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Stethorus Gilvifrons Mulsant the Effect of Host Plant on the Functional Response of Stethorus Gilvifrons Mulsant > < @>

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Stethorus Gilvifrons Mulsant the Effect of Host Plant on the Functional Response of Stethorus Gilvifrons Mulsant > < @> ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ، ﺟﻠﺪ 5 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 ﺄﺗ ﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺮ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻔﺸـ ﺪوزك Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant The effect of host plant on the functional response of Stethorus gilvifrons Mulsant ﻧﺪا ﺧﺮدﭘﻴﺮ *1 ، ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﺧﻠﻘﺎﻧﻲ2 ، ﻫﺎدي اﺳﺘﻮان3 و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ رﺿﺎﭘﻨﺎه4 درﻳﺎﻓﺖ /3: /11 1394 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : /12/2 1395 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ - ﻃﻌﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄ ﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴـ ﺰﺑﺎن ﻗـ ﺮار ﻣﻲ ـﮔﻴ ﺮد . اﺛﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺮ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك Stethorus gilvifrons در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻻروي و ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎده ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻪ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن، ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘ ﻠﻒ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ و ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ اﻳﻦ دو ﻋـ ﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺗﺄ ﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻨﺪ . رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﻟﺠﺴﺘﻴﻚ ، واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻧﻮع ﺳﻮ م را ﺑﺮاي ﻻرو ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﻣﺎده ﻫﺎي ﻟﺑﺎ ﻎ ﺑﺮ روي دو ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﺎدﻳﺎ و ﺳﻠﻄﺎن و ﻧﺮ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ روي ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ و ﻓﺎدﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺑﺮآ ورد زﻣﺎن دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ و ﻧﺮخ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺄ ﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ و ﻗﺪرت ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮي دﺷﻤﻦ ﻃ ﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﺄ ﻛﻴﺪ داﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد . واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ، ﺧﻴﺎر، Tetranychus urticae ، Stethorus gilvifrons -1 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ وراﻣﻴﻦ – ﭘﻴﺸﻮا، وراﻣﻴﻦ، اﻳﺮان -2 ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻛﻮﺛﺮ -3 اﺳﺘﺎد،ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﺷﻴﺮاز، ﺷﻴﺮاز، اﻳﺮان -4 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ، ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، ﺗﻬﺮان ، اﻳﺮان ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎت : [email protected] 11 ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺮ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي در ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺑﻌﺎد ﺗﺎزه اي ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و اﻳﻨﻚ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل اروﭘﺎ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘـ ﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧـ ﻪ، ﺷﻤﺎل آﻓﺮﻳﻘـ ﺎ، ﻛﺎﻧـ ﺎدا و ژاﭘﻦ ( Ramakers and O`Neill, 2000) ، در ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻫﺎي وﺳﻴﻌـ ﻲ از ﺗﺮﻛﻴـ ﻪ، ﺳﻮرﻳـ ﻪ، ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘـ ﺎن و اردن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﺸﻪ اي ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷـ ﻮد ( زرﮔﺮان 1379 ؛ Gullino et al. , 2000 ). در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﻴﺶ از 5900 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان، ﺑﻴﺶ از 3500 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺳﺒﺰي و ﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد ﻛﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ، 2900 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻴﺎر اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ (ﺑﻨ ﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺮي، 1382). ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪاي Tetranychus urticae Koch ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭘﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻓﺎﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ دﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ روي اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ، ﺗﺎ 1200 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در 70 ﺟﻨﺲ ( ﺑﺮادران و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران، 1380 ) ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻮده و در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ زراﻋﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧـﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﻴـ ﺶ از 300 ﻣﻴﺰﺑـ ﺎن (Mersino 2002) ، ﻧﻬﺎﻟﺴﺘـﺎن ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺰارع و ﺑـﺎغ ﻫﺎ دﻳـ ﺪه ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ ( van den Boom et al ., 2003 ؛ Zhang 2003 ؛ Yano, 2004 .) از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻫﻔﺖ ﮔﺮوه آﻓﺎت ﺧﺴﺎرت زا در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰي ﺟﺎت و ﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﺟﺎت ، ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي ﭘﺲ از ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﺎم دوم را دارد (ﺑﻨ ﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﺮي 1382 ؛ .( .