundum, monazite and others make up the remainder of the heavy mineral fraction (Pirkle, et al., 1970). The base of the ore body rests either on barren quartz sands and clayey sands or on a compacted layer of woody and peaty materials including tree branches, roots and trunks (Pirkle, et al., 1970). The current hypothesis for the formation of the ore body is that Trail Ridge was formed at the crest of a transgressive sea (rising sea level) which was eroding the sediments of the Northern Highlands of Florida (Pirkle, et al., 1974). The Trail Ridge is the highest and oldest shoreline 12 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY along which commercial concentrations of heavy minerals have been found in Florida. The Trail Ridge deposit is significantly coarser in mean grain size than the sediments of the Northern Highlands because fine sediments were winnowed out by wave and current activity. The composition of the heavy mineral suite of the Trail Ridge deposit closely matches that of the Northern Highlands (Pirkle, et al., 1974). Pirkle, et al. (1977) concluded from a study of heavy mineral grain sphericities that the high terrace sands of the Northern Highlands were the only possible source of sand for the Trail Ridge. Thus, this interpretation of the origin of the Trail Ridge is consistent with the mineral suite of the Northern High- lands as well as the physiographic and sedimentary features of the area (Pirkle, et al., 1977).

GREEN COVE SPRINGS AND BOULOUGNE DEPOSITS

The Green Cove Springs and Boulougne (now mined out) heavy mineral deposits are located within the Duval Uplands. These deposits are believed to have formed within beach ridges on a regressional (falling sea level) beach ridge plain associated with a sea level of 90-100 feet, with the elevation becoming lower to the east (Pirkle, et al., 1974). The Green Cove Springs ore deposit, which is oriented along a northwest to southeast trend, is located in southeastern Clay and northeastern Putnam counties. The deposit is approximately 12-miles long, 3/4- mile wide and 20-feet thick (Pirkle, et al., 1974). The Boulougne ore body (now mined out) is located several miles south of the Florida- Georgia border in Nassau County and measures three-miles long (N-S trend) by 1/2 to 3/4-mile wide and ranges from 5 to 25-feet thick (Pirkle, et al., 1974). The Green Cove Springs and Bolougne heavy mineral deposits are finer grained than the Trail Ridge deposit. The sediment source for a regressional beach ridge plain would be, predominantly, sediments delivered by the coastal littoral drift system. These sediments would tend to be relatively fine and would contain heavy mineral suites characteristic of their source areas. This can explain the finer texture of the Duval Upland beach ridge sediments as well as the occurrence of garnet and epidote in the heavy mineral suite (Pirkle, et al., 1974).

Mining and Beneficiation

The mining process begins with harvesting any timber present and clearing the land of vegetation. Top soil, if present, is stockpiled for later use in reclamation. Heavy mineral sands are mined by a floating suction dredge equipped with a cutter head. The dredge and wet mill float in a man-made pond. The dredge cuts into the banks of the pond, while waste sand, after processing in the wet mill, is backfilled into the pond behind the dredge. Initial heavy mineral separation is carried out within the wet mill by the INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 13

Figure 5. Heavy minerals "wet mill" beneficiation plant. Photo courtesy of the Florida Bureau of Mine Reclamation. use of Humphreys Spiral Concentrators. Spiral concentrators treat an ore which contains approximately four percent heavy minerals, and produce, after several stages, a concentrate which averages 85 percent heavy minerals (Garner, 1971). Based on the acreage mined in 1985 (Florida Bureau of Mine Reclamation figures) and assuming the 'average' thickness of the two deposits presently being mined (Trail Ridge and Green Cove Springs), approximately 43 million cubic yards of material were processed through the wet mills, resulting in approximately 1.6 million cubic yards of wet mill concentrate. Wet mill concentrates are pumped to land based dry. mills for further processing. 14 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

The initial step in processing wet mill concentrates is scrubbing using sodium hydroxide to remove organic coatings and clay minerals from the grains. Scrubbed material is dried and then separated on a series of high tension separators which take advantage of the variation in the electrical conductivity of the different minerals (Garner, 1971). Titanium minerals (ilmenite, rutile, and leucoxene) have relatively good electrical conduc- tance and are separated from the heavy silicate minerals (includes staurolite, zircon, kyanite, sillimanite, tourmaline and topaz) and quartz which pick up an electrical charge and adhere to the separator rotor (Evans, 1955). The concentrate is thus separated into titanium minerals, tailings composed of heavy silicate minerals and quartz, and a middling fraction of poorly separated grains which is recycled through the high tension separator. Concentrate from the high tension separator is separated magnetically. The magnetic portion is shipped as ilmenite which contains 98 percent titanium mineral and averages 64.5 percent TiO, (Garner, 1971). The nonmagnetic fraction is recycled through high tension separators to separate leucoxene and rutile as a product which analyzes 80 percent TiO2. After ilmenite, leucoxene and rutile are removed, tailings are recycled to the initial high tension separators, and high intensity magnets separate staurolite from zircon. Tailings from the staurolite separation are treated in spirals to remove heavy silicates and quartz sand (Garner, 1971). Through continuous control and recycling of materials nearly all of the heavy minerals are recovered.

Products and Uses

The major use for the titanium-rich heavy minerals (ilmenite, rutile and leucoxene) is for titanium dioxide pigment (known for its whiteness, spreading quality and chemical stability). Ninety-nine percent of the ilmenite and 84 percent of the rutile was utilized in the manufacture of white pigments in 1984 (Lynd, 1985a). Staurolite is an iron-aluminum silicate mineral containing 45 percent ALO, and 13 to 15 percent Fe203. Staurolite product also contains tourmaline and spinel as well as silicates with magnetic inclusions. This material is utilized primarily as a source of iron and alumina in the manufacture of portland cement and as an abrasive (Garner, 1971). Zircon is found in economic quantities in the Trail Ridge area, and is recovered from the ore after the ilmenite and rutile have been removed. Zircon is a silicate of zirconium with a theoretical composition of 67.2 percent ZrO, and 32.8 percent SiO2 (Dana, 1946). It is a constituent of practically all stream and beach sands, however, it occurs in rather small quantities in most deposits. The consumption of zircon in the U.S. in 1984 was as follows: 45 percent was used in foundry sands, 20 percent in refractories, 12 percent in ceramics, six percent in abrasives and the rest in making zirconium metal and alloys and in chemical manufacturing (Adams, 1985). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 15

Monazite is a phosphate mineral which concentrates the rare-earth elements (cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, and thorium) and contains up to 12 percent thorium oxide and one percent uranium oxide. Monazite is not present in commercial quantities in the Trail Ridge deposit but is presently recovered from the Green Cove Springs deposit. Thorium that is derived from monazite is used as a fertile material in commercial high- temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors and experimental nuclear reactors to produce fissionable U-233. The major use at present is to produce catalysts utilized in cracking petroleum crude. Non-energy uses include the manufacture of gas mantles, high temperature alloys used in the aerospace industry, refractory materials, optical glass, and other miscellaneous uses. Cerium is also extracted from monazite and is used in the production of iron alloys, mischmetal (a metallic mixture of rare earth elements), ferrocerium, carbon arc electrode cores, glass polishing processes and other miscellaneous uses (Moore, 1980).

Transportation and Economic Trends

Heavy mineral concentrates are shipped primarily by rail. Covered hop- percars are utilized in bulk shipments (Lynd, 1980). Production and value figures for heavy minerals in general (and the individual mineral components) are withheld to protect the confidentiality of individual companies. In 1983, Florida was the only U.S. producer of staurolite, rutile, zircon and rare earth minerals from mineral sands and was one of only two states with ilmenite production (Boyle and Hendry, 1985). From a 1984 level, demand for titanium sponge metal is expected to increase at an annual rate of five percent through 1990. Titanium sponge metal is a spongy metal produced by reducing purified titanium tetrachloride with sodium or magnesium in an inert atmosphere. Residual chlorides are removed by leaching, inert gas sweep or vacuum distillation. The sponge is compacted and formed into ingots by vacuum arc melting (Lynd, 1985b).

Demand for TiO2 pigments will increase from a 1981 base at two percent annually (Lynd, 1985a). U.S. production of ilmenite in 1982 was the lowest since 1954 at 263,000 short tons of contained TiO, (Lynd and Hough, 1980; Lynd, 1985a). Zirconium demand is expected to increase at a four percent annual rate through 1990 (Adams, 1985). Rare earth metals demand is expected to increase at an annual rate of three percent through 1990 (Hedrick, 1985).

Reserves

Florida reserves of titanium minerals consist of 5.2 million short tons of contained titanium from ilmenite and rutile (Lynd, 1985b). Reserves of rare earth minerals are considered limited. 16 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Environmental Concerns

Environmental problems associated with heavy mineral mining in Flor- ida are relatively minor. Water quality problems related to suspension of clay and organic material are the most prevalent and may require use of settling ponds to maintain water quality. Land reclamation is required by the state of Florida on all land mined for heavy minerals. Recontouring and revegetation are among the requirements. Timely reclamation will help minimize the impacts of mining.

MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS

Florida ranked second in the nation in the production of caustic- calcined and refractory grade magnesium compounds recovered from seawater in 1983 (Boyle and Hendry, 1985). One company produced magnesium compounds in Florida.

Processing

Seawater is utilized as a source in the production of caustic-calcined and refractory magnesia as well as magnesium metal (Kramer, 1985a). Carbonate and sulfate levels in the feed water must be reduced to prevent the precipitation of insoluble calcium compounds. Carbonate and sulfate level reduction is accomplished by treatment with slaked lime to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) or by treating with acid to release carbon dioxide (CO,). The treated solution is mixed with dry or slaked lime to precipitate magnesium hydroxide which is thickened, washed with fresh water and filtered. The filter cake is then calcined to produce caustic-calcined or refractory magnesia or may be calcined and pelletized prior to dead burning (Kramer, 1985a). Caustic-calcined magnesia is prepared at temperatures up to 1640 0 F and is water reactive. Dead burned, or refractory, magnesia is prepared at temperatures greater than 2640°F and is not reactive with water (Kramer, 1985a).

Uses

In 1985, 85 percent of the magnesium consumed in the U.S. was in the form of magnesium compounds. The majority of magnesium com- pound use is in the form of refractory magnesia (Kramer, 1985a; Adams, 1984) used primarily by the iron and steel industry for furnace refractories (Kramer, 1985a). Caustic-calcined magnesia is used primarily in the manufacture of chemicals (Kramer, 1985a). Magnesium compounds are used to prepare animal feeds, fertilizer, rayon, insulation, metallic magnesium, rubber, fluxes, chemical manufacturing and processing, petroleum additives and paper manufacturing (Kramer, 1985a; Adams 1984). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 17

Economic Trends

Production figures for Florida are not available, to protect the confidentiality of individual company data. Adams (1984) shows the production capacity of Basic Magnesia Co. (the sole Florida producer) as 100,000 short tons of MgO equivalent. Kramer, (1985b) estimates that in 1984, the magnesium compounds industry operated at almost 70 percent of capacity.

Reserves

Reserves of magnesium compounds from seawater are virtually unlimited. Magnesium is the third most common element in seawater with an average content of 0.13 weight percent (Kramer, 1985a).

Environmental Concerns

Magnesium plants which utilize seawater as a source return the water to the ocean after magnesia removal. Turbidity of the return water has been a problem in the past, however, modern treatment processes have reduced the degree of turbidity. The return water is not noxious (Kramer, 1985a).

OIL AND GAS

Florida's oil and gas production is from two widely separated groups of fields. The first group is located in Collier, Dade, Hendry and Lee counties and includes the Sunniland, Forty Mile Bend, Sunoco Felda, West Felda, Lehigh Park, Lake Trafford, Bear Island, Mid-Felda, Seminole, Baxter Island, Townsend Canal, Raccoon Point, Pepper Hammock and Cork- screw fields. The other group, located in Santa Rosa and Escambia counties includes the Jay, Mount Carmel, Blackjack Creek and Sweetwater Creek fields and a presently unnamed field. The Forty Mile Bend, Semi- nole, Baxter Island and Sweetwater Creek fields have been plugged and abandoned.

Geology

The south Florida fields produce from a combination of subtle structural traps and stratigraphic traps in the Sunniland Formation of Early Cretaceous Age. Production is from porous limestone containing abundant disoriented gastropods and pelecypods (rudistids) (Al Applegate, Florida Geological Survey, personal communication, 1983). The oil and gas fields of northwest Florida produce from a combination of structural and stratigraphic traps in the Jurassic Smackover Formation (Sigsby, 1976). The productive interval of the Smackover is a porous dolomite which includes a lower transgressive interval of mud flat and 18 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Figure 6. Getty Oil drilling rig, East Bay, Santa Rosa County. Photo by Walt Schmidt.

algal mat deposits and an upper regressive interval composed of hard- ened pellet grainstones (Ottmann, et al., 1973).

Products and Uses

Crude oil and natural gas are utilized primarily as fuels of various types. Gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, jet fuel, fuel oil and propane, ethane, and methane gases are examples. Lubricants, synthetic fibers, plastics, asphalt and paraffin wax are examples of other products produced from INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 19 petroleum (U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1979). Sulphur is produced as a byproduct from the northwest Florida fields.

Transportation

All crude oil produced in Florida is shipped by pipeline or barge to refineries in other states (Christ, et al., 1981). Crude oil from the south Florida fields is shipped by truck and pipeline to Port Everglades for distribution. Crude from the northwest Florida fields is transported by 16-inch pipeline to storage facilities in Alabama (Christ, et al., 1981). Natural gas from the northwest Florida fields is shipped by pipeline and truck after natural gas liquids are stripped from the gas. Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline Company and Five Flags Pipeline Company market natural gas to residental, commercial and industrial customers within the state (Sweeney and Hendry, 1981).

Production Trends

In 1978, Florida ranked ninth nationally in production of petroleum crude with 1.4 percent of the national production (Independent Petro- leum Association of America, 1979). Production of petroleum and natural gas in Florida has been declining since 1978. Estimated 1985 oil production is down 76 percent from the 1978 figure and 20 percent from 1984. Natural gas production is down 77 percent from 1978 and 15 percent from 1984. This trend is expected to continue unless additional reserves are discovered in the near future (Florida Bureau of Geology, unpublished data).

