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Stratigraphy, Genesis, and Economic Potential of the Southern Part of the Florida Land-Pebble Phosphate Field

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Stratigraphy, Genesis, and Economic Potential of the Southern Part of the Florida Land-Pebble Phosphate Field Scholars' Mine Doctoral Dissertations Student Theses and Dissertations 1972 Stratigraphy, genesis, and economic potential of the southern part of the Florida land-pebble phosphate field Dean Stanley Clark Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations Part of the Geology Commons Department: Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Recommended Citation Clark, Dean Stanley, "Stratigraphy, genesis, and economic potential of the southern part of the Florida land-pebble phosphate field" (1972). Doctoral Dissertations. 196. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/196 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STRATIGRAPHY, GENESIS, AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE FLORIDA LANJ)...PXBBLE PHOSPHA!rE FIELD by DEAN STANLEY CLAREt 1.92.5- A DISSERTATION Presented to the 7ac~t~ of the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLI. In Part1.a1 Fulf1.l.l.ment ot the Requi.rements tor the Degree DOCTOR OF PHIIDSOPHY 1.11 GB:>LOGY 197.2 T2779 194 pages c. I u.l I 11 ABSTRACT The important and high~y productive Florida land-pebble phosphate field is located in west central peninsular Florida in portions of Hills­ borough, Polk, Hardee, and Manatee counties. The Pine Level phosphate area, described in detai~ in this report, is south of the preViously known and mi.ned deposits and occurs in port:Lons of Manatee, Sarasota, and De Soto count:Les. Resu~te of the current geologic study of the Pine Level phosphate depoe:lt and the evaluation of the overall potential of this southern part of the land-pebble fie~d are presented. The entire southern part of the phosphate fie~d is underlain by more than 15,000 feet of Cretaceous and Tertiary carbonate strata. Phosphate deposits are confined to a thin clastic veneer of sediments that overlie the carbonate strata, and include the upper c~astic member of the Hawthorn Formation of Miocene age, the Bone Valley Formation of Pliocene age, and unnamed strata of Pleistocene age. The total thickness of the phosphatic veneer is somewhat more than 100 feet. The Pine Leve~ phosphate depoSit, characteristic of the heretofore undescribed phosphate deposits in the southern part of the nor:Lda ~and­ pebble phosphate fie~d, is compared With the deposits of the main pro­ ducing area in the northern part of the fie~d. The Pine Level deposit differs markedly from the deposits in the main producing district. The differences include the more localized and erratic distribution of mine­ ab~e phosphate concentrations, inclusion of portions of the upper c~astic member of the Hawthorn Formation w1. thin the mineabl.e unit, origin and age or the deposits, significant contrasts in pebb~e and concentrate qual.ity and quantit~ related to the mode of origin, the l.ack of deve~opment of the al.\I.Bl:lnum phosphate zone, and the enrichment of the contained carbonate 1.1.1. f1uorapatite by rep1acement processes. Very gent1e scarps, representi.ng P1ei.stocene sea standsti11s, di­ vide the 1and-pebb1e fi.e1d into several physi.ographic subdi.vi.sions. The physiographic provi.nces of the 1and-pebb1e fie1d and the origin of the Pi.ne Leve1 deposit are re1ated to three, and possib1y four, P1eistocene interg1acia1 marine advances that have reworked and recyc1ed the apatite parti.c1es of the Bone Va11ey and Hawthorn Formati.ons into new 1ower- 1eve1 P1ei.stocene deposits that surround and f1ank buried remnant pa1eo­ is1ands of the Bone Va11ey Formati.on. Fi.e1d re1ati.ons, chemi.cal analYses and petrographic studi.es of a series of apati.te pebb1es rangi.ng from deep1y buri.ed, 1ow-grade, b1ack, impure apati. te to sha11ow, hi.gh-grade, re1ati.ve1y pure, wh1. te apati. te, i.ndi.cates that high-grade white apatite in the P1.ne Leve1 deposit 1.s deri.ved from i.ni.ti.al 1ow-grade b1ack apati.te. The alteration occurs by progressive rep1acement of mi.neral impuri.t1.es wi.thin the b1ack apati.te as erosi.on continually reduces the depth of buri.a1 and the b1ack apatite is subjected to 1.ncreasi.ngly aci.dic and oxi.di.zi.ng ground water acti.vi.ty. S1.mplif1.ed evaluation criteria that serve to identify economical1y valuab1e deposi.ts of the Pine Leve1 phosphate type are described. These cri.teria are easi1y and readi.1y determi.nab1e by the exp1oration geologi.st or engi.neer i.n search of such deposi.ts. The s11.mes (c1ay) content of the Pi.ne Leve1 phosphate deposit i.s much 1ower than i.n the depos:1 ts of the main produc:1ng area and provides the basis for a new method of 1and rec1amat:1on that may e1i.minate the expens:1ve and difficu1t conventi.ona1 method of s1i.mes di.sposal i.n per­ manent storage reservoi.rs. iv TABLE OF CONTU.."TS Page .ABSTRACT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• i.i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ............................................ • •• x LIST OF TABLES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• x:i..:i.. I. INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l A. Out1ine or the Prob1em•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1 B. Purpose or This Study •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 C. Scope and Methods or This Study••••••••••••••••••••••••••3 D. General Geography •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 1. The F1orida Land-Pebb1e Fie1d ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 2. The Pine Leve1 Area••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 E. Summary or Previous Work•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7 F. G1ossar.y or Specia1ized F1orida Phosphate Industry Terms •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 1 • Mi.n:tng Terms •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 2. Processing Ter.ms ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 3. Chemical Terms ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 G. Acknow1edgments ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 II. REVIEW OF THE FLORIDA LAND-PEBBLE FIELD •••••••••••••••••••••• 1:2 A. Genera1 Statement ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .......... • 12 B. Structure and Geologic Sett~ng •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 c. General Geology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 D. Minera1ogy••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••16 E. Chemical Composition or the Phosphate Rock •••••••••••••• 17 F. Minera1 Contaminants •••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• 18 G. Origin or the Depos~ts•••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••• 18 H. Errects or Weathering•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••20 v I. Mining Procedure ..••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 J. Processing Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 III. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE LAND-PEBBLE FIELD AND THE PINE LEVEL AREA ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 A. Pleistocene Shorel~nes ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 B. Phy~ographic Subdivisions ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 1. Po1k Up1and ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 2. DeSoto Plaia••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 3. Caloosahatchee Incline •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 4. Gulf Coastal Lowlands ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 c. Origin of the Phyaiograp~c Subd1Yisions ••••••••••••••••• 29 IV. STRATIGR.APHY ••••••••• • •• • •• • •• • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • 34 A. Pre-Tertiary Rocks ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34 B. Tert~ary System •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34 1. Eocene Ser~es ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 Avon Park Limestone •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 Ocala Group •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 z. 01igocene Ser1es •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Suwanaee Limeatone ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 3. M~ocene Ser~es •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Tampa Forma~~on •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Hawthorn Format~on ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 c~tronel1e Format1on••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Alachua Format~on •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 4. Pliocene Se~es ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 Bone Valley Forsat1on •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 '· Hawthorn-Bone Ya11ey Uncontorm1~7•••••••••••••••••••'Z v:i c. Quaternary System ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62 1. Pleistocene Series ••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• 62 Lower Pleistocene Sand •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64 Upper Pleistocene Sand •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 65 2. ~he Pliocene-Pleistocene Uneonform1ty •••••••••••••• 65 3. Recent Depos:L ts • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••• 66 V. PLEISTOCENE PA.LlOOGEOGRAPHY OF THE PINE LEVEL AREA •••••••••••• 6? A. Introductory Comment ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••.•••••..•• 6? B. Bone Va11ey Ia1ands ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6? c. Tida1 Passes •••••••.••••••••••••.••••••••••.•.•••••••••• 68 D. Beach Terraces ••••••••.•.••.•..•.••..••....•...•••••.••• 70 VI. DESCRIPTION OF ~E PINE LEVEL MATRIX ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 71 A. General Description ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ?l B. Lower Pleistocene Matrix •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ?l c. Bone Valley Matrix •••••••..••.••.•..••••••...••...•••••• 75 D. Hawthorn Matrix • ••••••••••••..•...•••••••••••••.•..••••• 77 E. Summary of Distinguishing Matrix Characteristics•••••••• 78 F. Chemical Quality of the Phosphate Roek •••••••••••••••••• 8o VII. EFJ'ECTS OF WEATHER.ING •••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 82 A. Genera1 Statement ••••••••••....•..•.•••••.•.•••••••••••• 82 B. Depth of Burial and Apatite
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