The Late Messinian Event: a Worldwide Tectonic Upheaval

The late Messinian event: a worldwide tectonic upheaval

Leroux Estelle 1, *, Aslanian Daniel 1, Rabineau Marina 2, Pellen Romain 3, Moulin Maryline 1

1 IFREMER; ZI Pointe du Diable; 29280 Plouzané, France 2 CNRS; IUEM; Technopole Brest-Iroise; 29280 Plouzané ,France 3 UBO; IUEM; Technopole Brest-Iroise; 29280 Plouzané ,France

* Corresponding author : Estelle Leroux, email address : [email protected]

Abstract :

A review of geological and geophysical observations points towards a worldwide kinematic change at around 6 Ma. The synchronicity of many manifestations (tectonics, magmatism, kinematics, ecological events, among others) at ~6 Ma, similar to those recognized from time to time on the geological timescale, argues for a global geodynamic event that has led to many regional consequences on Earth's surface. In particular, we propose that this global event was the main trigger for the three fold increase in sediment deposits in the world ocean over the last ~5 Ma, but also for the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the Mediterranean area, one of the most severe ecological crises in the Earth's history. We suggest this Messinian revolution to be the last occurrence of cyclic successions of global events.

Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site. Accepted Article tectonics precipitation and temperature via andweathering erosion influences which climate, and(ii) uplift; through indirectly erosion to contributes which tectonics, (i) sources: two byfrom energy driven ultimately is This masses. eroded events. global of successions cyclic of ecologicalcrises in Earth’sthe history. Wesuggest this Messinian revolution to be the last occurrence This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. Crisis Salinity Mediterranean the area, Mediterranean the in crisis dramatic bya marked also is time-span This glaciation. and uplift mountain Cenozoic Late during accumulation sediment shelf and fluxes the denudation rate since ~6–5 Ma Ma ~6–5 since rate denudation the Cenozoicresponse into climate change. Many authors arguefora significant worldwideincrease in Late the during not or motion increased crustal andvertical processes of surface rates whether Regarding thisCenozoic issue, Late the particularlyis interesting as isan ongoing there debate on the relation between “signal” “response” and ( others of climate and tectonics and climate of studies. Exact quantification remains challenging, due to the difficulty in isolating respectivethe roles b has which question, along-standing is processes 1990; Peizhen changes in spreading, sea-floor ocean-anoxic black-shale events,and or evaporite deposits large abrupt events, mountain-building eruptions, flood-basalt continental lows, sea-level extinctions, tectonic or The evolution of the Earth’s surface develops through the erosion of rock and redistribution of redistribution and rock of erosion the through develops surface Earth’s the of evolution The 1. Publisheddata setsofthe past ~250 Myrshowworld-wide several events, such asmass

(Hsü

( INTRODUCTION Willenbring and Jerolmack,2016

( Baran Baran et al., et (Krijgsman and Langereis, 2000) Langereis, and (Krijgsman et al., et et al., et 1973), 2001; Willett 2001; 2014; Schlunegger and Mosar, 2011 Mosar, and Schlunegger 2014; whose trigger(s) remain(s) debatedas aclimate

on erosional processes and their feedba and their processes erosional on

( Willenbring andJerolmack, 2016 , 2010; Herman 2010; (Hay ) consider a globally steady rate of erosion, weathering weathering of erosion, rate steady globally a ) consider et al., et consequence. consequence. Fox Fox 1988; een addressed by many (sometimes controversial) controversial) by many (sometimes een addressed et al et et al., et ., 2015 .,

Herman and Champagnac, 2016) ) andclimate 2013; Fox 2013; ). ck that often enhances or obscures or obscures enhances often ck that ). The respective importance of

et al (van der Laan ( e.g.Molnar and England, ., 2015 ) on erosional erosional on ) et al., et whereas 2012)

Accepted Article important nevertheless itis role, observed at all latitudes. an play processes glacial that indicating ranges, mountain in glaciated most pronounced is rates ( years two million last over the andevenmore years rapidly spatial variations in erosion rates. Mountain erosion rates have increased over the last six million allowed have procedure inversion formal a of use the observations favors a major tectonic change all over the world at around 5.9 Ma ( Ma 5.9 around at world the over all change favorstectonic major a observations divergent these of matter maystill we them areas. thatbe of argue a bundle but Some ofthe debate, ( ( impact body large reversal, magnetic extinction, biological field Magnetic Earth’s of distribution time the of the order in first be recognized can also Ma), (65 that andTertiary Ma) (125 Cretaceous Early Ma), geodynamic changes as illustrated by the dislocation of Pangea in mainthree episodes: Triassic (185 (Rampino and Caldeira,1993). This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. occurrence worldwide of the geodynamiccyclicity. connec Sea Atlantic-Mediterranean of closure the to due Crisis, Messinian Mediterranean regional the and yields sedimentary increased of onset global the by highlighted is Revolution Messinian this Ma; 6 around at reorganization kinematic worldwide Moulinand Aslanian, 2010) 2.1. 2. In this paper, we present a compilation of geological observations, which are in favour of a favourofa in are which observations, geological of acompilation present we paper, this In