Reserves

Proven crude oil and natural gas reserves as of December 31, 1984, consisted of 82 million barrels of oil and 90 billion cubic feet of natural gas (U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1985). Statewide cumulative oil production, through 1984, totals 474.976 million barrels. Cumulative natural gas production totals 483.877 billion cubic feet (Applegate and Lloyd, 1985). In 1984, 76.5 percent of the crude oil production and 98 percent of the natural gas was from the northwest Florida fields (Florida Bureau of Geology, unpublished data).

Environmental Concerns

The environmental concerns associated with oil and gas drilling in Florida center on fresh water resource protection, protection of environ- mentally sensitive lands and endangered species. Aquifer protection is ensured by proper well construction techniques, which are designed to isolate freshwater aquifers from deeper saline water zones by cementing casing in place through the entire fresh water zone and into the salt 50,000 1 %

lm- OIL IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS I • 45,000 ,,- GAS IN THOUSANDS OF MCF I I

40,000 I

35,000

30,000 m C 25,000 1 \ 0 I \ 0 15,000 | m

10,000 5,000 i

1943 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1930 1935 Figure 7. Past and present oil and gas production from Florida fields (Florida Bureau of Geology figures). 70 1400 *O QUANTITY (MILLIONS OF BARRELS) (1 BARREL-42 U.S. GALLONS)

S2 VALUE (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) >60 1200 - p PRELIMINARY DATA

z 0

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figures; value: Independent Petroleum Association of America, 1978- 1984).. QUANTITY ( BILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET

D VALUE I MILLIONS OF DOLLARS )

p PRELIMINARY DATA

50 100 A 6n 1f)

-I - S, I, |

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1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 YEAR Figure 9. Quantity and value of natural gas (production: Florida Bureau of Geology figures; value: Independent Petroleum Association of America 1978 - 1984). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 23 water zone. Personnel from the Florida Bureau of Geology, Oil & Gas Section, inspect the well construction. Proposed well locations in the Big Cypress Swamp of south Florida are inspected by the Big Cypress Swamp Advisory Committee which was set up by the Governor and Cabinet of Florida. This five-member committee consists of the State Geologist, a professional hydrologist and a professional botanist, as well as one representative from a statewide environmental group, and one member from industry. Well drilling and related plans are modified as necessary to minimize the impact on wildlife and surface habitats.

Byproduct Sulphur

Crude oil from Jay Field area contains 87 percent hydrocarbons, 10 percent hydrogen sulfide and three percent carbon dioxide and nitrogen (Ottmann, et al., 1973). The gas produced in this area also contains hydrogen sulfide. The removal of the hydrogen sulfide from crude oil and natural gas has resulted in a significant byproduct sulphur resource. A plant treating 12,000 barrels a day will produce 80 long tons (89.6 short tons) of sulphur per day (Ottmann, et al., 1973). Sulphur is shipped by truck in liquid form to Mobile, Alabama.

PEAT

The following discussion is summarized in large part from a detailed Florida Geological Survey publication on the peat resources of Florida (Bond, et al., 1984) entitled An Overview of Peat in Florida and Related Issues.

Geology

The conditions under which peat occurs in Florida are highly variable. The geological and hydrologic relations of peat to adjacent materials are poorly understood. Davis (1946) divided the peat deposits of Florida into a number of groups based on their locations. These groups include: 1) Coastal associations, including marshes and mangrove swamps, lagoons and estuaries as well as depressions among dunes, 2) large, nearly flat, poorly-drained areas as exemplified by the Everglades, 3) river-valley marshes such as the marsh adjacent to the St. Johns River, 4) swamps of the flat land region, 5) marshes bordering lakes and ponds, 6) seasonally flooded shallow depressions, 7) lake bottom deposits, and 8) peat layers buried beneath other strata. In Florida, peat deposits may be either wet or dry, (Davis, 1946; Gurr, 1972). Wet peat deposits occur if the water- table remains relatively high. Peat may be actively accumulating in these deposits. Certain areas within the Everglades, the coastal mangrove peats, and some lake-fringing peat deposits, such as the one associated with Lake Istokpoga, are examples of undrained deposits in the state. In 24 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY other instances, peat deposits are dry. This drainage may have been initiated to enhance the land for agricultural use. The Everglades agricultural region contains numerous tracts drained for this purpose. Other deposits have apparently been drained as a result of regional lowering of the water table. Peat forms when the accumulation of plant material exceeds its destruction by the organisms which decompose it. Certain geologic, hydrologic and climatic conditions serve to inhibit decomposition by organisms. Ideally, areas should be continually waterlogged, temperatures generally low, and pH values of associated waters should be low (Moore and Bellamy, 1974). Certain geologic characteristics are associated with waterlogged surface conditions. The tendency toward waterlogging is enhanced if topographic relief is generally low and topographic barriers exist which restrict flow and allow water to pond. Additionally, waterlogging is encouraged if highly permeable bedrock is covered with material of low permeability (Olson, et al., 1979). The chemical nature of the plant litter may also serve to reduce its susceptibility to decomposition. Moore and Bellamy (1974) note the association of cypress and hardwood trees with peats characteristic of the hammocks or tree islands of the Everglades. These hammocks occur on peat deposits which are situated on limestone bedrock. The trees, which are responsible for the peat beneath them, contain enormous amounts of lignin, an organic substance somewhat similar to carbohy- drates which occurs with cellulose in woody plants. Lignin is very resistant to decay and acts as a 'preservative' (Moore and Bellamy, 1974). Rates of peat accumulation computed from radiocarbon age dating are grouped about an average of 3.6 inches per 100 years. The rate of peat accumulation can vary with climate (which also varies with time), the position of the water table, and nutrient supply (Moore and Bellamy, 1974).

Mining

Almost all peat presently mined in Florida is utilized for agricultural or horticultural purposes. Draglines and other earthmoving equipment are utilized in removing vegetation and peat. Moisture must be reduced to approximately 90 percent for the bog to bear the weight of machinery. Drainage is an integral and necessary first step in most large scale mining operations. After excavation, the material is partially air dried and shred- ded or pulverized (Davis, 1946). If peat is utilized on a larger scale for fuel, more technologically advanced methods will need to be employed and will probably be similar to current European peat technology. This implies that peat will be air dried and burned directly (Kopstein, 1979). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 25

Uses

The principal extractive use of Florida peat is as a soil conditioner, with large amounts used for lawns, golf courses, and in nurseries and green- houses. The benefits derived from the use of peat result largely from improved physical conditions in the soil. Also, peat's ability to hold eight to 20 times its own weight in water makes it valuable in the improvement of soils. Farming is the major consumptive nonextractive use of peat in Florida. One major effect of farming is the deterioration of peat by the various processes which result in subsidence. Subsidence occurs when organic soils decrease in volume and is the net result of a number of causes: 1) shrinkage due to desiccation, 2) consolidation which occurs with loss of the buoyant force of water, as well as from loading, 3) compaction accompanying tillage, 4) erosion by wind, 5) fire damage, and 6) biochemical oxidation (Stephens, 1974). Biochemical oxidation results in actual soil loss, as opposed to volume decrease. It is the primary cause of declining soil thickness in south Florida.

Transportation and Economic Trends

Both bulk and packaged peat are shipped primarily by rail and truck (Searls, 1980). In 1984 Florida ranked first in U.S. peat production (Davis, 1985a). Florida peat production reported in 1984 increased dra- matically from 114,000 short tons in 1983 to 263,000 short tons in 1984 due to a large increase in companies reporting production (Boyle, 1985). The U.S. Bureau of Mines production figures up to 1983 represented production reported by five companies. In 1984, there were 21 peat producers in Florida (Bond, et al., 1984), however, only 15 reported production to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Nationwide demand is expected to increase from a 1983 base at an annual rate of approximately 3.3 percent through 1990 (Davis, 1985b).

Reserves

The known original reserves of peat in Florida were estimated by Soper and Osbon (1922) at 2 billion short tons (air dried). Recent reserve estimates have varied widely. The American Association of Petroleum Geol- ogists (1981) reported the estimate of 6.8 billion short tons (air dried). Griffin, et al. (1982) report that, 'It is now estimated that Florida could produce 606 million tons of moisture free peat' of fuel grade if no other constraints were present (cost, environmental problems, land use con- flict, etc.). 320 6.4 n

QUANTITY (THOUSANDS OF SHORT TONS) 0

280.5,60 55-5 VALUE (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) An

P PRELIMINARY DATA 240 4.8 Z . .j

0 200 4.0

160 3.2 W c 120 2c.4 " 0 . 0 ** . 0 0 0 I-<

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1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 YEAR 1Figure IU. Uuantity and value of peat (Bovle. 1 9B: U. S. BreauS. of Mirmin. 1.977- 1 0&) ___ INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 27

Environmental Concerns

Drainage, or water level control undertaken in order to create a work- able substrate affects the vegetation in two primary ways. Within the area to be mined and also in areas designated for processing, storage, roads, and parking lots, vegetation must simply be cleared or eliminated. The ditch system devised for drainage lowers the water table both beyond and within the boundaries of the area to be mined (Minnesota Deparment of Natural Resources, 1981). The lowering of the water table affects vegetation in that original plants adapted to wetland situations will be replaced by plants tolerant of drier conditions. The elimination of vegetation destroys wildlife habitat and results in displacement of wildlife. The changes in vegetation which accompany drainage will result in changes both in population and species make-up of wildlife inhabiting an affected area (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1981). Surficial waters will be affected by drainage. Ditches used in drainage may disrupt flow down slope from a bog. Drainage may also alter the hydrologic budget of a peatland. Evapotranspiration will be reduced because the water resides deeper within the ground due to the lowering of the water table. It is thus more difficult for moisture to reach the surface. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (1981) reports that changes in evaporation and water stored must affect runoff, but the effects are poorly understood. It seems that drainage results in decreased peak runoff so that runoff is distributed more uniformly throughout the year. Recharge to the shallow aquifer occurs in Florida's wetlands (McPher- son, et al., 1976). Drainage canals constructed in the Everglades have resulted in accelerated runoff which, in consequence, has reduced the amount of water available to recharge the shallow aquifer (McPherson, et al., 1976). This relationship between canals, runoff, and water available for recharge should be considered if peat mining requires drainage. The effects will, of course, depend on the size of the area to be mined and its relation to the regional aquifers. The last implication of drainage is that of peat subsidence. The caus- ative relationship between drainage and subsidence is well known in Florida. Experience in the Everglades has shown that subsidence itself has very serious implications. Stephens (1974) reviews various aspects of drainage and subsidence in the Everglades. Most environmental problems associated with construction of processing, storage, and transportation facilities are short-lived. Excavation and landscaping will temporarily be associated with increased erosion and sediment in runoff water (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1981). The construction and presence of roads, parking lots, and buildings will result in some further decrease in wildlife habitat. Certain species will be vulnerable to traffic. The low permeability of paving materials will generate some further increase in runoff. The effects of mining universally include both removal of peat from the 28 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY site and alteration of the configuration of the landscape (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1981). If drainage is required, the previously discussed environmental effects of drainage must be considered. Wet mining methods do not require drainage. The effects of wet mining on water quality and quantity depend strongly on the design of the operation. Specifically, if the mined area discharges to surface streams, both water quality and quantity may be affected (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1981). Additionally, and critically, given the already enormous demand for water in Florida, wet mining methods may require water beyond that available in the peatland. Since peat is characterized by a high moisture content, dewatering is often necessary during processing. This water may contain an abun- dance of peat fibers as well as nutrients. Water released during dewatering, as well as waste water from gasification operations, can generate water quality problems, although the effects may be mitigated if waste water is treated (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1981). The effects of exhaust emission and noise creation are universal in all phases of mining operations. Peat, due to its high moisture content is heavy. The large amounts of it necessary for fuel operations cannot be economically transported. For that reason peat will probably be burned near the site at which it is mined. Emissions from peat combustion are similar to those resulting from combustion of coal. These include nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, particulates and compounds of trace elements, including mercury and lead (Minnesota Depar- ment of Natural Resources, 1981).

PHOSPHATE

Discussion

River pebble phosphate was discovered in central Florida in the early 1880's in the Peace River near the town of Fort Meade. The river had eroded away the overburden and finer fractions of the Bone Valley Mem- ber, leaving behind concentrations of pebble-size phosphate rock (known as "river pebble") on the river bottom and in the sand bars. The earliest mining of these deposits was in the river channel by hydraulic dredging. The residual or spoil material was returned to the river, thus obliterating any visual record of the activity. Mining of this type was intermittent and records of ore removal are poor. However, it appears that approximately 1.3 million long tons were removed over a period of 20 years before extraction costs caused cessation of operations (Zellars-Williams, 1978). Land pebble phosphate was discovered in the late 1880's, also in the vicinity of Fort Meade. It was this discovery that led to the eventual demise of the hard rock phosphate (so named because it is found as a replacement mineral in limestone) and soft rock phosphate (mined from INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 29 the waste ponds of hard rock phosphate operations) industries. The hard rock phosphate district is located in portions of Taylor, Lafayette, Dixie, Gilchrist, Alachua, Levy, Marion, Citrus, Hernando and Sumter counties. Land pebble has larger reserves, is easier to mine, and has lower beneficiation costs. The vast majority of phosphate produced in Florida is land pebble, with only a few small companies producing colloidal (soft rock) phosphate. The land pebble deposits of economic importance at the present time are the Central Florida Phosphate District, the Southern Extension of the Central Florida Phosphate District and the Northern District. The Central district is located in portions of Polk, Hillsborough, Hardee and Manatee counties, and the Southern Extension in portions of Hardee, DeSoto, Manatee, Sarasota and Charlotte counties. The Northern District is located in parts of Hamilton, Columbia, Baker, Suwannee, Union, Brad- ford, Alachua and Marion counties (Zellars-Williams, 1978).

