Gelatinous Plankton Likely to Occur in Long Island Sound

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gelatinous Plankton Likely to Occur in Long Island Sound GELATINOUS PLANKTON LIKELY TO OCCUR IN LONG ISLAND SOUND CTENOPHORES 1) Common Southern Comb Jelly, Sea Walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi) These clear, colorless invertebrates aren't like jellyfish- they can't sting you because they don't have nematocysts (stinging cells). Some grow up to 4" (10 cm) long, but the ones you will commonly see are 2- 3" (5-7.6 cm). They lose their tentacles as they grow up, but have two lobes that are attached near the top of their body and are longer than the body. They swim with their lobes outstretched then snap them closed when they encounter big prey, such as copepods. They have sticky cells that line the inside of their bodies (like fly paper) and help them capture small prey, such as the larvae of crabs and snails. These comb jellies produce a blue-green bioluminescent glow when disturbed. They are likely to be found in Long Island Sound from May through December. 2) Sea Gooseberry (Pleurobrachia pileus) These small ctenophores have a transparent, spherical body containing eight iridescent rows of cilia. They grow up to 3/4" (2 cm) in diameter. The cilia in each row form a stack of combs, also called comb plates; they are used for locomotion. Each sea gooseberry had two fringed tentacles that hang lower than the body and trap food. These comb jellies are found near the ocean's surface and in shallow water. They are uncommon in coastal waters during the summer. They are likely only to be found in Long Island Sound during the winter months. 3) Other Ctenophores: Beroe sp. (ovata, cucumis) possible, but rare Beroe cucumis is found worldwide; can be pinkish and up to fifteen centimeters (6in) long. SCYPHOZOA (true jellyfish) The three most conspicuous scyphozoans of the region (Aurelia aurita, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, Cyanea capillata) are assigned to the Semaeostomeae. These species have tentacles along or beneath the margin of the umbrella, long, frilly oral arms hanging down from the mouth. A coronal groove on the exumbrella, as in Coronatae, is lacking. 1) Moon Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) These jellyfish are saucer shaped with a translucent, whitish or pinkish color. They can reach 10" (25 cm) in diameter. The moon jelly has a transparent, milky white bell rimmed with hundreds of short, hair-like tentacles. Its four oral arms, frilled along one edge, hang from the center of the bell. Four horseshoe shapes in the center of the bell are the gonads (sex organs), and they form a characteristic, very visible four leaf clover pattern on the center of the umbrella. In young moon jellies, the gonads are white, but in mature animals the gonads are tinged with color. The moon jelly is only slightly venomous. Contact can produce symptoms from immediate prickly sensations to mild burning. They are most likely to be found in late spring. 2) Lion's Mane Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) The "lion's mane". Mesohaline--euhaline. Two varieties occur locally, arguably representing different subspecies or even species. The boreal Cyanea capillata var. arctica seems to differ from the temperate C. capillata var. fulva in its larger maximum size, in color, in some minor morphological characters (e.g., in lacking exumbrellar papillae), and possibly in ecology including seasonality. The color of these jellies varies with their age, ranging from dark reddish-brown to pinkish- yellow. Juveniles are pink, turning red as they mature into reddish brown or purple adults. In southern New England, they are usually 6-12" (15-30 cm) in diameter but further north they can grow to 8' (2.5 m) in diameter. A tangle of reddish orange to tawny brown ruffled oral arms flow from the underside of the umbrella (the subumbrella) surrounding the mouth, and resemble a lion's mane. Pale white tentacles stream from the subumbrella in eight U-shaped groups. Its transparent bell, shaded in tones of pale pink and purple, ends in a scalloped rim. They have stinging cells (nematocysts) that are mildly toxic. Cyanea are generally considered moderate stingers. Symptoms are similar to those of the moon jelly; pain is relatively mild and often described as burning rather than stinging. This jellyfish is very common in local