The compilation of 18,000 bedrock thermo-chronometric ages from around the world and world the fromaround ages bedrockthermo-chronometric of18,000 compilation The Many (non-exhaustive) observations are compiled in this paper,convergent and in this in both compiled are observations Many (non-exhaustive) Increased relief all over the world around 6 Ma Ma 6 around world the over all relief Increased RESULTS : A WORLDWIDE TECTONIC EVENT 6 Ma AGO AGO Ma 6 EVENT TECTONIC A WORLDWIDE : RESULTS

. These events present a cyclicity which may be related totheThese events present acyclicitybe related which may , which suggests the possibility of a link between between link a of possibility the suggests which

Herman Herman tions. This reorganization may be the last the be may reorganization This tions. Raup, 1985 Raup, Figure 1 et al. (2013) ). Evenif). the increase in erosion ) and global kinematic phases phases kinematic ) andglobal to estimate temporal and Figure 1). 1). Figure

Accepted Article Ocean and in Somali Basin, East Africa at 5.4Ma Gutscher Pacific on exhaustively Amsterdam hotspot, Indian Ocean Indian Amsterdam hotspot, ago Ma 6 rejuvenated are hot-spots where places numerous here characterized“dramatic bya Pleistocenevolcanic activity”. increase and in Pliocene We emphasize Note, conversely, at same decreasetime, the a in line, CentralAfrica This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. more recently at 4 Ma Ma 4 at recently more (China), Seamounts, SouthPacific at 5Ma (ii) their truly unusual composition relativeunusual their truly (ii) to th relativetheir of (i) (carbonatite scarcity occurrences rare,are even if are distributed)they widely and an igneous rockof composed at leastcarbonate 50% minerals. Carbonatites areexotic rocks because processes and their occurrences are sensitiveindicators thermal of instabilities inmantle the carbonate).genesis Their isstill poorly understood carbonatitesbut seem to result from specific Earth Bowland and Rosencrands, CentralPanama at 5 about 3.6Ma on and Ma Welker 4 around Alaska) of (Gulf Island Central Atlantic andin 2.2. (Duncan and McDouall, 1974; Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1981; Mc Nutt McNutt 1981; Hydrographic Service, Canadian 1974; McDouall, and (Duncan

A global magmatic pulse since Late Miocene has been reported by by reported been has Late Miocene since pulse magmatic A global

Note also that four occurrences of carbonatite are dated between 6 and 5 Ma: Ma: 5 carbonatite and dated6 between are of four that occurrences also Note Magmatism pulses and carbonatite occurrences at around 6 Ma Ma 6 around at occurrences carbonatite and pulses Magmatism (14) et al., et Calatrava (Spain), (Canadian Hydrographic Service, 1981). Hydrographic Service, (Canadian 1999; Chauvel (1) (Rankenburg (Rankenburg the Galapagos the and (8) (17) Cameroon & Guinea & Cameroon Main Sadiman (Tanzania) Sadiman Main (15) et al., et et al., et

(Maia

Sao Vicente (Cape Verde) and (CanadianHydrographic Service, 1981), 2004). 2012) (2) et al., et Cook-Austral & & Cook-Austral at 5.9 Ma, on

Volcanism re-started later on later re-started Volcanism (Fitton, 1987), 2011). Ma (11) e vast rocks igneous e majority of (silicicate vs

(12)

(CanadianHydrographic Service, 1981)

(Woolley and Kjarsgaard, 2008). Kjarsgaard, and (Woolley

(Coffin and Eldholm, 1994), Mathematician Seamounts, Pacific Ocean at Ocean Pacific Seamounts, Mathematician ridge crustal production in Saint-Paul and and Saint-Paul in production ridge crustal (3) on on (4) Marquesas Plateaus Eastern Plateaus Central Marquesas Mayotte & Comores Islands, Indian Indian Islands, Mayotte Comores & (9) (16) Biu PlateauCameroon & Volcanic Namjagbarwa (China), and one andone Namjagbarwa (China), (Figure 1),