Geology

CENTRAL FLORIDA PHOSPHATE DISTRICT

The Central Florida Phosphate District encompasses the southwest corner of Polk County, the southeast corner of Hillsborough County, and extends southward into Hardee and Manatee counties. The phosphate deposits occur as a thin sheet of highly reworked marine and estuarine sediments deposited on the southern flank of the Ocala Arch. The phosphate appears to have been deposited (for the most part) during the Miocene in warm shallow seas and generally near shore. The Bone Valley Member, Peace River Formation, Hawthorn Group is the primary phosphorite horizon being mined in the phosphate district. The most popular explanation for the formation of the Bone Valley phosphate deposits is summarized by Altschuler, et al. (1964), "The Bone Valley Formation (Member) is a shallow water marine and estuarine phosphorite ... (it) ... is an excellent example of marine transgression during which the phosphate was derived, by reworking, from the under- lying, weathered, Hawthorn Formation (Group)". The Hawthorn Group, in the Central Florida Phosphate District consists of sandy, phosphatic dolomite or dolomitic limestone of the Arcadia For- mation which is overlain by a predominantly clastic unit of interbedded phosphatic sands, clayey sands, clays and dolomite of the Peace River Formation, including the Bone Valley Member. The Bone Valley Member is the uppermost unit of the Peace River, and may contain several uncon- formities (Scott, 1986). In the central and northern part of the district, the Bone Valley overlies the Arcadia Formation unconformably. In this area, the bottom of the "matrix" (ore zone) is generally marked at the contact between the eroded carbonate surface of the Arcadia and the phosphate-rich sands and clays. Occasionally, a palygorskite-rich clay underlies the matrix. In the southern portion of the Central Florida Phos- BURAUOFGEOLOGY

AI0F?

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Sourhemy

gu e IIIIIIIIIIII~lllllllllllllIIIIIIIIIIrTE F?Nll~iiiiljl

at 0 I~ id pDistricts (MOdified fo n Zel .. INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 31 phate District the Peace River Formation (undifferentiated) has not been removed by erosion (Scott, 1986). The Bone Valley sediments are generally represented by approximately equal amounts of quartz, clays (chiefly smectite) and carbonate- fluorapatite, although proportions may change significantly within short distances (Altschuler, et al., 1956). Post-depositional alteration of the Bone Valley Member has been severe, and may either diminish or enrich the phosphate concentration. Weathering in the sub-tropical climates of Florida has resulted in lateritic types of leaching, mobilization and super- gene enrichment of phosphate. The weathering results in the alteration of carbonate-fluorapatite to calcium phosphates and aluminum phosphates. Aluminum phosphates are less soluble than the calcium phosphates and remain after the upper zones have been leached. Enrichment of uranium is widespread within the leached zone. The more soluble calcium phosphates enrich the lower (ore) zones. The Pleistocene sediments overlying the Bone Valley Member consist of loose quartz sands. The origin of these sands is a subject of debate. Altschuler and Young (1960) consider these sands to be a weathering residuum of the Bone Valley, while Cathcart (1962), supports a primary depositional origin as the result of transgressive Pleistocene seas. Pirkle, et al. (1965) states that the surface sands are not the result of in situ weathering of the Bone Valley Member.

SOUTHERN EXTENSION OF THE CENTRAL FLORIDA PHOSPHATE DISTRICT

The Southern Extension of the Central Florida Phosphate District encompasses portions of Hardee, Manatee, DeSoto, Sarasota and Char- lotte counties. Initial exploration efforts within the Southern Extension were directed toward the location of high grade deposits similar to the Central District. It was soon realized, however, that the deposits of the Southern Extension had an entirely different depositional history and geologic setting from the Bone Valley type deposits. The Southern Exten- sion contains vast reserves of lower grade material (lower BPL, increased contaminants, especially MgO) which are predominantly contained within an upper clastic section (Peace River Formation) of the Hawthorn Group (Hall, 1983). The sediments of the upper clastic section of the Hawthorn are highly variable in lithologic composition both horizontally and vertically and exhibit evidence of reworking of previously deposited material (Hall, 1983). The traditional Bone Valley type sediments are found only in northwestern Hardee County (Hall, 1983).

NORTHERN FLORIDA PHOSPHATE DISTRICT

The Northern Florida Phosphate District is present in parts of Hamilton, Baker, Columbia, Union, Bradford, Suwannee, Marion and Alachua counties. This area is within the Northern Highlands physiographic province of 32 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Figure 12. International Minerals and Chemicals Corp. Clear Springs phosphate mine, Polk County. Photo by Kenneth Campbell.

Florida (White, 1970). The Miocene beds pinch out against the flanks of the Ocala Arch to the west. Tertiary sediments deposited earlier than the Miocene in this area are predominantly porous marine limestones which form the Floridan Aquifer. The Miocene sediments are phosphatic sands, clays, clayey sands and carbonates, primarily dolomite. The Hawthorn Group consists of four basic units (Scott, 1983): A basal dolomite is overlain by sands and clays which are overlain by a dolomitic unit. The uppermost unit is a quartz sandy and clayey phosphatic unit. The uppermost clastic unit is the only portion of commercial interest. Sediments overlying the Hawthorn are predominantly comprised of reworked Hawthorn material, marine terrace sediments or fluvial sediments associated with topographic lows. The Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments comprise overburden in the phosphate district approximately 30-feet thick.

Mining

Although there are several types of phosphate deposits found in Flor- ida (land pebble, hard rock, and soft rock), land pebble is the only source being extensively mined today. The land pebble deposits include the vast majority of the Central Florida and North Florida phosphate districts. INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 33

Modern day mining techniques include the almost exclusive use (in Florida) of large electrically powered walking draglines equipped with buckets as large as 71 cubic yards. Only one company has mined with dredges in the recent past. Draglines remove overburden and place it either on adjacent unmined land or into the preceding mined-out cut. After stripping of overburden, the dragline removes the matrix which is then placed in a shallow pit where it is slurried with high pressure water and pumped to the beneficiation plant.

Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore

Beneficiation of phosphate ore prior to 1929 was a relatively simple and extremely wasteful process. Screens were utilized to separate and recover the coarse phosphate. The sand-sized phosphate was not recoverable, because no technique existed to separate the sand-sized phosphate from the quartz sand. More phosphate was lost to the waste "debris" than was recovered. In 1929 a process was introduced which revolutionized the phosphate industry. The advent of the froth flotation process allowed separation of sand-sized phosphate grains from waste grains (primarily quartz sand) of essentially the same size, and resulted in a significant increase in the percent of phosphate recovered from the matrix. Specific reagents are utilized to create a froth to which the treated material adheres, while the other material sinks. Either the phosphate or the waste material can be treated to cause them to float. In a "reverse" process, two flotation stages are utilized to float first phosphate then to float the waste material which was included in the first float. The reagents used create either an oily or a soapy film on the treated particles. Fuel oil, pine oil, caustic soda, fatty acids, and oleates are examples of the reagents used (Hoppe, 1976). In a typical beneficiation plant, the rougher flotation utilizes anionic reagents (crude fatty acid, fuel oil/kerosene) in agitated tanks with the feed material dewatered to 65 percent solids. Addition of ammonia controls pH (between 9.0-9.5) and helps promote absorption of the reagent coating. Prior to entering the cleaner flotation stage (cat- ionic) the rougher flotation products are scrubbed with water and sulfuric acid to remove the anionic reagents. The cleaned rougher product goes to the cleaner circuit where amine reagents (chemical derivatives of ammonia in which the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by radicals containing carbon and hydrogen: ex. methyl amine) and kerosene condition the surface of any sand particles remaining causing them to float (Hoppe, 1976). Typical recovery from a two stage flotation circuit rejects 99 percent of the free quartz sand and recovers 80 percent of the phosphate grains from the feed (Zellars-Williams, 1978). Flotation concentrate comprises between 10-25 percent of the ore weight. 34 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Products and Uses

Essentially all of the Florida phosphate rock destined for the domestic market is utilized to form wet process phosphoric acid. The rock is digested by sulfuric acid to produce phosphoric acid and waste gypsum (too impure to be commercially useful). Phosphoric acid is then utilized to produce normal superphosphate, triple superphosphate (TSP) and nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) complete fertilizer. Phosphoric acid is also reacted with ammonia to produce diammonium phosphate (DAP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Defluorinated phosphate rock is utilized for mineral supplements to livestock and poultry feed. Defluorination is necessary because fluorine is toxic to animals (Opyrchal and Wang, 1981). Elemental phosphorus is utilized in the production of sodium phosphate detergents among others. Elemental phosphorus is obtained by smelting phosphate rock with coke and quartz in electric furnaces (Opyr- chal and Wang, 1981). Approximately 90 percent of the phosphate produced in recent years has been utilized for agricultural fertilizers. The remainder is utilized in various industrial applications mostly as elemental phosphorus. Some of the common uses include: food preservatives, dyes for cloth, vitamin and mineral capsules, hardeners for steel, gasoline and oil additives, tooth paste, shaving cream, soaps and detergents, bone china, plastics, optical glass, photographic films, light filaments, water softener, insecticides, soft drinks, flame resistant lumber, fire fighting compounds and aluminum polish (Florida Phosphate Council, 1984a).

Transportation

Approximately 85 percent of phosphate rock is transported by rail to port facilities or fertilizer plants. The remainder is transported by truck. Truck transport is utilized during periods of peak production to augment rail transportation, when rail service is interrupted or where low volumes are involved (Opyrchal and Wang, 1981). Transportation by rail and ship or barge is utilized for the majority of shipments out of the state. In 1979 phosphate rock and phosphate products accounted for 93 percent of all exports from the Port of Tampa (Boyle and Hendry, 1981). Extensive exports are also shipped from Jack- sonville.

Economic Trends

In 1983, Florida and North Carolina accounted for 87 percent of the total U.S. and 27 percent of the total world phosphate production (Sto- wasser, 1985a). According to data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, phosphate production increased 10 percent in 1983 from the 1982 figures. Preliminary 1984 figures indicate an increase of approxi- QUANTITY (MILLION METRIC TONS)

VALUE (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) 0 50 1200 0 P PRELIMINARY DATA o 5. 0 0

- 46 1000 oo I ,

0 d 3p0 0 cc O

0- 0 38 600 Io 2 * 0 2

N1- 34400 ! 04 m

30 200•-

26 0 .. .. 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

YEAR Figure 13. Quantity and value of phosphate in Florida and North Carolina (Boyle, 1986; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1977-1983). w 36 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY mately 18 percent from 1983's depressed levels (Stowasser, 1985a). From a 1983 baseline, phosphate rock demand is expected to increase at an average annual rate of about 1.8 percent through 1990 (Stowasser, 1985a).

Reserves

The Florida phosphate districts contain 520 million metric tons of phosphate rock reserves (cost less than $35.00 per metric ton) and a reserve base (reserves and resources recoverable at a cost of less than $100 per metric ton) of 2.4 billion metric tons (Stowasser, 1985b). Florida reserves will last more than 250 years at current mining rates (Florida Phosphate Council, 1984b).

Environmental Concerns

The environmental concerns generally associated with phosphate mining include water consumption and power demands, radiation, water and air quality, waste disposal, and wetlands. Steps are being taken to miti- gate these concerns.

WATER USAGE

Reduction of water usage required by the phosphate industry is being addressed in several ways. Recirculation of mine process water is extensive and averages 90 percent throughout the industry. The major mine process which uses water is the clay settling system. Progressive clay settling techniques such as sand-clay mixing, the dredge mix process and chemical flocculation all speed the initial release of this water. Recharge wells are being utilized in pre-mining dewatering. The water in the surficial aquifer is gravity fed into the Floridan Aquifer. This has the dua! advantage of recharging the aquifer to some extent and reducing pumping requirements for mine cut water control.

POWER CONSUMPTION

Power consumption can be reduced by elimination of phosphate rock drying except where actually necessary. Optimum mine planning can provide an efficient operation thus reducing power consumption. In addition, co-generation of power at chemical plants may afford reduction in the quantity of purchased electrical power.

RADIATION

Uranium is associated with the phosphate ore. The majority of the uranium in the ore can be extracted as a byproduct. Some uranium remains in overburden materials and waste sands and clays. Radium- 226, a decay product of uranium, has received the most attention INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 37 because its decay generates radon gas (Zellars and Williams, 1978). There are not any established limits for allowable radiation in reclaimed mined lands. Pre-mining and post-reclamation radiation readings are now required by the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (HRS) which will provide a data base for future decisions. HRS has, in proposed rules, set a limit of 0.020 annual average working level concentration of radon gas in new residences built on reclaimed land after the effective date of the rules (Mason Cox, personal communication, 1985). Proposed HRS rules also include recommended construction techniques to ameliorate radon gas concentrations. The primary construction techniques include "ventilated crawl space designs" and "improved slab designs" which provide a barrier to radon gas migration.

WATER QUALITY

Water discharged from phosphate mines must meet requirements specified in discharge permits. The primary water quality problems of the past were associated with breaks in the walls of clay settling ponds. There have been no such breaks since 1971 when the State instituted dam construction standards and mandated regular inspection and maintenance programs (Zellars and Williams, 1978). Timely land reclamation and revegetation, as now required by the State, minimizes water quality problems associated with mined land.

AIR QUALITY

Air quality problems associated with phosphate mining are relatively minor. Airborne dust is generated by earth moving activities and exposure of bare soil materials and by the dry grinding of phosphate rock. Dust from these sources will be reduced from past levels by timely land reclamation and reclamation of previously mined but unreclaimed lands. As more plants are built utilizing wet grinding, or are converted to the wet process, airborne dust from that process will be limited. Fluorine is extracted from flue gases as an environmental safeguard and is utilized as a byproduct.

CLAY WASTE DISPOSAL

Conventional clay waste disposal has been done by above ground settling ponds. The clays present in the "matrix" (predominantly smectite and palygorskite) are disassociated when the ore is slurried and pumped to the beneficiation plant. These materials are highly resistant to settling and require more storage space as waste clay than they occupied prior to mining. Large quantities of water are thus removed from the recirculating water system both as interstitial water and by evaporation from the settling ponds. Reclamation of full settling ponds is delayed for many years as the clays gradually dewater and settle. The current trend 38 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

is to minimize the surface area covered by settling areas and to maxi- mize clay storage in existing settling ponds (R. Bushey, Florida Bureau of Mine Reclamation, personal communication, 1986). This will require the use of alternative methods of dewatering waste clays such as mixing with sand tailings, dredging pre-settled clay and mixing with sand tailings, capping of pre-thickened clays and chemical flocculation (Yon, 1983). These methods are capable of producing ultimate solids contents of 36-42 percent compared to 31 percent for conventional clay settling (Lawyer, 1983, citation in Yon, 1983).