waters in the summer; also likely in winter and spring 3) Sea Nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) The "sea nettle". Oligohaline--euhaline. Common to abundant in Northeast region during the summer, especially in estuarine waters. Venomous. It occurs from Cape Cod south along the U.S. East Coast, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, yet it abounds in Chesapeake Bay in numbers unequaled elsewhere. Its bell can grow to 25 cm (10 inches) across. Tentacles are attached to the margin of the umbrella in eight groups of 3-5 tentacles. Easily recognized, it is usually a pure white, but sometimes the white is marked by brilliant red lines flowing from the center of the bell to the edge. Fine reddish tentacles trailing from the bell are instant death to small fish or crabs who brush up against them. The East Coast sea nettle prefers water less salty than open ocean water. So even though it is common in the open ocean along the coast, it flourishes in the brackish waters (10-20 psu) of estuaries and bays where it is white in color. In higher salinities it often has the red/maroon markings on the long central tentacles and on the swimming bell. It has an annoying sting, but is not dangerous to swimmers. 4) Pelagia noctiluca (see key at end of document for image) The "oceanic jelly". Euhaline. An oceanic species infrequently carried inshore in gyres of the Gulf Stream. The umbrella has prominent warts, is hemispherical, and has eight solitary tentacles extending from its margin. Venomous. 5) Aequorea spp. This is a hydrozoan. They have clear or pink colored umbrella- shaped bodies. They have ribbed structures called radial canals that go around their bodies and fine tentacles extending from their bodies. They can grow up to 7" (18 cm) in diameter. They are usually found offshore but may stray nearshore in the summer and fall. 6) The Rhizostomeae have no marginal tentacles, and their oral arms are fused and bear numerous small mouth openings. Two temperate-water rhizostome species (Rhopilema verrillii, Stomolophus meleagris) have been reported as far north as Long Island Sound in the western North Atlantic but not as far north as the Woods Hole region. They are likely to be rare in Long Island Sound. Cannonball Jelly (Stomolophus meleagris) Also know as jellyballs, these jellyfish are the most common in South Carolina waters, where, during the summer and fall, large numbers appear near the coast and in the mouths of estuaries. They are considered to be pests by commercial trawl fishermen because they clog and damage nets and slow sorting and trawl times. Fortunately, while the cannonball may be abundant in some areas, it is also one of the least venomous. Cannonballs can be identified by their hemispherical white bells decorated with rich, chocolate brown bands. They have no tentacle but a gristle-like feeding apparatus formed by the joining of the oral arms. Cannonballs rarely grow larger than 8 inches in diameter. Mushroom Jelly (Rhopilema verrilli) (no image) The mushroom jelly is often mistaken for the cannonball jelly, but it differs in many ways. The larger mushroom jelly, growing to 20 inches in diameter, lacks the brown bands associated with the cannonball and is much flatter and softer. Like the cannonball, the mushroom has no tentacles, however, it possesses long finger-like appendages hanging from the feeding apparatus. The mushroom jelly does not represent a hazard to humans. HANDLING Primary first aid for any jellyfish sting should be to minimize the number of nematocysts discharging into the skin and to reduce the harmful effects of the venom. If stung by a jellyfish, the victim should carefully remove the tentacles that adhere to the skin by using sand, clothing, towels, seaweed or other available materials. As long as tentacles remain on the skin, they will continue to discharge venom. Be careful when handling any jellyfish, even if you suspect they are dead. Although they may be dead, they may still be capable of inflicting stings. Even just small pieces of tentacles containing nematocysts can still cause stings. None of the species you are likely to encounter in LIS are highly toxic, but the stings still hurt. Of particular importance is understanding that flying pieces, that might occur from the shaking of a net for example, can get into an eye and cause particular discomfort. Avoid vigorous shaking of nets and wear eye