(10) on on Dickins Island, Pratt- (7) such as and non- and as such Vogt (1972, 1979) on on Annobon Island, Carbonatite is (6) et al et Tasmantid Tasmantid (13) ., 1997; in (Bell, Yuli Yuli (5)

Accepted Article (6.033 Ma)(6.033 giant overlapping spreadingcenters spreading rates in decrease overall an as well as zones fractures and axes spreading of rotations clockwise large observed along Pitman the flowline near the top of chron C3A asthenospheric upwellings, crustalor delamination. plumes, mantle as such processes geodynamic deep suggest thus might and specific something has 2004). This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. rise the of formation the initiated also (Briais between the Pacific and Antarctic plates ov 2012) Tasman Sea and the development of the Macquarie Plate consequently appears to have been been have to appears consequently Plate Macquarie the of development the and Sea Tasman South the of deformation the of onset The Myr. 6 last the roughly for plate rigid independent an as (Pollitz, 1986). that changes tracks hotspot along Pacific withinplate the were datedMa between 3.2 and Ma5.2 Note Ma. 5 at direction more northerly a to platechanged Pacific the of motion the that evidenced seamount, seamount, Pacific Hotspot tracks:

(Tebbens 1997). Cande, and 2.3. ; swath bathymetryand magnetic data show clockwise that rotations the relative of motion Becauseare theyrare, onsetin their several locations at around showsMa 6 period thatthis et al.,

A significant Pacific–Antarctic changein the isreported motion ofChron end at C3A the Major changesin Furthermore, Furthermore, The Pacific, Indianand Antarcticareas Ma 5.9 around at tectonic events and kinematic Major

(27) (Briais 2002) Hawaii,

(Wilson or in the linkage of ridge segments, with transitions from transform faults to et al., et Cande and Stock (2004) Stock and Cande (28) (23) et al., et 2002): (22) Bowie Seamount were also observed Tahiti, Tahiti, Juan de Fuca spreading center occurred between 5 Ma and 3 Ma with with Ma 3 and Ma 5 between occurred center spreading Fuca de Juan 1984; Riddihough, 1984; 1984).

an abrupt (8°) clockwise an abrupt (8°) rotation (21) (Géli (Géli (24) Juan Fernandez and Easter microplates along the East Pacific Pacific East the along Eastermicroplates and Fernandez Juan Mokil atoll in the Mokil atoll the in et al., et er the last 6 million years resulted in showed that the 1997; Ondreas 1997; Sharp changes in direction along many along direction in changes Sharp

(25) (29) et al., et

(Cande (Cande

(Cox and Engebretson, 1985) Carolin chain, Macquarie Plate region behaved behaved region Plate Macquarie (18) 2001). abyssalin the fabrichill is et al., This kinematic change change kinematic This 1995; Hilgen 1995; (19) (26) rift propagation rift Macdonald et al., and (20)

Accepted Article rotations would have also implications tectonicsof the for the a with coincided Trench and Hjort nearthe crust oceanic buoyant ofyoung, subduction by the triggered This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. including boundary, plate African the of portion large a along evidences bygeological supported is change this motion changes over such short time-intervals, specificallywhen the movement of the plate is slow, 0.085°/Myr velocity angular with E S,84° 48° at pole a from rotation acounterclockwise as represented be may motions plate absolute Ma post-6 and Ma (Pollitz, 1991) and Patriat,and 1988) 1986) the standard thermal model for basin evolution, evolution, basin for model thermal standard the by explained be cannot latter this Given that Pliocene. and Miocene Late the since rate subsidence in the basins Greenland, Data analysiswellsin of the Larson, 1989). Junctionwithin Antarcticalso the Plate demonstrated a profound changegeometry the in reorganization. subsidenceincreaseconsequence isa ofstress changesto last related the Neogene kinematic isalso recorded Late inthe Miocene/Earlythe of Pliocene. Studies clockwise A change of motion of of motion of change A The absolute motion of The North Atlantic and Arctic domains domains Arctic and Atlantic North The Around the Africa Plate Africa the Around (39) (36) circum the Red Sea theand Red Sea also indicates a Scotian shelf and and shelf Scotian change in Pacific–Australia motion around 6 Ma. The revised Pacific–Australia Pacific–Australia revised The Ma. 6 around motion inPacific–Australia change and asharper increase in spreading velocitychron at 3A(~ 5Ma) North-Atlantic and Artic domains exhibit a simultaneous and rapid change in the the change in andrapid asimultaneous exhibit andArtic domains North-Atlantic (33)

change occurring at6 Ma (40) (31) Central North Sea and Sea North Central (38) (37) the Gulf of Aden spreading systems, the Philippine Sea plate Sea Philippine the Africa (relative to hotspots)the modelled for the past 30 My United States Atlantic margin, showedthatthe margins and Cloetingh ”. Whilst itis difficult distinguish to absolute (34)