WETLANDS

The State of Florida contains approximately 20 percent of the wetlands remaining in the U.S. (Zellars and Williams, 1978). These areas are of use as wildlife habitat, for surface water retention, sediment removal and nutrient uptake. In some areas the wetlands may enhance aquifer recharge. Swamps, marshes and river flood plains are common examples of these areas. The decision to mine wetland areas must take into account the value of the phosphate, as well as the ability to reconstruct a functioning wetland.

Byproduct Fluorine

Fluorine production, in the form of fluosilicic acid (H2SiF.), in Florida is a byproduct of wet-process phosphoric acid production (Boyle and Hen- dry, 1985). The most common ore of fluorine is the mineral fluorite (CaF,) which is commonly known as fluorspar. U.S. reserves of fluorite are not sufficient to meet U.S. demand to the year 2000 (Pelham, 1985). By the end of the century, phosphate rock may be the primary domestic source of fluorine (Pelham, 1985).

RECOVERY

Phosphate rock (fluorapatite) contains 3-4 percent fluorine (Nash and Blake, 1977). When fluorapatite is treated by the wet-acid process, soluble phosphates are formed and part of the fluorine contained in the phosphate rock is volatilized as HF. HF reacts with silica which is present as an impurity in the fluorapatite, forming the volatile gas silicon tetraf- luoride (SiFj). As SiF, gas evolves it is scrubbed from the gas column and hydrolyzes, fluosilicic acid and silica are formed (Nash and Blake, 1977). Nash and Blake (1977) state, "In the wet acid process about 41 percent of the fluorine in the phosphate rock is volatilized, 13 percent remains in the concentrated acid, and 46 percent is discarded with the gypsum filter cake." Stowasser (1985b) states that overall recovery is rarely greater than 75 percent of the fluorine in the phosphate rock. The remainder is retained as waste in the coolant water pond. U.S. Environmental Protec- INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 39 tion agency regulations require that volatile fluorine be scrubbed from stack gasses (Opyrchal and Wang, 1981).

USES

Fluorine is required in the manufacturing of aluminum, steel, and many chemical compounds (Opyrchal and Wang, 1981), as well as for water fluoridation (Boyle and Hendry, 1985). In 1983 fluosilicic acid from Flor- ida phosphate was used to produce synthetic cryolite, aluminum fluoride and sodium silicofluoride and for water fluoridation (Boyle and Hendry, 1985).

ECONOMIC TRENDS

In 1985, byproduct fluosilicic acid production from phosphoric acid (nationwide) totaled 63,000 tons, the equivalent of 110,000 tons of fluorspar (Pelham, 1986). Estimated primary fluorspar production for the same period is 70,000 tons. Demand for fluorine is expected to increase at an annual average rate of 3.7 percent through 1990 (Pelham, 1986). Resources of fluorine in U.S. phosphate rock are estimated to be 35 million tons of fluorspar equivalent (Pelham, 1986).

Byproduct Uranium

GEOLOGY

Uranium is produced as a byproduct of Florida's phosphate mining and beneficiation in the Central Florida Phosphate District and its southern extension. Uranium was discovered to be associated with the phosphates found in Florida in 1949 (Altschuler, et al., 1956). Because of the lack of suitable technology, only recently has it become economically feasible to remove the uranium from phosphate rock. Uranium is present in the pebble-size phosphate of the Central Florida Phosphate District at concentrations ranging from 0.010 percent to 0.020 percent, and from 0.005 percent to 0.015 percent in the finer phosphates (Cathcart, 1956). The phosphate deposits of North Florida contain an average of 0.006 percent uranium which is not presently economically recoverable by the wet process method. The uranium content of the quartz sand fraction of the matrix is generally less than 0.001 percent while phosphatic waste clays generally have a uranium content of less than 0.005 percent. A potential source of uranium, phosphate, and alumina in the Central Florida Phosphate District is the leach zone. This zone overlies the phosphate matrix and derives its name from its being a residuum of weathering of the matrix. It is also known as the aluminum phosphate zone, as the leaching has enriched the phosphate in aluminum. Because of its low phosphate content, it is not always sent to the plant for processing. The 40 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY average thickness of this zone is six to seven feet, and its uranium content ranges from 0.010 percent to 0.015 percent (Altschuler, et al., 1956).

EXTRACTION

Uranium is extracted from phosphate by a two phase solvent extraction system. In the first phase, the uranium is removed from wet process phosphoric acid by solvent extraction. The resulting uranium-bearing solution then undergoes a second solvent extraction and stripping stage to produce specification grade uranium oxide (U308 ) called yellow cake (Sweeney and Windham, 1979). One ton of U30, yields one pound of fuel grade U2,a.

ECONOMIC TRENDS

In 1980, the only year for which information is available, Florida uranium oxide production was approximately 1.5 million pounds (750 short tons). Nuclear Exchange Corporation (1986) reports that in 1985 3.3 million pounds (1650 short tons) of uranium oxide were produced from phosphoric acid. The vast majority of this would be from Florida phosphate rock. The U.S. Bureau of Mines (Stowasser, 1985b) reports five companies with a combined annual recovery potential of 1,870 short tons of U30O from the Central Florida Phosphate District. Based on the production capacity figures above, up to 15 percent of the U.S. uranium demand could be met by byproduct uranium recovery from Florida phosphate rock (Sweeney, 1979).

RESERVES

Florida's reserves of uranium are directly dependent on the reserves of phosphate. Only the uranium oxide contained in phosphate rock treated by the wet-process phosphoric acid method is economically feasible for recovery. The central and southern Florida phosphate deposits contain approximately 1.5 billion short tons of phosphate rock recoverable at $15-20 per short ton (Zellars and Williams, 1978). Assuming an average uranium oxide content of 0.015 percent, approximately 225,000 short tons of uranium oxide are present in the deposits (Sweeney, 1979). In general, for central and southern Florida deposits one pound of U,30 can be extracted from one short ton of P20 5 (Sweeney, 1979). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 41

SAND AND GRAVEL

Geology

Quartz sand is one of Florida's most abundant natural resources. Almost all of Florida is blanketed with a veneer of sand. Very few areas within the state do not have deposits of general purpose sand located within reasonable distances (Scott, et al., 1980). Commercial quantities of gravel are present only in the western panhandle of Florida, associated with modern day river deposits. The identification of terraces and previous shorelines has been based on elevation. Terraces which have been mapped in Florida include the Silver Bluff, Pamlico, Talbot, Penholoway, Wicomico, Sunderland, Coha- rie and the Hazelhurst. Shorelines associated with these terraces were at approximately 10, 25, 50, 70, 100, 170, 220 and 320 feet, respectively (Cooke, 1945; Healy, 1975). The sand deposits associated with the marine terraces are composed primarily of quartz sand with various amounts of silt, clay and organic matter. According to Cooke (1945) the older (high) terraces contain the coarsest material while the younger (low) terraces contain finer sand plus clay and carbonate. In addition, the lower deposits are thinner and contain more clay, silt and organics in south Florida relative to the northern deposits (Cooke, 1945). Scott, et al. (1980) divided sand and gravel deposits in Florida into four categories: 1) recent beach type deposits (wave or wind derived); 2) river alluvium; 3) marine terrace deposits, including associated relict bars, dunes and beach ridges; and 4) sand and gravel from a particular geologic formation.

NORTHWEST FLORIDA

The clastic sediments found in northwest Florida overlie sediments which range in age from Eocene to Pleistocene. Thickness of the clastics ranges from a thin veneer in the vicinity of Leon and Wakulla counties to greater than 1,500 feet in the Pensacola area. Most of the sand and gravel mined in northwest Florida is derived from marine terrace sands (Leon and Wakulla counties south of Tallahassee) and from the Citronelle Formation in Escambia County where sand and gravel are mined (Scott, et al., 1980). The Citronelle Formation is of Pliocene or early Pleistocene age (Vernon, 1951) and consists of "angu- lar to subangular, very poorly sorted, fine to very coarse grained quartz sand." Lenses of gravel and clay are also present (Scott, et al., 1980). The Citronelle Formation, and fluvial sediments derived from it are the only appreciable. source of gravel found in the state. 42 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

NORTH FLORIDA

Several units containing significant quantities of sand are present in north Florida. Scott, et al. (1980) lists them as the Hawthorn Group, Miccosukee and Alachua formations, an unnamed coarse clastic unit .nd the undifferentiated Pliocene and younger sands, which include the terrace deposits. Utility of the sands contained in the Hawthorn Group and Miccosukee Formation is limited by wide variability of lithologic characteristics. Tex- ture and lithology of both formations vary widely in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Use is precluded except for local uses such as fill and road base material (Scott, et al., 1980). The Alachua Formation, Which locally reaches thickness of 100 feet is considered to be residuum of the Hawthorn Group. Material from the Alachua Formation is suitable for road base and fill material (Scott, et al., 1980). The Lake Wales Ridge extends from western Clay County southward into Highlands County. The ridge is composed of thick deposits (up to 150 feet) of clastic sediments of relatively uniform lithology. The clastics consist of loose surface sands which overlie red, yellow, and white clayey sands. Locally, quartz gravel and quartzite pebbles are present. Terrace deposits are of variable thickness, with clay and organic matter as the major contaminants. The terrace sand deposits comprise a significant resource (Scott, et al., 1980).

CENTRAL FLORIDA

The numerous sand ridges of the Central Highlands contain the sand deposits of greatest importance in central Florida. The majority of the construction sand mined in Florida comes from these deposits which are composed of Mio-Pliocene age clastics (Cooke, 1945; Scott, 1978). The clastics are predominantly poorly sorted quartz grains ranging in size from fine sand to pebble. With the exception of surface sands, the sands contain, in most cases a kaolinite matrix. Recent dune and alluvium sand deposits are present, but are of variable quality and low volume. These deposits are economically important only on a local scale. Scott, et al. (1980) states that although the Atlantic Coastal Lowlands do not contain large sand deposits there is potential for limited production. This production is from discontinuous beds in the Pleistocene age Anastasia Formation and Pleistocene terrace deposits as well as recent alluvial and dune deposits. These deposits are only locally important. The majority of sand deposits in the Gulf Coastal Lowlands are related to Pleistocene terraces. Although these deposits are too fine grained for construction uses, they have been mined for glass sand in the Plant City area (Wright, 1974). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 43

Figure 14. Suction dredge used in sand mining. Florida Bureau of Geol- ogy file photo.

SOUTH FLORIDA

The majority of the sand deposits in the south Florida region are of local importance only and are utilized for construction sand, blasting grit and fill material. The Pleistocene terrace sands, Anastasia Formation, Fort Thompson Formation, and the Pliocene-Pleistocene Caloosahatchee Formation, all contain sand deposits of local importance. The Pliocene age Tamiami Formation is presently being mined for sand in Glades County (Scott, et al., 1980).

Mining and Beneficiation

The sand mined in Florida is produced by surface mining. Depending on the level of the water table, either earthmoving equipment or suction dredges are utilized to mine sand. For most purposes, sand must be graded by size. The typical operation pumps sand in a slurry to a set of screen shakers to separate the coarse fraction into several size fractions. The fines are pumped to a settling pond while the coarse fraction is loaded or stockpiled (Scott, et al., 1980). 44 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Uses

In 1984, construction sand and gravel made up approximately 96 percent of total United States sand and gravel production (Tepordei, 1985a). Industrial sand and gravel made up 7.3 percent of Florida's 1984 production (Boyle, 1985). Glass, foundry, and abrasive sands are roduced as byproducts of the kaolin and heavy mineral industries. I he major uses of construction sand and gravel are concrete aggregates, roadbase material, construction fill, and asphalt mixtures. For industrial sand the major uses are glass making and foundry sand.

Transportation

Sand and gravel are transported by truck, rail and barge. In 1982, 87 percent of all construction sand and gravel was shipped by truck, four percent by rail and waterway with the remainder utilized on site (Tepor- dei, 1983). Construction sand and gravel in Florida are transported almost exclusively by truck. Industrial sand and gravel, however, are transnorted by both truck and rail. In 1983 truck transport accounted for 68 percent while rail accounted for 27 percent and barge accounted for four percent of the national industrial sand and gravel total (Tepordei, 1984a).

Economic Trends

Production of sand and gravel in Florida increased in 1985 from 1984 levels, according to preliminary U.S. Bureau of Mines figures for 1985. Construction sand and gravel production was up seven percent while industrial sand and gravel produced during the same period rose less than two percent, while value for industrial sand and gravel rose approximately 1Zpercent from 1984 levels (Boyle, 1986). Demands for sand and gravel can be expected to increase at an approximate one to two percent annual rate through 1990 (Tepordei, 1985a).

Reserves

Reserves of sand in Florida are large. Due to the low value per ton many constraints such as distance to market and conflicting land uses play a part in determining whether deposits are mineable.

Environmental Concerns

Environmental concerns associated with sand and gravel mining in Florida are relatively minor. Water pollution from organics and clays suspended during wet pit mining operations is the primary problem. This can be controlled in most cases as fines are pumped back into mined out areas. In some cases settling ponds may be needed to ensure quality of water to be discharged. QUANTITY ( MILLIONS OF SHORT TONS ) cc

z VALUE ( MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ) I?o

r 2 2 5 25" o P PRELIMINARY DATA 55 Of 0 e ESTIMATED DATA

18 45 0 to ~~* C2 - .

i-C 14 25 0

2 5 10 025 0

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 YEAR Figure 15. Quantity and value of sand and gravel (Boyle, 1986; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1977-1983). 4 u1 46 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

STONE

Geology

Limestones and dolomites ranging in age from late Middle Eocene to Pleistocene are presently mined in Florida (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The primary geologic factors which control the mining potential of limestones and dolomites are lithology, structure and geomorphology. Lithology is the most important factor and it is the most variable. Structure and geomorphology, however, control unit thickness and overburden depth which are important as limiting factors in determining whether mining is economically feasible.