protection when working around plankton nets. Remember to take precautions when removing tentacles after contact or additional stings may result. Internet References May, 2002: URI/Office of Marine Programs, Narragansett Bay Biota Gallery The Biological Bulletin; The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole Tennessee Aquarium, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Sea Science Purcell, Jennifer E. Jellyfish in Chesapeake Bay and Nearby Waters, CEES UofMD National Aquarium in Baltimore, Chesapeake Bay Jellies updated by Dale R. Calder; from: The Biological Bulletin; The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole PHYLUM CNIDARIA: CLASS SCYPHOZOA Keys to Scyphozoa of the Woods Hole Region (TEXT key) 1. Planktonic Scyphozoa; medusoid in form; velum lacking 2 Benthic Scyphozoa; medusoid or polypoid in form benthic form; key not included 2 Tentacles on subumbrella, in eight U-shaped groups Cyanea capillata Tentacles restricted to umbrella margin 3 3 Umbrella flat, plate-shaped; tentacles short, numerous; Aurelia aurita gonads four, horseshoe-shaped Umbrella saucer-shaped to hemispherical; tentacles long 4 4. Umbrella lacking prominent warts, flatter than a Chrysaora quinquecirrha hemisphere; margin with eight groups of 3-5 tentacles Umbrella with prominent warts, hemispherical; margin Pelagia noctiluca with eight solitary tentacles Visual Key to the Planktonic Scyphozoa Lion's Mane Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) Moon Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) Sea Nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) "oceanic jelly” Pelagia noctiluca .
Recommended publications
  • Educators' Resource Guide
    EDUCATORS' RESOURCE GUIDE Produced and published by 3D Entertainment Distribution Written by Dr. Elisabeth Mantello In collaboration with Jean-Michel Cousteau’s Ocean Futures Society TABLE OF CONTENTS TO EDUCATORS .................................................................................................p 3 III. PART 3. ACTIVITIES FOR STUDENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................p 4 ACTIVITY 1. DO YOU Know ME? ................................................................. p 20 PLANKton, SOURCE OF LIFE .....................................................................p 4 ACTIVITY 2. discoVER THE ANIMALS OF "SECRET OCEAN" ......... p 21-24 ACTIVITY 3. A. SECRET OCEAN word FIND ......................................... p 25 PART 1. SCENES FROM "SECRET OCEAN" ACTIVITY 3. B. ADD color to THE octoPUS! .................................... p 25 1. CHristmas TREE WORMS .........................................................................p 5 ACTIVITY 4. A. WHERE IS MY MOUTH? ..................................................... p 26 2. GIANT BasKET Star ..................................................................................p 6 ACTIVITY 4. B. WHat DO I USE to eat? .................................................. p 26 3. SEA ANEMONE AND Clown FISH ......................................................p 6 ACTIVITY 5. A. WHO eats WHat? .............................................................. p 27 4. GIANT CLAM AND ZOOXANTHELLAE ................................................p
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Envenomations
    Environmental Marine envenomations Ingrid Berling Geoffrey Isbister Background The majority of marine envenomings are minor and do Marine stings are common but most are minor and do not not require medical intervention. Jellyfish stings are a require medical intervention. Severe and systemic marine frequent reason for presentation to first aid and primary envenoming is uncommon, but includes box jellyfish stings, healthcare providers. A knowledge of the variety of stings Irukandji syndrome, major stingray trauma and blue-ringed and envenoming syndromes that occur in Australia, octopus envenoming. Almost all marine injuries are caused including those that are clinically significant, and available by jellyfish stings, and penetrating injuries from spiny fish, treatments, is necessary for practitioners, particularly those stingrays or sea urchins. working in coastal regions. Objective This article describes the presentation and management Marine envenoming can be considered in two broad categories: of marine envenomations and injuries that may occur in jellyfish stings and penetrating venomous marine