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Ecology of Moon Jellyfish Aurelia Sp. in Southern Tasmania in Relation To

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Ecology of Moon Jellyfish Aurelia Sp. in Southern Tasmania in Relation To ECOLOGY OF MOON JELLYFISH AURELIA SP. IN SOUTHERN TASMANIA IN RELATION TO ATLANTIC SALMON FARMING. Thesis submitted by Simon T. Willcox, B.Sc. Hons Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania (October, 2006). Frontispiece: Aurelia sp. medusae aggregation DECLARATIONS I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work, except where due acknowledgement is given, and that the material presented here has not been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or other institution. The thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Simon Trevor Willcox January 2006 Declarations ABSTRACT The pattern of occurrence of medusae blooms in south east Tasmania was linked to both local and global scale environmental conditions. On average, summer water temperature was over one degree warmer, local autumn rainfall was less than half, winter salinity was 0.7%o lower, and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) values in winter, spring, and summer were 10 - 12 points higher (and positive) in years where blooms occurred compared to those where they did not. The amount of local rainfall in autumn and the mean SOI value in winter were identified as the most useful environmental variables for predicting which summers will have medusae blooms. Blooming Aurelia sp. medusae were studied in the Huon Estuary from early December 2002 to late January 2003. Medusae grew exponentially and reached a maximum mean diameter of over 150mm in two months. Maximum mean growth rates of 7.3% body weight day·l were measured before the pattern of growth broke and all medusae disappeared at the end of January. The total number of medusae in the Huon Estuary was estimated to be 169 million, with a total biomass of over 28 OOO tons prior to the population senescing. Medusae formed into dense aggregations with densities up to 270 individuals m·3• Aggregations occurred in an environment with strong horizontal current sheer where surface and bottom waters often flowed in opposing directions and had velocities as high as 105 mm sec·l, yet were able to maintain their integrity. Observations with underwater cameras Abstract ii and by SCUBA diving revealed a complex structure with coordinated swimming of individuals within aggregations responsible for aggregation maintenance. Scyphistomae colony dynamics were examined in situ in south east Tasmania. Colonies were perennial and persisted for at least three years. Strobilation was observed every year in spring, however subsequent blooms of medusae did not always develop. The density of scyphistomae in colonies was a function of both the proportion of the substrate covered by the colony and the density of individuals within discreet colony patches. These variables were negatively correlated with competition from other encrusting organisms and local rainfall, and positively correlated with water temperature. Laboratory experiments showed that temperature and salinity affected rates of asexual reproduction. These factors resulted in numerical increases in colonies up to 150% over a 32 day period. These experiments also showed there is a trade off between increasing population size through budding at high temperatures, and increasing body size, possibly in preparation for strobilation, at low temperatures. Abstract iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks go to my supervisors Dr Natalie Moltschaniwskyj and Dr Christine Crawford for your advice and support throughout the project. I have a great deal of respect for your know ledge and commitment. I would like to express my gratitude to the staff at the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, who were always willing to give assistance and advice. Thanks to Malcolm Haddon, Gretta Peel, Hugh Pedderson, Dirk Welsford and Philippe Ziegler for academic advice. Thanks also to Steve Battaglene, Stuart Dixon, Sam Foster, Ross Goldsmith, Miles Lawler, Iona Mitchel, Richard Mount, Anna Overweter, Arthur Ritar, Ed Smith, Mike Steer, Sean Tracey, Bill Wilkinson for your advice and assistance in the field, the laboratory, and in the aquaculture facility. Thank you also to Pru Bonham, Russ Bradford, Mike Hertzfeld, and Peter Thompson from the CSIRO Marine Laboratories for your valuable input throughout the project. A special thanks to a visiting scientist Barbara Sullivan for your valuable 'expert jellyfish advice' during the early part of the project, and to Pat Kremer for your interest and assistance with reading a manuscript toward the other end. The project was supported by the Atlantic salmon farming industry in Tasmania. Manny staff members from the various companies went out of their way to assist when asked. Special thanks goes to Dave Cameron, Mick Hortle, Mathew McLean, and Richard Taylor, from TASSAL, and Nick Murfet from AquaTas. A big thankyou also goes to my friends and family. You have all travelled the road with me and helped wherever you could, whether it was with timely distractions, good wishes or hands on assistance. Being able to share the load with you all has made a big difference. Finally, a very special thank you to my wife, Jodi. You have supported me lovingly throughout the whole process and have helped to keep things in perspective. Without you I may have lost my way. Acknowledgements IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Declarations ............................................................................................... i Abstract ..................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................... iv Table of Contents........................................................................................ v Figures and Tables .................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 : Introduction........................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 2 1.2 GENERAL OBJECTIVES 6 1.3 APPLIED SIGNIFICANCE 7 1.4 CHAPTER SUMMARIES 9 Chapter 2 : Patterns of occurrence of Aurelia sp. medusae blooms, and links with the environment ...................................................................... 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION 14 2.2 METHODS 16 2.3 RESULTS 20 2.4 DISCUSSION 22 Chapter 3 : Population dynamics and aggregatory mechanisms of moon jellyfish, Aurelia sp., medusae in the Huon estuary, Tasmania, Australia................................................................................................... 43 3.1 INTRODUCTION 44 3.2 METHODS 46 3.2.1 Medusae Biology ............................................................................ 46 3.2.2 Aggregation Dynamics ................................................................... 51 3.2.3 Population Structure ........................................... :......................... 52 3.2.4 Statistical Methods ........................................................................ 53 3.3 RESULTS 54 3.3.1 Medusae Biology ............................................................................ 54 3.3.2 Aggregation Dynamics ................................................................... 58 3.3.3 Population Structure ..................................................................... 62 3.4 DISCUSSION 64 3.4.1 Medusae Biology ............................................................................ 64 3.4.2 Aggregation Dynamics ................................................................... 70 3.4.3 Population Structure ..................................................................... 73 Chapter 4 : Population dynamics of Aurelia sp. scyphistomae in south east Tasmania, Australia ......................................................................... 92 4.1 INTRODUCTION 93 4.2 METHODS 96 4.2.1 Statistical analysis ....................................................................... 100 4.3 RESULTS 101 Table of Contents v 4.3.1 Environmental parameters ......................................................... 101 4.3.2 Dynamics of naturally occurring colonies ................................... 102 4.3.3 Dynamics of scyphistomae colonising artificial substrates ........ 106 4.4 DISCUSSION 108 4.4.1 Colony Dynamics ......................................................................... 109 4.4.2 Strobilation .................................................................................. 114 Chapter 5 Effects of temperature and salinity on asexual reproduction in scyphistomae of Aurelia sp.: an experimental study..... 130 5.1 INTRODUCTION 131 5.2 METHODS 133 5.2.1 Statistical analysis ....................................................................... 135 5.3 RESULTS 138 5.3.1 Population growth........................................................................ 138 5.3.2 Number of buds ............................................................................ 139 5.3.3 Number of actively budding scyphistomae ................................. 141 5.3.4 Scyphistomae size ........................................................................ 142 5.3.5 Mortality ...................................................................................... 142 5.3.6 Iodine induction of strobilation ................................................... 143 5.4 DISCUSSION 143 Chapter 6 : General discussion .............................................................. 159 6.1 SYNTHESIS 160 6.2 LIFE HISTORY THEORY 162 6.3 APPLIED
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