NORTHWEST FLORIDA

Most of the panhandle of Florida is underlain by thick clastic sequences. Limestone and dolomite crop out in Holmes, Jackson, Walton and Washington counties. The lithologic units which make up the limestone and dolomite resources in this area range from the Upper Eocene Ocala Group through the Oligocene age Marianna and Suwannee limestones to the Upper Oligocene and Miocene (Poag, 1972) Chatta- hoochee Formation (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Ocala Group limestones are white to cream colored, poorly indurated, permeable, fossiliferous limestones of high purity. Textures range from very chalky to a foraminiferal microcoquina to a coarse allochemical limestone composed almost entirely of fossil material (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Ocala Group is 200 to 300-feet thick in this region according to several authors (Vernon, 1942; Moore, 1955; Puri, 1957; Reves, 1961) and dips to the south and southwest at 12 to 20-feet per mile (Vernon, 1942; Reves, 1961). The Marianna Limestone overlies the Ocala Group and crops out in a narrow band to the south and southwest of the Ocala Group. This limestone is white, cream or light gray in color, is massive, calcilutitic and is poorly indurated in fresh exposures, but casehardens after exposure. Some beds may be composed almost completely of large foraminifera (Moore, 1955). The Marianna Limestone is generally 25 to 40-feet thick but thins to zero due to erosion toward the area of the Eocene outcrop (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Marianna Limestone dips to the south at 11 to 18-feet per mile (Vernon, 1942). The Suwannee Limestone overlies the Marianna Limestone and crops out to the south of the Marianna Limestone outcrop belt. The Suwannee Limestone is cream to buff colored, poorly to well indurated, porous, massive and highly fossiliferous (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The thickness ranges from a feather edge at the Marianna outcrop to over 200-feet thick down dip. The Chattahoochee Formation overlies the Suwannee Limestone unconformably and crops out to the south of the Suwannee Limestone INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 47

)utcrop belt. The lithology of the Chattahoochee Formation is quite vari- 3ble and ranges from a sandy, silty, dolomite with greenish, clayey silts 3t its base to a white to cream colored, very silty to sandy, chalky to crystalline dolomite of variable induration which contains lenses of clay. Locally, the base of the formation may consist of cream to brown, finely sucrosic dolomite (Hendry and Yon, 1958). The Chattahoochee Forma- tion ranges from 50 to 227-feet thick and dips to the south at 12 to 20- feet per mile (Vernon, 1942).

THE WESTERN ONE-HALF OF NORTH AND CENTRAL PENINSULAR FLORIDA

This area extends from Wakulla and Jefferson counties in the "Big Bend" of Florida southward to Manatee County. The limestone resources include the Avon Park Limestone of late middle Eocene age, the Upper Eocene Ocala Group, the Oligocene Suwannee Limestone, the Miocene St. Marks Limestone, and the Miocene Hawthorn Group. The Avon Park Limestone, where it is being mined, is a tan to brown, thin bedded dolomite. The formation varies from poorly indurated and porous to well indurated and dense. Fossil molds, lignite, carbonaceous plant remains, and beds of dolosilt are common (Schmidt, et al., 1979). In Levy County where the formation crops out Vernon (1951) estimates the formation thickness to be 200 to 300 feet. East of the crest of the Ocala Uplift the Avon Park dips to the northeast and east at approximately 15-feet per mile; west of the crest the formation dips to the southwest at the same rate. The Ocala Uplift plunges gently to the southeast and the Avon Park follows this trend (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The limestone of the Upper Eocene Ocala Group overlies the Avon Park and crops out in an oval pattern around the Avon Park outcrop. The Ocala Group dips in all directions off of the elongate Ocala Uplift. In this area, the Ocala Group is subdivided into three formations (Puri, 1957) in ascending order, the Inglis, Williston and Crystal River formations. The Inglis Formation is a cream to tan, porous,, granular, massive, fossiliferous limestone of moderate induration which occasionally is a coquina of foraminifera, molluscs and echinoids (Vernon, 1951). The base of the unit is generally dolomitized to some degree and is generally marked by a rubble zone of Avon Park lithology (Vernon, 1951). The Inglis Formation is approximately 50-feet thick (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Williston Formation overlies the Inglis and crops out in an annular band around the Inglis. Two lithologies which are interbedded predomi- nate in the Williston. One is a soft, friable, cream colored, foraminiferal coquina. The other is a cream to tan colored, highly fossiliferous detrital limestone (Vernon, 1951). The top of the formation is gradational with the overlying Crystal River Formation. The Williston is approximately 30- feet thick (Vernon, 1951). The Crystal River Formation overlies the Williston and crops out in a band around the Williston. Typically the formation is a white to cream 48 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY colored, soft, massive and friable coquina consisting almost entirely of large foraminifera in a pasty calcitic matrix (Vernon, 1951). Thin beds of more granular, miliolid-rich limestone occur throughout the formation, but especially near the base, as a transition zone with the Williston For- mation (Vernon, 1951). The thickness of the formation is variable due to post-depositional erosion. The formation ranges in thickness from zero to approximately 300 feet in the subsurface of the central peninsula. The Suwannee Limestone of the Oligocene Epoch unconformably overlies the Ocala Group. The Suwannee Limestone is typically pale orange in color, thin bedded, of variable hardness and porosity, finely crystalline and highly fossiliferous. To the north in Jefferson and Taylor counties the Suwannee is dolomitized to varying degrees. Throughout the outcrop area silicified limestone boulders are common (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Suwannee crops out at the northwest and south ends of the Ocala Group outcrop area. The thickness of the Suwannee is variable due to erosion but is greater than 200 feet in the subsurface in Pasco and Hernando counties (Schmidt, et al., 1979) The St. Marks Limestone overlies the Suwannee Limestone in the "Big Bend" area of Florida, cropping out in Wakulla and Jefferson counties. The St. Marks is considered to be Early Miocene in age (Schmidt, et al., 1979). Yon (1966) describes the St. Marks as a white to pale orange, finely crystalline, sandy, silty and clayey limestone with poor to moderate porosity. The formation dips to the south and has a maximum thickness of approximately 120 feet (Yon, 1966). The Tampa Member of the Arcadia Formation, Hawthorn Group (Scott, 1986) is present in Hillsborough, Pinellas, Sarasota, Manatee, and west- ernmost Polk, Hardee and DeSoto counties. The Tampa is considered to be Early Miocene or Late Oligocene in age, based on correlations by MacNeil (1944) and Poag (1972). King and Wright (1979) described the Tampa as a quartz sandy limestone with a carbonate mud matrix. The formation contains only trace amounts of phosphate, no clay seams and 10 30 percent fine to very fine quartz sand. Localized beds within the Tampa contain over 50 percent quartz sand. The carbonate matrix is dolomitized locally. The Tampa Member is of variable thickness. In the type core, W- 11541, SE 1/4, NW 1/4 of Section 11, Township 30S, Range 18E, Hillsborough County, the formation is 55-feet thick. Thickness is reduced to zero to the north due to erosion. The formation dips generally to the south. The Lower to Middle Miocene Arcadia Formation of the Hawthorn Group overlies and interfingers with the Tampa Member. The Arcadia Formation is predominantly a carbonate unit. Typically the carbonate is white to yellowish gray, silty, sandy, phosphatic dolomite (Scott and MacGill, 1981). The degree of dolomitization varies greatly and beds of loosely consolidated silt sized dolomite occur. The Arcadia Formation INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 49 dips to the south and thickens down dip ranging in thickness from zero to 250- feet thick in the subsurface (Scott, 1986).

ATLANTIC COAST

Limestone and lithified coquina are mined from St. Johns County in the north southward to the Keys in Monroe County. The Pleistocene Anasta- sia Formation and Miami Oolite form the backbone of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge. The lithified coquina is found in the Anastasia Formation southward to approximately the Palm Beach-Broward County line. South to the Keys the Miami Oolite is present (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Upper Keys, from Soldier Key to Big Pine Key, are composed of the Pleistocene age Key Largo Limestone. The Lower Keys are composed of the Miami Oolite (Vernon and Puri, 1964). The Anastasia Formation lithologically consists of a sandy coquina loosely cemented with calcite (Vernon and Puri, 1964). The Anastasia represents an ancient beach and is present only in a narrow band near or on the present coast. The formation may exceed 100-feet thick in some areas according to Parker, et al. (1955). The Miami Oolite is a soft, white to yellow, stratified to massive, cross bedded, sandy to pure limestone of oolitic origin (Puri and Vernon, 1964). The formation reaches a thickness of almost 40 feet beneath the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, but thins rapidly away from the ridge. The Miami Oolite interfingers with the Anastasia Formation on the north and the upper Key Largo Limestone on the south. The Miami Oolite overlies the lower part of the Key Largo Limestone (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Key Largo Limestone preserves a Pleistocene age coral reef tract and its associated environments. The Key Largo is a white to cream colored, coralline and skeletal limestone. Approximately 40 percent of the formation is composed of reef building corals with the remainder being a conglomerate of skeletal detritus. Skeletal material derived from coral, coralline algae, molluscs, echinoids, and foraminifera is common (Puri and Vernon, 1964). The Key Largo interfingers with the Miami Oolite and the Fort Thomp- son Formation (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The formation is reported to be about 60-feet thick by Parker, et al. (1955).

SOUTHWEST FLORIDA

The limestone resources of the southwest portion of Florida are extracted primarily from the Pliocene age Tamiami Formation. The area of active mining includes Lee, Hendry, and Collier counties (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The Tamiami Formation is in part a tan to white, soft to hard, sandy and abundantly fossiliferous limestone. Molluscs, barnacles, echinoids and corals are common. Preservation of the fossils is varied depending on the amount of recrystallization (Meeder, 1979). 50 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Figure 16. Limestone quarry, Citrus County. Photo by Tom Scott.

Mining and Beneficiation

All limestone, dolomite and coquina mined in Florida is mined by open pit methods. Mining methods vary depending on the position of the water table (wet or dry pit) and the hardness of the rock. In almost all cases, overburden must be removed to gain access to the rock. Overbur- den is normally stripped using bulldozers or draglines and is stacked near the mine site. In some cases the overburden material is marketable as a byproduct (sand, clay, peat, etc.). The easiest mining occurs in dry pit, soft rock conditions where bulldozers equipped with a claw can rip the rock loose. Where pits are flooded, draglines are utilized to remove the rock. Under certain conditions both methods may be utilized in mining the same pit. As rock hardness increases, blasting becomes necessary prior to mining. After rock is mined it may be loaded directly for transport to a processing plant or may be crushed and stockpiled. Processing operations are those which physically change a material on the way to becoming a finished product (Schmidt, et al., 1979). For the most common uses of limestone, dolomite and coquina (crushed stone and aggregate material) size reduction and grading are the primary pro- INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 51

*-.--, S. 7' . . -.

Figure 17. Limestone quarry, mining below water level with dragline. Photo by Tom Scott.

cessing procedures. This involves crushing and screening to produce the desired size material. Beneficiation processes are those which upgrade the material by removing inpurities or adding desirable materials (Schmidt, et al., 1979). The most common beneficiation processes for limestone, dolomite and coquina are washing, screening, drying and blending.

Products and Uses

The major uses of crushed stone in Florida are for road base material, concrete and asphalt aggregate, cement manufacturing, fertilizer, soil conditioners and rip rap.

Transportation

Crushed stone is transported by truck and rail in Florida. Truck transport represents the principle method of transportation, with 84 percent of the total tonnage for 1983. Rail carried six percent while five percent was transported by waterway, while other or unspecified methods carried the remainder (Tepordei, 1984b). Shipment by water has been a minor method of transportation in the past. QUANTITY I MILLIONS OF SHORT TONS )

VALUE ( MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ) a

p PRELIMINARY DATA o0 0 C DATA 80 300 * ESTIMATED 0 *a a 00

70 260 0 4 a

60 220

50 180

40 140 . :: - - o Cy 00

'• m m F ' ' l !lI'I••r"lq•!II• I~m ~ I n IIt|in • r I 20 60 _

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

YEAR Figure 18. Quantity and value of crushed stone (Boyle, 1986; U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1 S77 - 1983). INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 53

Economic Trends

1985 production and value of crushed stone in Florida increased approximately eight percent from 1984 levels (Boyle, 1985). Nationwide demand for crushed stone is expected to increase at a one percent annual rate through 1990 (Tepordei, 1985a).

Reserves

Florida limestone reserves are very large and may be considered practically unlimited (Tepordei, 1985b). Large portions of the peninsula of Florida and portions of the panhandle are underlain by limestone. Edger- ton (1974) suggested that limestone reserves in Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties totaled 102 billion tons, of which 34 billion tons were readily available for mining. The remainder was rendered unavail- able either by urban development or statutory constraints.