injuries. Jellyfish Australia. stings range from the life-threatening major box jellyfish (Chironex Discussion fleckeri) to painful, but generally benign, bluebottle stings common First aid for jellyfish includes tentacle removal, application to most southeastern Australian beaches (Figure 1). Penetrating of vinegar for box jellyfish, and hot water immersion (45°C venomous marine injuries often occur when handling fish, but can for 20 min) for bluebottle jellyfish stings. Basic life support occur to anyone involved in water activities, fresh water or marine. is essential for severe marine envenomings that result in They are typically more painful than just the trauma of the wound, and cardiac collapse or paralysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service V.55
    CHAPTER VIII SPONGES, COELENTERATES, AND CTENOPHORES Blank page retained for pagination THE PORIFERA OF THE GULF OF MEXICO 1 By J. Q. TIERNEY. Marine Laboratory, University of Miami Sponges are one of the dominant sessile inverte­ groups. The. floor of the Gulf between the bars brate groups in the Gulf of Mexico: they extend is sparsely populated. The majority of the ani­ from the intertidal zone down to the deepest mals and plants are concentrated on the rocky Parts of the basin, and almost all of the firm or ledges and outcroppings. rocky sections of the bottom provide attachment The most abundant sponges on these reefs are for them. of several genera representing most of the orders Members of the class Hyalospongea. (Hexacti­ of the class Demospongea. Several species of nellidea) are, almost without exception, limited to Ircinia are quite common as are Verongia, Sphecio­ the deeper waters of the Gulf beyond the 100­ spongia, and several Axinellid and Ancorinid fathom curve. These sponges possess siliceous sponges; Cliona is very abundant, boring into spicules in which (typically) six rays radiate from molluscan shells, coral, and the rock itself. The II. central point; frequently, the spicules are fused sponge population is rich both in variety and in ~gether forming a basket-like skeleton. Spongin number of individuals; for this reason no attempt 18 never present in this group. is made to discuss it in taxonomic detail in this In contrast to the Hyalospongea, representa­ r~sum~. ti\Tes of the clasa Calcispongea are seldom, if Some of the sponges of the Gulf are of world­ ~\Ter, found in deep water.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Lion´S Mane Jellyfish Stings- Hot Water Immersion Versus Topical Corticosteroids
    THE SAHLGRENSKA ACADEMY Treatment of Lion´s Mane jellyfish stings- hot water immersion versus topical corticosteroids Degree Project in Medicine Anna Nordesjö Programme in Medicine Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Supervisor: Kai Knudsen Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine 1 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Jellyfish ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Anatomy .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Nematocysts .................................................................................................................................... 4 Jellyfish in Scandinavian waters ......................................................................................................... 5 Lion’s Mane jellyfish, Cyanea capillata .......................................................................................... 5 Moon jelly, Aurelia aurita ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Welfare on Scotland's Salmon Farms
    FISH WELFARE ON SCOTLAND’S SALMON FARMS A REPORT BY ONEKIND Lorem ipsum CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 6.3.1 Increased aggression 26 6.3.2 Increased spread of disease and parasites 26 2 SALMON SENTIENCE 6.3.2 Reduced water quality 26 AND INDIVIDUALITY 4 6.3.4 Issues with low stocking densities 27 2.1 Fish sentience 5 6.4 Husbandry 27 2.2 Atlantic salmon as individuals 5 6.4.1 Handling 27 6.4.2 Crowding 28 3 ATLANTIC SALMON LIFE CYCLE 6 6.4.3 Vaccination 28 3.1 Life cycle of wild salmon 6 6.5 Transportation 28 3.2 Life cycle of farmed Alantic Salmon 6 6.6 Failed smolts 29 6.7 Housing 20 4 SALMON FARMING IN SCOTLAND 8 6.8 Slaughter 31 5 KEY WELFARE ISSUES 10 7 MARINE WILDLIFE WELFARE IMPACTS 32 5.1 High mortality rates 10 7.1 Wild salmon and trout 32 5.2 Sea lice 11 7.2 Fish caught for salmon food 33 5.2.1 How do sea lice compromise 7.3 Seals 33 the welfare of farmed salmon? 