( Brodsgoard and Albajes, 2000 ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﺲ Stethorus ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮاﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺨﻮار ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Roy et al., 2002 ؛ Yoder et al. , 2003 ) . ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﮔﺰارﺷﻲ از ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻏﺬاﻳ ﻲ دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ ( ﺣﺎﺟﻲ زاده، 1374 ، اﻓﺸﺎري، 1378 ). اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزكﻫﺎ داراي ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮده و در ﻧﻘﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي Tetranychidae ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎر دارﻧﺪ . ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك S. gilvifrons در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ اروﭘﺎ و آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر داﺷﺘﻪ و از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻪ T. urticae در ﻣﺰارع ﺗﻮت ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ و ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ در ﻋ ﺮاق و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﻪ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﭘﺮاﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻳﺮان و ﺧﺎورﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺖ ( ﺣﺎﺟﻲ زاده و ﻛﻤﺎﻟﻲ، 1381) و از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ و اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ا ﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺮج، ﻣﻬﺮﺷﻬﺮ و ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎر ( ﺣﺎﺟﻲ زاده، 1374) ، ﻓﺎرس ( ﻳﺰداﻧـﻲ، 1369) ، ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ( ﻛﻮﻫﭙـﺎﻳﻪ زاده و ﻣﺼﺪق، 1372) ، ﮔﻠﺴﺘـ ﺎن ( ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮي، 1373) ، ﺳﻤﻨﺎن ( وﻓﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﮋاد، 1375) ، ﮔﻴﻼن ( ﭘﻴﺮوي ﭼﺸﻨﺎﺳﺮ، 1376) ، ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن ( اﻓﺸﺎري، 1378 ) ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ، ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﻛﻠﻴﺪي ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﺎر - ﺷﻜﺎرﮔـ ﺮ ﺑﻮده ( Pervez and Omkar, 2005) و ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ در ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮي دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ در ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ و ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ازاء ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن اﺳﺖ . ﻟﺬا واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻠﻔﺎت اﻓﺮاد ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ازاء ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮد ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Lester and Harmsen, 2002 ؛ Nilson and Ruxton, 2004 .) رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮان ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Coccinellidae ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ا ﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ وﻗﺖ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮي ﺻﺮف ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﻫﺮ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد و ﻟﺬا زﻣﺎن دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ Handling time ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ . ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك S. gilvifrons در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ اروﭘﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎ ﻣﻞ و ﻻرو ﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎرم ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ اروﭘﺎﺋﻲ و T. turkestani از ﻧﻮع دوم ﻫﻮﻟﻴﻨﮓ اﺳﺖ ( ﺣﺎﺟﻲ زاده، 1374؛ اﻓﺸﺎري، Hull et al. , 1977) .( 1378 ) ﻃﻲ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك S. punctum ، واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ار وﭘﺎﺋﻲ P. ulmi از ﻧﻮع دوم ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎب ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ، ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ . (McGregor and Peterson (2000 ﻧﻴﺰ ﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ . (Yoder et al. , 2003 ) در ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺧﻮد واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ و ﻋﺪدي ﻛﻔﺸﺪو زك S. nigripes را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ Panonychus ulmi ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻗﻮي و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آ زﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮ روي واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ S. gilvifrons ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از Tetranychus turkistani ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌـ ﻲ از ﻧﻮع ﺳـ ﻮم ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜـﺮ 2/65 ﻃﻌﻤـ ﻪ ﺧـ ﻮرده ﺷـ ﺪه ﺑـ ﻮد ( Sohrabi and Shishehbor, 2007 ). (Osman, 2010 ) ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌ ﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك رﻳﺰ ﺳﻴﺎه ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰا ﻳﺶ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي از ﻧﻮع 12 ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ، ﺟﻠﺪ 5 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1395 دوم اﺳﺖ . ﻫﻤﻴـ ﻦ ﻣﺤﻘـ ﻖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـ ﻪ ﻻروي اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜـ ﺎرﮔﺮ را در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ و ﭘﺮﺧﻮر ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮد . در ﺗﺤﻘﻴـ ﻖ دﻳﮕـ ﺮي واﻛﻨـ ﺶ ﺗـﺎﺑﻌـ ﻲ ﺳﻨﻴـ ﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـ ﻒ ﻻروي S. gilvifrons ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـ ﺮات ﺗﺮاﻛـ ﻢ ﺗﺨﻢﻫـ ﺎي Eutetranychus orientalis ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ و واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻻرو ﻫﺎ از ﻧﻮع دوم ﮔﺰارش ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ( Darabi et al. , 2013) .