Environmental Concerns

The major environmental problems with the mining of stone in Florida include dust, noise, traffic, vibration (Singleton, 1980) and aquifer protection. Dust control measures in the quarry and plant areas can minimize dust related air pollution. Examples of effective measures are sprin- kling with water and dust collection systems. Artificial or natural screens can reduce noise and visual impact of quarries and plants. Vibration problems can be controlled by ripping rock where possible and blasting only when necessary. Special blasting techniques can also reduce vibration. Since most limestones and dolomites mined in the State are portions of, or are contiguous with regional aquifer systems, the quarry represents a direct route of access to the aquifer. If poor quality water is allowed to enter the quarry, that water has direct access to the aquifer. Control of on and off site drainage can prevent these problems. 54 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

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APPENDIX Mineral Producers In Florida The Bureau of Geology has used a number of sources in compiling the following list of mineral producers in Florida. The list includes all of the mining operations known to the Bureau and is current through December 1985. The Bureau will appreciate notification of any addi- tions, corrections, or deletions that can be used for future editions of the mineral producers directory. The directory lists the name and address of each producer under the commodity that is mined. The commodities are further listed separately by commodity and by county. PRODUCERS BY COMMODITY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

CEMENT DADE

General Portland Inc. Florida Division, Miami Box 22348 Plant Tampa. FL 33622

Lonestar Florida Inc. Pennsuco Cement & 52S 40E 31 Box 6097 Aggregates Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33310

Rinker Portland Cement Corp. Miami Plant P.O. Drawer K W. Palm Beach. FL 33402

HERNANDO

Florida Mining & Materials Corp. Cement Division P.O. Box 6 Brooksville, FL 33512

HILLSBOROUGH

General Portland Inc. Box 22348 Tampa. FL 33622 Florida Division. Tampa Plant

MANATEE

National Portland Cement of Port Manatee Florida Inc. Route No. 1. Port Manatee Palmetto, FL 33561 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 63

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

CLAY-FULLER'S EARTH

GADSDEN

Engelhard Corp. La Camelia 3N 3W Multiple P.O. Box 220 Mine/Swisher Mine Attapulgus, GA 31715 Midway Mine 1N 2W Multiple

Floridin Co. Complex A Mine 3N 3W Multiple P.O. Box 510 Complex B Mine 3N 3W 17 Quincy, FL 32351 Complex C Mine 3N 3W 35

The Milwhite Co, Inc. McCall Mine 3N 3W 4 P.O. Box 96 Attapulgus, GA 31715

MARION

Mid-Florida Mining Co. Emthla Mine 13S 20E 1 P.O. Box 68F Lowell, FL 32663

CLAY-KAOLIN

PUTNAM

The Feldspar Corp. Edgar Mine 10S 24E 30 P.O. Box 8 Edgar, FL 32049

CLAY-GENERAL

CLAY

Florida Solite Co. Russell Mine 5S 25,26E Multiple P.O. Box 27211 Richmond, VA 23261

GADSDEN

Apalachee Correctional Institute Chattahoochee Pit 3N 6W 8 Box 699 Sneads, FL 32460

LAKE

Codding Sand & Soil Inc. Codding Pit 19S 27E 33 Box 795 State Road 19A Mt. Dora, FL 32757 64 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Clay-general, cont'd.

MARION

CTC Construction, Inc. Green Acres Mine 13S 20E 1 P.O. Box 686 Gainesville. FL 32601

EXFOLIATED VERMICULITE BROWARD

W. R. Grace & So. Zonolite Division, 62 Whittemore Avenue Pompano Beach Cambridge, MA 02140 Plant

DUVAL

W. R. Grace & So. Zonolite Division, 62 Whittemore Avenue Pompano Beach Cambridge, MA 02140 Plant

- HILLSBOROUGH

Schmelzer Sales Corp. Verlite Co. Box 11385 Tampa. FL 33610

W. R. Grace & So. Zonolite Division, 62 Whittemore Avenue Tampa Plant Cambridge. MA 02140

EXPANDED PERLITE

BROWARD

W. R. Grace & So. Zonolite Division, 62 Whittemore Avenue Pompano Beach Cambridge, MA 02140 Plant

DUVAL

Chemrock Corp. Jacksonville Plant P.O. Box 100922 Nashville, TN 37210

ESCAMBIA

Worlid Industries Inc. Escambia Plant Armstrong House Lancaster quare PA 17 Lancaster, PA 17604 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 65

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Expanded Perlite, cont'd.

INDIAN RIVER

Arlite Processing Corp. Processing Plant 3505 65th Street Vero Beach, FL 32960

GYPSUM

DUVAL

Jim Walter Corporation Celotex Division, 1500 N. Dale Mabry Jacksonville Plant Tampa, FL 33607

United States Gypsum Co. Duval County Plant 101 S. Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606

HAMILTON

Occidental Petroleum Co. Suwannee P.O. Box 25597 Tampa, FL 33622

HILLSBOROUGH

National Gypsum Co. Tampa Plant 2001 Rexford Road Charlotte, NC 28211

Standard Gypsum Corp. 3401 Bulk Street Port Everglades, FL 33316

HEAVY MINERALS

CLAY

Associated Minerals LTD, Inc. Green Cove Springs 7S 25,26E Multiple P.O. Box 1307 Mine Green Cove Springs, FL 32043

E. I. DuPont Florida Mine 5,6S 23E Multiple P.O. Box 753 Starke, FL 32091 66 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

LIME

GULF

Basic Inc. Port St. Joe Limekiln Box 160 Port St. Joe. FL 32456

HERNANDO

Chemical Lime Inc. Brooksville Limekiln Box 317 Leesburg. FL 32748

SUMTER

Dixie Lime & Stone Co. Sumterville Limekiln Drawer 217 Sumterville, FL 33585

Y LIMESTONE (CRUSHED AND BROKEN) AND SHELL

ALACHUA

Dickerson Florida Inc. Haile Quarry 9S 17E Multiple Box 177 Newberry, FL 32669

Florida Rock Industries Inc. 1) Newberry Limerock N/A P.O. Box 4667 Quarry Jacksonville. FL 32216 2) Haile Quarry 9S 17E Multiple 3) Chastain Quarry 9S 18E 18

UmerockL Industries Inc. 1) Haile Quarry 9S 17E 24 Drawer 790 2) Newberry Quarry 9S 17E 25 SCiefland. FL 32626

S. M. Wall Company High Springs Quarry 7S 18E 30 T1650 NE 23rd Blvd. i Gainesville, FL 32601

BREVARD

Blackhawk Quarry Co. of Blackhawk Quarry 30S 37E Multiple Florida, Inc. 7750 Babcock Street Palm Bay. FL 32905 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 67

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Brevard County Department of 1) Kings Park Quarry 24S 36E 2 Public Works 2) Pluckebaum Quarry 22S 35E 1 1948 Pineapple Ave., Suite C 3) Rifle Range Quarry 21S 34E 20 Melbourne, FL 32901 4) Rockledge Quarry 25S 36E 20

BROWARD

Badgett Resources Saw Grass Quarry 52S 39E 53 4160 Ravenswood Road Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33312

Bee Line Engineering & 84 Rock & Fill Quarry 49S 40E 27 Construction, Inc. 10900 Griffin Road Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328

Bergeron Sand & Rock Mining, 1) Hollywood Pit 51S 39E 12 Inc. 2) Ponderosa Quarry N/A P.O. Box 6280 3) Snake Creek Quarry N/A Hollywood, FL 33021

Broward Paving Inc. Rhodes Quarry 50S 42E 31 2001 N. State Road 7 Hollywood, FL 33021

Broward Vito's Trucking & Markham Park Pit 49S 40E 33 Excavating Co. 50S 40E 4 16001 West Hwy. 84 Sunrise, FL 33314

Cherokee Crushed Stone Inc. 1) Cherokee Quarry N/A P.O. Box 8307 2) Hollywood Blvd. 51S 40E Multiple Pembroke Pine, FL 33024 Quarry

1Devcon International Corp. York Chase Ronto 48S 42E 9 P.O. Box 498 Pompano Beach, FL 33061

Hardrives Co. Inc. 1) Gateway Quarry N/A 846 N.W. 8th Street 2) Miramar Lake Pit 51S 39E 36 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33311 3) State Road Quarry 50S 41,42E Multiple

Hollywood Quarries Inc. Hollywood Quarry 50S 41E 23 3000 SW 64th Avenue Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314

L. W. Rozzo Inc. Rozzo Quarry 50S 40E 31 2610 S.W. 50th Avenue Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 68 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Miramar Rock Inc. Miramar Quarry 51S 39E 36. Box 8819 Hollywood, FL 33024

Perna Asphalt Paving Inc. Pit No. 1 N/A P.O. Box 50189 Lighthouse Point, FL 33064

Vulcan Materials Co. Broward Quarry 51S 39E 24 P.O. Box 660097 Miami Springs, FL 33166

CHARLOTTE

Charlotte Rock Industries Route 31 Pit 42S 25E Multiple P.O. Box 1428 Cape Coral, FL 33910

Desrosier Brothers Enterprises Pit No. 1 40S 24E 32 P.O. Box 43, Star Rt. A. Punta Gorda, FL 33950

Macasphalt Charlotte Co. Pit 41S 21E Multiple P.O. Box 2579 Sarasota, FL 33578

Roger A. Chase County Line Pit N/A Star Route A, Box 140 Puma Gorda, FL 33950

Rowe Inc. Shell Quarry N/A 6629 53rd Ave. East Bradenton, FL 33508

Sunland Paving Co. Inc. Sunland Shell Quarry N/A 134 Electric Way Charlotte Harbor, FL 33950

CITRUS

Carroll Contracting & Ready 1) Lecanto Quarry 18S 18E 33 Mix, Inc. 2) Storey Quarry 20S 19E 35 P.O. Box 1659 Inverness, FL 32651

Crystal River Quarry Inc. 1) Red Level Quarry 17S 16E 25 Box 216 2) Lecanto Quarry 19S 18E Multiple Crystal River, FL 32629 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 69

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Dolime Minerals Co. Crystal River Quarry 17S 16E Multiple P.O. Box 1206 Crystal River, FL 32629

Springs Construction Equipment Tanner Quarry N/A Co., Inc. P.O. Box 1797 Crystal River, FL 32629

COLLIER

Cement Products Corporation Mule Pen Rock Quarry 48S 26E Multiple Rt. 6, Box 1760 Naples, FL 33999

Florida Rock Corp. Golden Gate Estates 49S 26E 21 Box 2037 Area Quarry Naples, FL 33940

Florida Rock Industries Inc. 1) Sunniland Quarry 48S 30E 30 P.O. Box 4667 2) Caloosa Limerock 45S 26E 5 Jacksonville, FL 32216

Harmon Brothers Rock Co. Copeland Quarry 52S 29E 12 P.O. Box 14 Ochopee, FL 33943

Highway Pavers Inc. 1) Naples Limerock 50S 26E 7 Box 8809 Quarry Naples, FL 33941 2) North Quarry 48S 26E 26

Lee Mar Quarry 31 N/A Route 3, Box 489 Ft. Myers, FL 33908

Macasphalt Inc. Golden Gate Quarry 49S 27E 16 P.O. Box 7368 Naples, FL 33941

COLUMBIA

Limerock Industries Inc. Columbia City Mine 5S 16E Multiple Drawer 790 Chiefland, FL 32626 70 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

DADE

A. J. Capeletti Inc. 1) Dade Quarry No. 9 53S 39E 26 P.O. Box 4944 2) Dade Quarry No. 10 53S 39E 23 Hialeah, FL 33014 3) Dade Quarry No. 11 53S 39E 21 4) Dade Quarry No. 12 53S 39E Multiple 5) Dade Quarry No. 13 52S 39E 13 6) Dade Quarry No. 15 53S 39E 20

A. J. House & Sons Inc. Quarry No. 1 53S 39E 13 Box 440457 Miami, F. 33144

Coral Aggregates Inc. Miami Mine Quarry 53S 39E 27 3500 Pembroke Road Hollywood, FL 33021

Florida Rock Industries 1) Sterling Quarry N/A P.O. Box 521705 2) Golden Prince Quarry N/A Miami, FL 33152 3) Card Sound Quarry 58S 39E 17

Florida Rock & Sand Co. - 1) Card Sound Pit 58S 39E 17 P.O. Box 3004 2) Cutler Pit N/A Florida City, FL 33030

Krome Aggregates, Inc. Kendall Quarry N/A PO. Box 260 Hollywood, FL 33022

Lone Star Florida Inc. Pennsuco Quarry 52S 39E Multiple Box 6097 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33310

Lowell Dunn 1) Airport Pit 52S 39E 2 P.O. Box 2577 2) Dunn Airport Quarry N/A Hialeah, FL 33012 3) Indian Mound West 54S 40E 16 Pit 4) Lehigh Lakes Quarry N/A

Loyal Rock Inc. Loyal Rock Quarry N/A 1385 Coral Way, Suite 407 Miami. FL 33145

Miami Crushed Rock, Inc. Sweetwater Quarry 53S 39E 24 lbx 650309 Miami, FL 33165

Redland Construction Co., Inc. County Line Quarry 52S 39E 1 23379 SW 167th Avenue Homestead, FL 33165 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 71

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Rinker-Southeastern Materials, 1) SCL Quarry N/A Inc. 2) FEC Quarry 52S 39E 25 P.O. Box 5230 3) Rinker Lake Quarry 52S 40E 20 Hialeah, FL 33014

Ronlee Inc. Ronlee Inc. Quarry 52S 39E 12 P.O. Box 660655 Miami Springs, FL 33166

Siboney International Royal Rock Quarry N/A P.O. Box 6665 West Palm Beach, FL 33405

Standard Rock Pit Corp. Standard Rock Pit N/A 7855 NW 12th Street Miami, FL 33182

The Brewer Co. of Florida Brewer Doctors Pit 52S 39E 1 (Redland Construction Co.) 9800 NW 106 Street .Miami, FL 33166

Vulcan Materials Co. 1) 41st Street Quarry N/A P.O. Box 660097 2) Medley Quarry 53S 40E 10 Miami Springs, FL 33166

DESOTO

DeSoto County Public Works County Pit 39S 25E 28 P.O. Box 1399 Arcadia, FL 33821

DeSoto Shell DeSoto Shell Pit 39S 25E 28 P.O. Box 1862 Arcadia, FL 33821

GLADES

Macasphalt Inc. Brighton Reservation Pit 40S 32E Multiple P.O. Box 1819 Winter Haven, FL 33880

HENDRY

Labelle Limerock Company Labelle Quarry 43S 28E 13 General Delivery Labelle, FL 33935

M. E. C. Construction Inc. MEC Rock Quarry N/A Drawer Q South Bay, FL 33493 72 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Ridgdill & Son Construction Inc. Ridgdill Quarry 43S 34E 14 P. 0. Box 447 Clewiston, FL 33440

HERNANDO

E R. Jahna Industries Inc. Mills Quarry 23S 21E 1 P.O. Drawer 168 Lecanto, FL 32661

Florida Crushed Stone Co. Brooksville Gay Quarry 21S 18E 36 Box 317 21S 19E Multiple Leesburg, FL 32748 22S 18E 1 22S 19E Multiple

Florida Mining & Material Corp. Broco Quarry 21S 18E Multiple 605 Broad Street Brooksville, FL 33512