11 7.4 Cetaceans 34 5.2.2 How are sea lice levels monitored? 12 7.5 Crustaceans 34 5.2.3 How severe is sea lice infestation in Scotland? 13 8 FUTURE CHALLENGES 35 5.3 Disease 14 8.1 Closed containment 35 5.3.1 Amoebic Gill Disease 15 8.2 Moving sites offshore 35 5.3.2 Cardiomyopathy Syndrome 15 5.3.3 Infectious salmon anaemia 15 9 ACCREDITATION SCHEMES 5.3.4 Pancreas disease 15 AND STANDARDS 36 5.4 Treatment for sea lice and disease 16 9.1 Certification in Scotland 36 5.4.1 Thermolicer 17 9.2 What protection do standards provide salmon? 36 5.4.2 Hydrolicer 17 9.2.1 Soil Association Organic standards 36 5.4.3 Hydrogen peroxide 17 9.2.2 RSPCA Assured 36 5.5 Cleaner fish 18
    [Show full text]
  • Predatory Impact of Aurelia Aurita on the Zooplankton Community in The
    Barz and Hirche: Predatory impact of Aurelia aurita on the zooplankton community in the Bornholm Basin (central Baltic) CM 2004/J: 12 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Not to be cited without prior reference to the authors CM 2004/J:12 Predatory impact of Aurelia aurita on the zooplankton community in the Bornholm Basin (central Baltic) Kristina Barz and Hans-Jürgen Hirche Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstrasse, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany tel.: +49 471 4831 1324, fax: +49 471 4831 1918 [email protected] Abstract The annual cycle of abundance and vertical distribution of the scyphozoan medusa Aurelia aurita was studied in the Bornholm Basin (central Baltic) in 2002. Seasonal changes in prey composition and predatory impact were investigated by analysing stomach contents. The dominant prey organisms of A. aurita were several cladoceran species (Bosmina coregoni maritima, Evadne nordmanni and Podon spp.). They represented up to 93% of the food organisms. Bivalve larvae and copepods (Centropages hamatus, Temora longicornis, Acartia spp., Pseudocalanus acuspes, Eurytemora hirundoides and Oithona similis) were less frequently found. Nauplii and copepodites I-III were not eaten by the medusae neither were fish eggs and larvae used as prey. Based on average medusae and zooplankton abundance, the predatory impact was very low. In August, when mean abundance of A. aurita was highest, only 0.1% of the copepod and 0.54% of the cladoceran standing stock were eaten per day. However in regions
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf) and Their Values Are Plotted Against Temperature in Fig
    Vol. 510: 255–263, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published September 9 doi: 10.3354/meps10799 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Contribution to the Theme Section ‘Jellyfish blooms and ecological interactions’ FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Body size reduction under starvation, and the point of no return, in ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita Zhilu Fu1, Masashi Shibata1, Ryosuke Makabe2, Hideki Ikeda1, Shin-ichi Uye1,* 1Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 4-4 Kagamiyama 1 Chome, Higashi-Hiroshima 739−8528, Japan 2Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, 1 Shinmito Minamisakai, Ishinomaki 986-8580, Japan ABSTRACT: Scyphozoan ephyrae need to start feeding before their endogenous nutritional reserves run out, and the success of feeding and growth is crucial to their recruitment into the medusa population. To evaluate starvation resistance in first-feeding ephyrae of the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita s.l., we determined their point of no return (PNR50), i.e. days of starvation after which 50% of ephyrae die even if they then feed. PNR50 values were 33.8, 38.4 and 58.6 d at 15, 12 and 9°C, respectively. Before reaching PNR50, the ephyrae showed significant body size reduc- tion: ca. 30 and 50% decrease in disc diameter and carbon content, respectively. These PNR50 val- ues are nearly 1 order of magnitude longer than those of larval marine molluscs, crustaceans and fishes, which is attributable to the ephyra’s extremely low metabolic (i.e. respiration) rate relative to its copious carbon reserves. Such a strong endurance under prolonged starvation is likely an adaptive strategy for A. aurita ephyrae, the release of which is programmed to occur during the annual period of lowest temperatures, allowing them to cope with the concomitant seasonal food scarcity.