( Imani and Shishehbor, 2011) واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ر ا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﻟﻎ Oligonychus sacchari ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻪ رﻗﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري ﻧﻴﺸﻜﺮ از ﻧﻮع ﺳﻮم ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ . ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺨﻮار و دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد . ﻣﻮاد ﻓﺮار ﮔﻴﺎه، ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ دوﻣﺎﺗﻴﺎ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﻮ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ و ﺧﺎر ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑ ﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺟﺴﺘﺠـ ﻮﮔﺮي ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮔـﺬارﻧـﺪ ( Cedola et al., 2001 ). در ﻣﻄـﺎﻟﻌـ ﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ روي رواﺑﻂ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﻴﺎه - ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺨﻮار - دﺷﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي از اﺛﺮات ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒـ ﺎت رﺳﻴـ ﺪه اﺳﺖ . (Riddick and Wu (2011 ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻘﺎ ﻻرو ﻫﺎي S. punctillum اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ دارﻧﺪ. واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻣﺎده ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻎ S. gilvifrons در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ ﺗﻮت ﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ T. turkestani ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻠﺒﻠﻲ، ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﭼﻴﺘﻲ و ﺧﻴﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮخ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮي و اﺟﺰاء واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪ ( Bayoumi et al. , 2014) .( Karami and Shishehbor, 2012 ) واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك رﻳﺰ ﺳﻴﺎه را ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي ﺑﺮ روي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﭼﻴﺘﻲ، ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺳﺒﺰ و ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﺎر ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮده و ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﭼﻴﺘﻲ و ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻻي ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮم ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮي ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ واﻛﻨﺶ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك رﻳﺰ ﺳﻴﺎه ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﻪ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﻴﺎر ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي ( ﺳﻠﻄﺎن، ﺳﻴﻨﺎ و ﻓﺎدﻳﺎ ) ) ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داده اﻧﺪ، ﺑﺮاي اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺎده ﺑﺎﻟﻎ، ﻧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ و ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎرم ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن و دﺷﻤﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪه ﺷﻮد . ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي Tetranychus urticae Koch از ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﺎر رﻗﻢ ﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻛﺮج ( داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان ) ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك رﻳﺰ ﺳﻴﺎه از ﺑﺎغ ﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻬﺮﺷﻬﺮ ﻛﺮج ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﺳﭙﻴﺮاﺗﻮر ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪ . ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ اﻋﻢ از ﭘﺮورش ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي، ﭘﺮورش ﻛﻔ ﺸﺪوزك ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ، اﺟﺮاي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻴﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از اﺗﺎق رﺷﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ، ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . دﻣﺎي اﺗﺎق 0/5 ± 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮس و رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 5 ± 65 درﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ و در ﻫﺮ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪ روز 16 ﺳﺎﻋﺖ روﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺎﺑﺶ 6000 ﺗﺎ 10000 ﻟﻮﻛﺲ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ( ﺣﺎﺟﻲ زاده، 1374 ؛ Takabayashi et al. , 2000 ؛ Egas et al. , 2003 ؛ Yano, 2004 ) . ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺮورش ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي از ﮔﻴﺎه ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﭼﻴﺘﻲ رﻗﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﺎﻧﺪر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ( ﻃﺒﻖ روش ﺣﺎﺟﻲ زاده، 1374؛ ا ﻓﺸﺎري، 1378). ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮورش ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ ﺳﻴـ ﺎه از ﻃﻌﻤﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ، ﻛﻨﻪ ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪ اي، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ( اﺳﻼﻣﻲ زاده و ﭘﻮرﻣﻴﺮزا، 1379 ؛ Chazeau, 1974 ؛ Roy et al. , 2002 ). ﻛﻨ ﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﺗﻦ دوﻟﻜﻪاي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و ﭘﺮورش ﻛﻔﺸﺪوزك ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﺑﺮ روي ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻠﺒﻠﻲ ﭘﺮورش داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ .
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    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. EENY-170 Ladybirds, Ladybird beetles, Lady Beetles, Ladybugs of Florida, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae1 J. H. Frank R. F. Mizell, III2 Introduction Ladybird is a name that has been used in England for more than 600 years for the European beetle Coccinella septempunctata. As knowledge about insects increased, the name became extended to all its relatives, members of the beetle family Coccinellidae. Of course these insects are not birds, but butterflies are not flies, nor are dragonflies, stoneflies, mayflies, and fireflies, which all are true common names in folklore, not invented names. The lady for whom they were named was "the Virgin Mary," and common names in other European languages have the same association (the German name Marienkafer translates Figure 1. Adult Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, the to "Marybeetle" or ladybeetle). Prose and poetry sevenspotted lady beetle. Credits: James Castner, University of Florida mention ladybird, perhaps the most familiar in English being the children's rhyme: Now, the word ladybird applies to a whole Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home, family of beetles, Coccinellidae or ladybirds, not just Your house is on fire, your children all gone... Coccinella septempunctata. We can but hope that newspaper writers will desist from generalizing them In the USA, the name ladybird was popularly all as "the ladybird" and thus deluding the public into americanized to ladybug, although these insects are believing that there is only one species. There are beetles (Coleoptera), not bugs (Hemiptera). many species of ladybirds, just as there are of birds, and the word "variety" (frequently use by newspaper 1.
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  • Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies
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  • UTAH PESTS Staff
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  • Contrasting Ladybird Beetle Responses to Urban Environments Across Two US Regions
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  • Using Plant Volatile Traps to Estimate the Diversity of Natural Enemy Communities in Orchard Ecosystems
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  • The Design of Biologica Monitoring Systems Or Pest Management Elch
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  • Mites and Aphids in Washington Hops 189
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  • Accepted Manuscript
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  • AESA Based IPM –Apple
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  • Download Download
    Index to Volume 118 Compiled by Leslie Cody Abies balsamea, 46,95,124,251,268,274,361,388,401,510,530 confines, 431 lasiocarpa, 191,355,584 thomsoni, 431 Abrostola urentis, 541 Agelaius phoeniceus, 201 Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata, 532 Agelaius phoeniceus, Staging in Eastern South Dakota, Spring Acanthopteroctetidae, 532 Dispersal Patterns of Red-winged Blackbirds, 201 Acasis viridata, 539 Aglais milberti, 537 Acer,52 Agonopterix gelidella, 533 negundo, 309 Agriphila ruricolella, 536 rubrum, 41,96,136,136,251,277,361,508 vulgivagella, 536 saccharinum, 41,124,251 Agropyron spp., 400,584 saccharum, 361,507 cristatum, 300 spicatum, 362 pectiniforme, 560 Achigan à grande bouche, 523 repens, 300 à petite bouche, 523 sibiricum, 560 Achillea millefolium, 166 Agrostis sp., 169 Achnatherum richardsonii, 564 filiculmis, 558 Acipenser fulvescens, 523 gigantea, 560 Acipenseridae, 523 Aira praecox, 177 Acleris albicomana, 534 Aix sponsa, 131,230 britannia, 534 Alaska, Changes in Loon (Gavia spp.) and Red-necked Grebe celiana, 534 (Podiceps grisegena) Populations in the Lower Mata- emargana, 535 nuska-Susitna Valley, 210 forbesana, 534 Alaska, Interactions of Brown Bears, Ursus arctos, and Gray logiana, 534 Wolves, Canis lupus, at Katmai National Park and Pre- nigrolinea, 535 serve, 247 obligatoria, 534 Alaska, Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears, Ursus arctos,in schalleriana, 534 Southeastern, 499 variana, 534 Alaska, The Heather Vole, Genus Phenacomys, in, 438 Acorn, J.H., Review by, 468 Alberta: Distribution and Status, The Barred Owl, Strix varia Acossus
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  • Lady Beetles of Nebraska
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