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Brooksville Diamond Hill 21S 19E 20 P.O. Box 4667 Quarry Jacksonville, FL 32201

Oman Construction Co., Inc. Aripeka Quarry 23S 17E Multiple P.O. Box 3038 Springhill, FL 33526

W. L. Cobb Construction Co. Aripeka Quarry 23S 17E 19 Box 3038 Springhill, FL 33526

HILLSBOROUGH

Chapman Contracting Co. Tampa Bay Pit 32S 18E 1 7910 Orient Road Tampa, FL 33619

Leisey Shell Pit Inc. 1) Leisey Pit 32S 18E 16 3820 Gulf City Road 2) Cockroach Bay Shell 31S 18E 15 Ruskin, FL 33570 Pit

Shell Materials Inc. 1) 19th Ave. Quarry 31S 19E Multiple P.O. Box 11554 2) Shell Materials Pit 32S 19E 6 Tampa, FL 33680

INDIAN RIVER

Henry Fischer & Sons, Inc. Fischer Pit N/A P.O. Box 68 Sebastian, FL 32958 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 73

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

JACKSON

Dolomite Inc. Rock Creek Quarry 3N 9W Multiple Box 548 Marianna, FL 32446

Green Valley Lime Co., Inc. Sink Creek Quarry 3N 9W 19 P.O. Box 681 Marianna, FL 32446

Marianna Lime Products Inc. Marianna Quarry 5N 10W 29 Box 1505 Marianna, FL 32446

LEE

Charlotte Rock Industries Burnt Stove Road Pit 43S 22E 24 P.O. Box 1428 Cape Coral, FL 33910

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Fort Myers Quarry 46S 25E 12 P.O. Box 4667 Jacksonville, FL 32216

Fugate Construction Co. Fugate No. 1 Quarry N/A 137 Texas Avenue Ft. Myers, FL 33901

Harper Brothers Inc. 1) Alico Quarry N/A 5351 Six Mile Cypress Parkway 2) Colonial Dolomite N/A Ft. Myers, FL 33912 Quarry

Harper Brothers Inc. Alico Road Quarry 46S 26E 2 Route 39, Box 821 Ft. Myers, FL 33908

J. L. Kelley Rock Co. Inc 12 026 Quarry 43S 27E Multiple Box 353 La Belle, FL 33953

LEVY

Boutwell Construction Co., Inc. Pansey Britt Mine 12S 19E 31 5979 SE Mary Camp Road Ocala, FL 32672

Connell & Schultz Inc. Williston Quarry 12S 19E 31 Box 24 Inverness, FL 32650 74 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Florida Lime & Dolomite Co., Gulf Hammock Quarry 14S 16E 21 Inc. P.O. Box 246 Gulf Hammock, FL 32678

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Gulf Hammock Quarry 14S 16E Multiple P.O. Box4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

Levy County Road Department Levy County Quarries N/A P.O. Box 336 Bronson. FL 32621

V. E. Whitehurst & Sons 1) Raleigh Quarry N/A Rt. 1, Box 125 2) Whitehurst Pit 12S 19E Multiple Williston. FL 32696

MANATEE

Quality Aggregates Inc. Phase IV Shell Mine 35S 19E Multiple P.O. Box 2719 Sarasota, FL 33578

MARION

Boutwell Construction Co., Inc. Mine Two (Bellview 17S 22E 1 5979 SE Mary Camp Road Mine) Ocala, FL 32672

G. P. Turner Construction Inc. Britt Quarry N/A 8001 NW C 25A Ocala, FL 32671

Marion County Hwy. Dept. Canal Pit 16S 22E 15 3330 SE Maricamp Rd. Ocala, FL 32670

M. J. Stavola Industries Stavola Quarry 14S 22E L9 P.O. Box 187 Anthony, FL 32617

Monroe Road Co. No. 8 Quarry 15S 20E 19 Box 417 Belleview, FL 32620

Ocala Umerock Corp. 1) Cummer Mine N/A P.O. Box 1060 2) Zuber Mine 14S 21E 14 Ocala, FL 32670 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 75

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Ocala Pavers Inc. Pedro Pit 17S 22E 24 4910 N 35th St. Silver Springs, FL 32688

Southern Materials Corp. Lowell Quarry 13S 21E 23 P.O. Box 218 Ocala, FL 32670

MONROE

A. J. Capeletti Inc. Monroe Quarry No. 1 60S 40E 29 P.O. Box 4944 Hialeah, FL 33014

Charley Toppino & Sons Inc. 1) Big Pine Key Quarry N/A Box 787 2) Cudjoe Key Quarry N/A Key West, FI33040 3) Rockland Key Quarry 67S 26E 21

Tarmac Florida Inc. 1) Cudjoe Key Quarry 66S 28E 29 P.O. Box 2035 2) Rockland Key Quarry 67S 26E Multiple Hialeah, FL 33012 3) Big Pine Key Quarry 66S 29E 25

PALM BEACH

Bell Engineering Service Co. Bell Farms Pit 45S 42E 15 7755 Jog Rd., Rt. 3 Lake Worth, FL 33460

Griffin Brothers Co. Inc. Rock Quarry No. 2 47S 37E 22 10450 W. State Road 84 Davie, FL 33324

Loxahatchee Enterprises Inc Delray Beach Quarry 47S 41E 29 2000 South Congress Ave. Delray Beach, FL 33445

PASCO

Belcher Mine, Inc. Belcher Quarry 24S 16E Multiple P.O. Box 86 State Rd. 595 Aripeka, FL 33502

International Minerals & Morell Quarry 25S 22E Multiple Chemical Corp. Box 867 Bartow, FL 33830

Zephyr Rock & Lime Inc. Z-Rock Quarry 26S 22E Multiple P.O. Box 697 Zephyrhills, FL 33599 76 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

POLK

West Coast Mining & Silica Inc. 1) Polk County Quarry N/A P.O. Box 17237 2) West Coast Pit 26S 22E Multiple Tampa, FL 33682

ST. LUCIE

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Ft. Pierce Quarry 37S 38E Multiple P.O. Box 4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

SARASOTA

Englewood Trucking Co. Laurel Road Pit 38S 19E Multiple 500 N. Indiana Avenue Englewood, FL 33533

Fleet Rental Inc. Sarasota Quarry 36S 17E 5 700 Hall Road Nakomis, FL 33555

Macasphalt Inc. Newburn Road Pit 36S 18E 12 P.O. Box 2579 Sarasota, FL 33578

Morrison Trucking Co. Highway 775 Pit N/A Box 3145 Venice, FL 33595

Quality Aggregates Inc. Brown Road Quarry 36S 19E 7 P.O. Box 2719 Sarasota, FL 33580

SUMTER

Agri-Timber. Inc. Agri-Timber Hi-Cal N/A 4801 River Road Quarry Dade City, FL 33525

Amcar Coleman No. 2 Quarry 20S 22E 12 P.O Drawer 217 Sumterville, FL 33585

Dixie Lime & Stone Co. Sumterville Quarry 20S 22E Multiple Drawer 217 20S 23E Sumterville, FL 33585 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 77

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Limestone (Crushed and Broken) and Shell, cont'd.

Florida Crushed Stone Co. Center Hill Quarry 21S 23E 16 Box 317 Leesburg, FL 32748

Ocala Limerock Corp. Mabel Quarry 22S 23E Multiple P.O. Box 1060 Ocala, FL 32670

St. Catherine Rock Co. St. Catherine Quarry 22S 21E Multiple P.O. Box 103 Nobleton, FL 33554

SUWANNEE

Anderson Mining Corp. Lanier Quarry 6S 14E Multiple P.O. Box 38 Old Town, FL 32680

Hatch Enterprises Inc. Hatch Quarry 6S 14E 16 Box 238 Branford, FL 32008

Urban Mining, Inc. SR 252 Quarry N/A P.O. Box 627 Lake City, FL 32055

TAYLOR

Anderson Contracting Co. Ten Mile Quarry 8S 10E 21 P.O. Drawer 38 Old Town, FL 32680

Cabbage Grove Mining Co., Inc. Perry Quarry 4S 4E 3 P.O. Box 997 Perry, FL 32347

Dolime Minerals Co. Perry Quarry 4S 4E 13 P.O. Box 997 Perry, FL 32347

Florida Crushed Stone Jefferson-Taylor Quarry 3S 4E 32 Box 719 4S 4E Multiple Perry, FL 32347

Limerock Industries Inc. Cabbage Grove Quarry 3S 4E 34 Drawer 790 Chiefland, FL 32626 78 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine. Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

MAGNESIUM-BRINES

GULF

Basic Magnesia Inc. Port St. Joe Plant 845 Hanna Building Cleveland. OH 44115

PEAT

CLAY

R & R Peat Farms, Inc. 8S 24E 16 P.O. Box 420 Keystone Heights, FL 32656

Stricklin Peat, Inc. N/A Rt. I, Box 577 Keystone Heights, FL 32656

DADE

L. C. Morris, Inc. N/A P.O. Box 500 74400 N.W. 102nd Avenue" Hialeah, FL 33014

HIGHLANDS

Superior Peat & Soil 35S 29S 9 P.O. Box 1688 4242 W. George Boulevard Sebring, FL 33870

Tu-Co Peat 35S 29S 21 3320 Tubbs Road Sebring, FL 33870

HILLSBOROUGH

Fertic Soils 28S 20E 20 P.O. Box 922 7911 Williams Rd. Seffner, FL 33584

Eart Stover 27S 18E 26 16328 Indian Mound Road Tampa, FL 33618

F. E. Stearns Peat 28S 21E 28 Rt. 1, Box 542D Dover, FL 33527 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 79

Mine, Quarry, Pit rvame & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Peat, cont'd.

LAKE

Anderson Organic Inc. 22S 26E Multiple Rt. 2, Box 138 Winter Garden, FL 32787

C & C Peat 21S 25E 11 P.O. Box 443 Minneola, FL 32755

Florida Potting Soils, Inc. 18S 28E 25 P.O. Box 7008 Orlando, FL 32854

Hillary Peat 22S 24E 8 Rt. 1, Box 345 Groveland, FL 32736

E. R. Jahna Industries Clermont West Mine 22S 25E 22 102 E. Tillman Avenue Lake Wales, FL 33853

MADISON

Anderson Organic Inc. 1S 5E 35 Rt. 2, Box 138 Winter Garden, FL 32787

Pasco Products Company, Inc. 1N 6E 24 P.O. Box 628 Greenville, FL 32331

ORANGE

Reliable Peat 22S 27E 22 P.O. Box 217 Winter Garden, FL 32787

PALM BEACH

Atlas Peat & Soil 45S 43E Multiple 9621 S.R. 7 P.O. Box 867 Boynton Beach, FL 33435

POLK

Andy's Plant Aids Clubhouse Road Pit 29S 24E 9 1840 W. Fairbanks P.O. Box 3296 Lakeland, FL 33802 80 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Peat, cont'd.

Greenleaf Products, Inc. 27S 27E 19. P.O. Box 312 Haines City, FL 33844

Peace River Peat Frostproof 31S 28E 23 P.O. Box 1192 1470 Hwy. 17S. Bartow, FL 33830

PUTNAM

R & R Peat Farms, Inc. 9S 24E 5 P.O. Box 420 Keystone Heights, FL 32656

Traxier Peat Florahome Mine 9S 24S Multiple P.O. Box 448 Florahome, FL 32635

SUMTER

American Peat Co. Cherry Lake 18S 23E Multiple Rt. 1, Box 38 (Hwy. 466, 3.9 miles E. of Oxford) Oxford, FL 32684

Verfite Co. Verlite Mine 22S 22E 34 P.O. Box 11385 6211 N. 56th Street Tampa, FL 33680

PHOSPHATE ROCK

HAMILTON

Occidental Chemical Co. 1) Suwannee River 1S 15,16E Multiple P.O. Box 1185 Mine 1N 16E Multiple Houston, TX 77001 2) Swift Creek Mine 1S 15E Multiple

HARDEE

C. F. Industries, Inc. Hardee Phosphate 33S 24E Multiple P.O. Box 1549 Complex Wauchula, FL 33873

Gardinier Inc. Ft. Meade Mine 32S 25E Multiple P.O. Box 3269 Tampa, FL 33601 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 81

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Phosphate Rock, cont'd. HILLSBOROUGH

Amax Chemical Corp. Big Four Mine 31,32S 32,22E Multiple 402 S. Kentucky Avenue Suite 600 Lakeland, FL 33801

American Cyanamid Co. Lonesome Mine 31S 22E Multiple (Brewster Phosphates) Berdan Ave. Wayne, New Jersey 07470

MANATEE

Beker Phosphate Corp. Wingate Creek Mine 34,35S 21,22E Multiple P.O. Box 9034 Bradenton, FL 33506

W.R. Grace & Company Four Corners Mine 33S 21E Multiple Box 471 Bartow, FL 33830

POLK

Agrico Chemical Co. 1) Ft. Green Mine 32 33S Box 1110 23W Multiple Mulberry, FL 33860 2) Saddle Creek Mine 28S 25E Multiple 3) Payne Creek Mine 32S 23,24E

American Cyanamid Co. Haynsworth Mine 31S 32E Multiple (Brewster Phosphates) Berdan Ave. Wayne, New Jersey 07470

Estech General Chemical Co. 1) Silver City Mine 31S 24E Multiple Box 208 2) Watson Mine 31,32S 25,26E Multiple Bartow, FL 33830

Gardinier Inc. Ft. Meade Mine 32S 25E Multiple P.O. Box 3269 Tampa, FL 33601

. International Minerals & 1) Clear Springs Mine 30S 25E Multiple Chemical Corp. 2) Kingsford Mine 31S 22E Multiple Box 867 30S 23E Multiple Bartow, FL 33830 3) Noralyn Mine 30S 24S Multiple 31S 24S Multiple

Mobil Oil Corp. 1) Ft. Meade Mine 31S 25E Multiple Box 311 2) Nichols Mine 30S 23E Multiple Nichols, FL 33863 82 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Phosphate Rock, cont'd.