    [Show full text]
  • Traveler Information
    Traveler Information QUICK LINKS Marine Hazards—TRAVELER INFORMATION • Introduction • Risk • Hazards of the Beach • Animals that Bite or Wound • Animals that Envenomate • Animals that are Poisonous to Eat • General Prevention Strategies Traveler Information MARINE HAZARDS INTRODUCTION Coastal waters around the world can be dangerous. Swimming, diving, snorkeling, wading, fishing, and beachcombing can pose hazards for the unwary marine visitor. The seas contain animals and plants that can bite, wound, or deliver venom or toxin with fangs, barbs, spines, or stinging cells. Injuries from stony coral and sea urchins and stings from jellyfish, fire coral, and sea anemones are common. Drowning can be caused by tides, strong currents, or rip tides; shark attacks; envenomation (e.g., box jellyfish, cone snails, blue-ringed octopus); or overconsumption of alcohol. Eating some types of potentially toxic fish and seafood may increase risk for seafood poisoning. RISK Risk depends on the type and location of activity, as well as the time of year, winds, currents, water temperature, and the prevalence of dangerous marine animals nearby. In general, tropical seas (especially the western Pacific Ocean) are more dangerous than temperate seas for the risk of injury and envenomation, which are common among seaside vacationers, snorkelers, swimmers, and scuba divers. Jellyfish stings are most common in warm oceans during the warmer months. The reef and the sandy sea bottom conceal many creatures with poisonous spines. The highly dangerous blue-ringed octopus and cone shells are found in rocky pools along the shore. Sea anemones and sea urchins are widely dispersed. Sea snakes are highly venomous but rarely bite.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Behavioural Observations on Aurelia Sp. Jellyfish
    Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2011) 474–482 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review What’s on the mind of a jellyfish? A review of behavioural observations on Aurelia sp. jellyfish David J. Albert Roscoe Bay Marine Biology Laboratory, 4534 W 3rd Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6R 1N2 article info abstract Article history: Aurelia sp. (scyphozoa; Moon Jellies) are one of the most common and widely distributed species of jelly- Received 14 March 2010 fish. Their behaviours include swimming up in response to somatosensory stimulation, swimming down Received in revised form 30 May 2010 in response to low salinity, diving in response to turbulence, avoiding rock walls, forming aggregations, Accepted 3 June 2010 and horizontal directional swimming. These are not simple reflexes. They are species typical behaviours involving sequences of movements that are adjusted in response to the requirements of the situation and Keywords: that require sensory feedback during their execution. They require the existence of specialized sensory Aurelia sp receptors. The central nervous system of Aurelia sp. coordinates motor responses with sensory feedback, Behaviour Nervous system maintains a response long after the eliciting stimulus has disappeared, changes behaviour in response Sensory receptors to sensory input from specialized receptors or from patterns of sensory input, organizes somatosensory Scyphozoa input in a way that allows stimulus input from many parts of the body to elicit a similar response, and coordinates responding when stimuli are tending to elicit more than one response. While entirely differ- ent from that of most animals, the nervous system of Aurelia sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of the East Texas Baptist University Campus with Birds Observed Off-Campus During BIOL3400 Field Course
    Birds of the East Texas Baptist University Campus with birds observed off-campus during BIOL3400 Field course Photo Credit: Talton Cooper Species Descriptions and Photos by students of BIOL3400 Edited by Troy A. Ladine Photo Credit: Kenneth Anding Links to Tables, Figures, and Species accounts for birds observed during May-term course or winter bird counts. Figure 1. Location of Environmental Studies Area Table. 