U.S.S. Agrichemicals Rockland Mine 31S 24E Multiple P.O. Box 867 Ft. Meade, FL 33841

W.R. Grace & Company Hookers Prairie Mine 31S 23E Multiple Box 471 Bartow, FL 33830

PHOSPHATE ROCK -COLLODIAL

CITRUS

Howard Phosphate Co. Howard Phosphate 18S 19E 35 P.O. Box 13800 Mine Orlando, FL 32809

Manko Co. Section 5 Phosphate 17,18S 18,19E Multiple P.O. Box 577 Mine Ocala, FL 32670

The EH Kellogg Co. Kellogg Phosphate Mine 17S 17E 34 P.O. Box 218 Hemando, FL 32642

MARION

Lancala Phosphate Co. Minehead Plant P.O. Box 766 High Springs. FL 32643

SAND

BAY

Fla. Asphalt Paving Co. Register Mine 2S 13W 13 P.O. Box 1310 Panama City, FL 32401

Gulf Asphalt Corp. Bay Mine 2S 13W 14 P.O. Box 2462 Panama City, FL 32401

Pitts Sand Co. Lynnhaven Mine 3S 14W 12 Rt. 4. Box 850 Panama City, FL 32401

Sykes Concrete Pipe Co. Calloway Mine 4S 13W 14 P.O. Box 1400 Panama City, FL 32402 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 83

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Sand, cont'd.

BREVARD

Melbourne Sand & Supply Melbourne Mine 26S 36E 12 7298 Waelti Drive Melbourne, FL 32935

BROWARD

Florida Commercial Prospect Mine 49S 42E 7 Development P.O. Box 5147 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33310

Frank Newth LTD. Margate Mine 48S 42E 21 Box 8302 Coral Springs, FL 33065

Hardrives Company State Rd. 84 Mine 50 42E 30 ,300 West State Rd. No. 84 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33315

Pompano Silica Sand Company Tsiotis Mine 48S 42E 28 1951 N. Powerline Road Pompano Beach, FL 33060

101 Sand & Fill Inc. 101 Mine N/A P.O. Box 4175 RR #2 Lyons R&D Wilburn St. Margate, FL 33063

CALHOUN

Blountstown Sand Co. 1) Overholt Mine N/A Rt. 1 Mason Road 2) N/A 1N 8W 27 Blountstown, FL 32424

CLAY

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Gold Head Mine 8S 23E 15 P.O. Box 4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

DADE

A.J. Capeletti, Inc. Broward No. 1 Mine 51S 41E 29 P.O. Box 4944 Hialeah, FL 33014 84 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Sand, cont'd.

ESCAMBIA

Arnold Sand & Gravel Co. Century Mine N/A 7717 Eagle Drive Cantonment, FL 32533

Campbell Sand & Gravel Co. Century Mine 5N 30W 4 Rt. 3. Box 22 Century, FL 32535

Clark Sand Co. Pensacola Mine 2S 30W Multiple Box 4267 Pensacola, FL 32507

Red Sand & Gravel Co. 1) Century Mine N/A Rt. 1 2) Sunday Rd. Mine 6N 30W 33 Flomaton AL 36441

Site Construction Developers Pensacola Mine N/A 2628 Hillcrest Avenue Pensacola, FL 32506

GADSDEN

Capital Asphalt 1N 2W 21 P.O. Box 5767 Tallahassee, FL 32314

Gadsden Sand Co. Quincy Mine N/A P.O. Box 446 Quincy. FL 32351

Radcliff Materials, Inc. Chattahoochee River 3N 6W 5 P.O. Box 1685 Plant Mobile. AL 36601

GLADES

E.R. Jahna Industries Inc. Ortona Sand Mine 42S 30E 23 First & East Tillman Lake Wales. FL 33853

Florida Rock Industries, Inc. Caloosa Mine 42S 30E Multiple P.O. Box 4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

HOLMES

Revelle Sand Plant Caryville Plant 5N 16W 16 P.O. Box 153C Rt. 2 Caryville, FL 32427 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 85

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Sand, cont'd.

West Florida Sand Co. Dog Lake Estates Mine 4N 15W 5 Route 3, Box 208 G Bonifay, FL 32425

JACKSON

A.B. Williams Co. Williams Mine 3N 10W 29 P.O. Box 269 Marianna, FL 32446

LAKE

E.R. Jahna Industries Inc. Clermont West Mine 22S 25E Multiple First & East Tillman 2) Clermont Mine 22S 26E Multiple Lake Wales, FL 33853 3) Independent Mine 24S 25E 22

Eustis Sand Company Eustis Mine 18S 27E 25 P.O. Box 861 Mt. Dora, FL 32757

Florida Crushed Stone Co. 1) Tulley Mine 22S 36E 34 Box 317 2) 474 Mine 24S 25E 13 Leesburg, FL 32748

Florida Rock Industries, Inc. 1) Lake Sand Plant 24S 26E 19 P.O. Box 4667 2) Orange-Clermont 24S 26E Multiple Jacksonville, FL 32201 Mine 3) Astatula Mine 20S 26E Multiple

Silver Sand Co. of Clermont Inc. Center Mine 23S 26E Multiple Rt. 1, Box USI Clermont, FL 32711

Standard Sand & Silica Co. Wallace Mine 24S 28E 9 P.O. Box 35 Davenport, FL 33837

LEON

Johnson Sand Co. Johnson Mine 1N 2W 34 129 Campground Pond Road Tallahassee, FL 32304

Roberts Sand Co. Inc. Norfleet Mine 1N 2W 35 P.O. Box 6229 Tallahassee, FL 32302 86 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Sand, cont'd.

MANATEE

Quality Aggregates. Inc. Phase IV Shell Pit 35S 19E 31 P.O. Box 2719 Sarasota, FL 32578

MARION

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Marion Sand Mine 17S 26E Multiple P.O. Box4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

G. P. Turner Construction Inc. Britt Mine N/A 8001 N.W. C. 25W Ocala. FL 32671

Marion County Highway Dept. Canal Pit 16S 22E 15 3330 S.E. Maricamp Road Ocala, FL 32670

Ocala Limerock Corp. . Cummar Mine N/A Box 1060 Ocala. FL 32670

Ocala Pavers Inc. Pedro Pit N/A 4910 N. 35th Street Silver Springs, FL 32688

Southern Materials Corp. Lowell Quarry 13S 21E Multiple P.O. Box 218 Ocala. FL 32670

Standard Sand & Silica Co. Lynne Mine 15S 24E 3 P.O. Box 35 Davenport. FL 33837

ORANGE

County of Orange Hwy. Dept. Own Crews Mine N/A 11W. Kaley Orlando. FL 32813

PASCO

Zephyr Rock & Lime, Inc. Z-Rock Quarry 26S 22E Multiple P.O. Box 4175 Zaphyrhills. FL 33599 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 87

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Sand, cont'd. POLK

E.R. Jahna Industries Inc 1) Loughman Mine 26S 27E 11 First & East Tillman 2) Haines City Mine 27S 27E 35 Lake Wales, FL 33853 28S 27E Multiple

Florida Mining & Materials Corp. Devane No. 2 Mine 24S 25E 33 P.O. Box 338 Polk City, FL 33868

Florida Rock Industries Inc. Sandland Mine 30S 28E Multiple P.O. Box 4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

Gall Silica Mining Co., Inc. 1) 03 Mine 30S 28E Multiple Box 987 2) 04 Mine 29S 28E Lake Wales, FL 33853

Standard Sand & Silica Co. 1) Davenport Mine 26S 27E 26 P.O. Box 35 2) Joshua Mine 26S 26E 35 Davenport, FL 33837 3) Polk City Mine 26S 25E 26

PUTNAM

Florida Rock Industries, Inc. Keuka Mine 10S 24E 29 P.O. Box 4667 Jacksonville, FL 32201

The Feldspar Corp. Edgar Mine 10S 25E 23 P.O. Box 8 Edgar, FL 32049

ST. LUCIE

Ben Stewart Trucking North Mine 34S 40E 8 Route 1, Box 2075 Ft. Pierce, FL 33450

Ft. Pierce Sand & Material Inc. 1) North Mine N/A Rt. 4, Box 27 2) South Midway Road N/A Ft. Pierce, FL 33450 Mine

General Development Corp. St. Lucie County Mine N/A 1111 S. Bayshore Drive Miami, FL 33450

Glen Blackburn Trucking Inc. 1) Airport Mine N/A Route 4, Box 157 A 2) Morlan Mine 35S 40S 36 Ft. Pierce, FL 33450 3) Rails Mine N/A 88 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Mine, Quarry, Pit Name & Address of Operation or Operation T R S

Sand, cont'd.

Stewart Sand & Materials Indian Hills Mine N/A 202 Tumblinking Road Ft. Pierce, FL 33450

SANTA ROSA

Pace Sand & Gravel Inc. Robertson Mine N/A P.O. Box 395 Century, FL 32535

SARASOTA

General Developmemet Corp. Sarasota-County Mine 39S 22E Multiple Ti T S. Bayshore Drive Miami, FL 33450

Macasphalt Inc. Newburn Mine 36E 18E 12 P.O. Box 2579 Sarasota, FL 33578

WALTON

Adams Sand Company Inc. Mossy Head Mine 3N 21W 21 Mossy Head, FL 32434

WASHINGTON

Anderson Sand, Inc. Anderson Mine 30N 16W 11 P.O. Box 243-AX Caryville, FL 32427

SULFUR

SANTA ROSA

Exxon Co. USA 1) Blackjack Creek Field 4N 29W 23 P.O. Box 4496 Unit Houston, TX 77210 2) Jayfield 5N 29W

T = Township R = Range S = Section N/A = Information Not Available INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 89

COMMODITIES BY COUNTY

County Commodity Page Alachua Limestone 66 Bay Sand 82 Brevard Limestone 66 Sand 83 Broward Exfoliated Vermiculite 64 Expanded Perlite 64 Limestone 67 Sand 83 Calhoun Sand 83 Charlotte Limestone 68 Citrus Limestone 68 Phosphate Rock-Colloidal 82 Clay Clay-General 63 Heavy Minerals 65 Peat 78 Sand 83 Collier Limestone 69 Columbia Limestone 69 Dade Cement 62 Limestone 70 Peat 78 Sand 83 DeSoto Limestone 71 Duval Exfoliated Vermiculite 64 Expanded Perlite 64 Gypsum 65 Escambia Expanded Perlite 64 Sand 84 Gadsden Clay-Fuller's Earth 63 Clay-General 63 Sand 84 Glades Limestone 71 Sand 84 Gulf Lime 66 Magnesium Brines 78 Hamilton Gypsum 65 Phosphate Rock 80 Hardee Phosphate Rock 80 Hendry Limestone 71 Hernando Cement 62 Lime 66 Limestone 72 90 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

County Commodity Page Highlands Peat 78 Hillsborough Cement 62 Exfoliated Vermiculite 64 Gypsum 65 Limestone 72 Peat 78 Phosphate Rock 81 Holmes v Sand 84. Indian River Expanded Perlite 65 Limestone 72 Jackson Limestone 73 Sand 85 Lake Clay-General 63 Peat 79 Sand 85 Lee Limestone 73 Leon Sand 85 Levy Limestone 73 Madison Peat 79 Manatee Cement 62 Limestone 74 Phosphate Rock 81 Sand 86 Marion Clay-Fuller's Earth 63 Clay-General 64 Limestone 74 Phosphate Rock-Colloidal 82 Sand 86 Monroe Limestone 75 Orange Peat 79 Sand 86 Palm Beach Limestone 75 Peat 79 Pasco Limestone 75 Polk Limestone 76 Peat 79 Phosphate Rock 81 Sand 87 Putnam Clay-Kaolin 63 Peat 80 Sand 87 St. Lucie Limestone 76 Sand 87 Santa Rosa Sand 88 Sulfur 88 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 91

County Commodity Page Sarasota Limestone 76 Sand 88 Sumter Lime 66 Limestone 76 Peat 80 Suwannee Limestone 77 Taylor Limestone 77 Walton Sand 88 Washington Sand 88 92 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

COMMODITIES

Commodity County Page Cement Dade 62 Hernando 62 Hillsborough 62 Manatee 62 Clay-Fuller's Earth Gadsden 63 Marion 63 Clay-Kaolin Putnam 63 Clay-General Clay 63 Gadsden 63 Lake 63 Marion 64 Exfoliated Vermiculite Duval 64 Broward 64 Hillsborough 64 Expanded Perlite Broward 64 Duval 64 Escambia 64 Indian River 65 Gypsum Duval 65 Hamilton 65 Hillsborough 65 Heavy Minerals Clay 65 Lime Gulf 66 Hernando 66 Sumter 66 Limestone Alachua 66 Brevard 66 Broward 67 Charlotte 68 Citrus 68 Collier 69 Columbia 69 Dade 70 DeSoto 71 Glades 71 Hendry 71 Hernando 72 Hillsborough 72 Indian River 72 Jackson 73 Lee 73 Levy 73 Manatee 74 INFORMATION CIRCULAR NO. 102 93

Commodity County Page

Limestone, cont'd

Marion 74 Monroe 75 Palm Beach 75 Pasco 75 Polk 76 St. Lucie 76 Sarasota 76 Sumter 76 Suwannee 77 Taylor 77 Magnesium Brine Gulf 78 Peat Clay 78 Dade 78 Highlands 78 Hillsborough 78 Lake 79 Madison 79 Orange 79 Palm Beach 79 Polk 79 Putnam 80 Sumter 80 Phosphate Rock Hamilton 80 Hardee 80 Hillsborough 81 Manatee 81 Polk 81 Phosphate Rock-Colloidal Citrus 82 Marion 82 Sand Bay 82 Brevard 83 Broward 83 Calhoun 83 Clay 83 Dade 83 Escambia 84 Gadsden 84 Glades 84 Holmes 84 Jackson 85 Lake 85 Leon 85 94 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Commodity County Page

Sand, cont'd

Manatee 86 Marion 86 Orange 86 Pasco 86 Polk 87 Putnam 87 St. Lucie 87 Santa Rosa * 88 Sarasota 88 Walton 88 Washington 88 Sulfur Santa Rosa 88 -FLORIDA-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEY

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