1. Number of species and number of days observing birds during the field course from 2005 to 2016 and annual statistics. Table 2. Compilation of species observed during May 2005 - 2016 on campus and off-campus. Table 3. Number of days, by year, species have been observed on the campus of ETBU. Table 4. Number of days, by year, species have been observed during the off-campus trips. Table 5. Number of days, by year, species have been observed during a winter count of birds on the Environmental Studies Area of ETBU. Table 6. Species observed from 1 September to 1 October 2009 on the Environmental Studies Area of ETBU. Alphabetical Listing of Birds with authors of accounts and photographers . A Acadian Flycatcher B Anhinga B Belted Kingfisher Alder Flycatcher Bald Eagle Travis W. Sammons American Bittern Shane Kelehan Bewick's Wren Lynlea Hansen Rusty Collier Black Phoebe American Coot Leslie Fletcher Black-throated Blue Warbler Jordan Bartlett Jovana Nieto Jacob Stone American Crow Baltimore Oriole Black Vulture Zane Gruznina Pete Fitzsimmons Jeremy Alexander Darius Roberts George Plumlee Blair Brown Rachel Hastie Janae Wineland Brent Lewis American Goldfinch Barn Swallow Keely Schlabs Kathleen Santanello Katy Gifford Black-and-white Warbler Matthew Armendarez Jordan Brewer Sheridan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Cassiopea Xamachana (Upside-Down Jellyfish)
    UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology Cassiopea xamachana (Upside-down Jellyfish) Order: Rhizostomeae (Eight-armed Jellyfish) Class: Scyphozoa (Jellyfish) Phylum: Cnidaria (Corals, Sea Anemones and Jellyfish) Fig. 1. Upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana. [http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/upside-down-jellyfish-cassiopea-sp-pete-oxford.jpg, downloaded 9 March 2016] TRAITS. Cassiopea xamachana, also known as the upside-down jellyfish, is quite large with a dominant medusa (adult jellyfish phase) about 30cm in diameter (Encyclopaedia of Life, 2014), resembling more of a sea anemone than a typical jellyfish. The name is associated with the fact that the umbrella (bell-shaped part) settles on the bottom of the sea floor while its frilly tentacles face upwards (Fig. 1). The saucer-shaped umbrella is relatively flat with a well-defined central depression on the upper surface (exumbrella), the side opposite the tentacles (Berryman, 2016). This depression gives the jellyfish the ability to stick to the bottom of the sea floor while it pulsates gently, via a suction action. There are eight oral arms (tentacles) around the mouth, branched elaborately in four pairs. The most commonly seen colour is a greenish grey-blue, due to the presence of zooxanthellae (algae) embedded in the mesoglea (jelly) of the body, and especially the arms. The mobile medusa stage is dioecious, which means that there are separate males and females, although there are no features which distinguish the sexes. The polyp stage is sessile (fixed to the substrate) and small (Sterrer, 1986). UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology DISTRIBUTION.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Jellyfish Populations: Trends in Large Marine Ecosystems
    CHANGING JELLYFISH POPULATIONS: TRENDS IN LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS by Lucas Brotz B.Sc., The University of British Columbia, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Oceanography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2011 © Lucas Brotz, 2011 Abstract Although there are various indications and claims that jellyfish have been increasing at a global scale in recent decades, a rigorous demonstration to this effect has never been presented. As this is mainly due to scarcity of quantitative time series of jellyfish abundance from scientific surveys, an attempt is presented here to complement such data with non- conventional information from other sources. This was accomplished using the analytical framework of fuzzy logic, which allows the combination of information with variable degrees of cardinality, reliability, and temporal and spatial coverage. Data were aggregated and analysed at the scale of Large Marine Ecosystem (LME). Of the 66 LMEs defined thus far, which cover the world’s coastal waters and seas, trends of jellyfish abundance (increasing, decreasing, or stable/variable) were identified (occurring after 1950) for 45, with variable degrees of confidence. Of these 45 LMEs, the overwhelming majority (31 or 69%) showed increasing trends. Recent evidence also suggests that the observed increases in jellyfish populations may be due to the effects of human activities, such as overfishing, global warming, pollution, and coastal development. Changing jellyfish populations were tested for links with anthropogenic impacts at the LME scale, using a variety of indicators and a generalized additive model. Significant correlations were found with several indicators of ecosystem health, as well as marine aquaculture production, suggesting that the observed increases in jellyfish populations are indeed due to human activities and the continued degradation of the marine environment.
    [Show full text]