(Figure 1) Labrador-Grand Banks and off off and Banks Labrador-Grand

(Matsubara and Seno, 1980; Sarewitz (30) et al. et : “ Alpine Fault Zone of New Zealand. Zealand. New of Zone Fault Alpine the difference between the pre-6 between the difference (1990) (41) (32) the Alpine deformation the deformation Alpine proposed that this this that proposed Indian Ocean Triple Triple Ocean Indian

(Patriat and

(35) (De Ribet West ,

Accepted Article and halite and >1000 m sea-level drop present terrestrialandmarine landscapes through intense erosion associatedwith Mediterranean a distribution of directions of compression has has compression of directions of distribution Atlantic South the in same time in the Pacific and Atlantic Tortonian the after convergence to seems kinematic plate Europe - Africa Neogene zone, and This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. zone collision the Sea 2001], Bresse deposits such asin northern the Swiss Jura Miocene last read the can be in motion this of manifestations The foreland. Alpine the extensively 1987). significant drop in Global Ocean salinity Global drop in significant a to leading area, Mediterranean the in deposited began be to evaporites of vast amounts when dramaticofepisodeschange oceanic overlastthemillion 20 years.started It million 5.97 yearsago, 5.33 Ma): theMessinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). This mechanismwhich by shortening of Eurasia was accommodated detritic detritic

[Joffe and Garfunkel, 1987] Garfunkel, and [Joffe Since the Late Messinian time, a generally E-W to NW-SE shortening affected more or less less moreor affected shortening to E-W NW-SE agenerally time, Messinian the Late Since subsidencesouth of Caspian the Sea (Rat, 1984). (Lofi The Crisis Salinity Messinian the and Mediterranean Sea The

(Hsü (42) (43) et al., et the central and southern mid-Atlantic Ridge. Detailed relative motion analysis for the the for analysis motion relative Detailed Ridge. mid-Atlantic southern and central the et al., et Mediterranean area underwentcatastrophic a event theLate (5.97– in Messinian 2005; Gorini 2005; Events at ~5 Ma, including rapid unroofing of the Alborz Mountains Alborz Mountains ofthe rapid unroofing Events including ~5 Ma, at [Axen 1973; CIESM, 1973; 2008). (Nürnberg and Müller, 1991). andMüller, (Nürnberg

(Clauzon, Bache 1982; et al., et et al., et and possible initiation of tectonic extrusion to the east and west of west and east the to extrusion tectonic of initiation possible and 2001;Westaway,1994], (Mazzoli (Mazzoli (Schouten 2005; Leroux

(Adams et al., et [Allen developed at the periphery of the Alpine arc Alpine the of periphery the at developed (Trümpy, 1980) et al., et et al., 1994) et al., et et al., et al., et 2009) show a motion change to a clear north-west north-west aclear to change amotion show event widely is regardedoneof most as the Since the end of the Miocene, a fan-shaped fan-shaped a Miocene, the of end the Since 1987), 2002], 1977). and a change in motion is observed at the 2017) and the accumulation of largevolumes of suggest a widespreadchange in the or in the Pliocene deposits such as in in as such deposits Pliocene the in or as well as a decrease in spreading rate rate inspreading decrease as a as well onset of oceanic spreading in the Red Red the in spreading oceanic of onset This event left indelible signs inthe [McQuarrie and evaporitic rocks, mainly gypsum gypsum evaporitic mainly rocks, and et al., et 2003] . [Axen (Bergerat, et al., et

Accepted Article This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. Antarctic glacio-eustatic contributions contributions glacio-eustatic Antarctic (rough) global tectonic record. If the link between astronomical forcing record alsobut (iii) tothe discrepancy chronology of accurate (high the resolution) between globalclimate betwee correlation accurate of problem continuing Mediterranean area associated with a variety of local tectono-sedimentary regimes, to the (ii) the of paleogeography complex Messinian to (i) the attributed largely canbe debate longstanding Kastens, 1992; Aharon mechanisms trigger as been invoked have processes ofboth combination or a area, Gibraltar the in uplift tectonic regional lowering, level sea Globalglacioeustatic Mediterranean. under debate. intense One oftheseconcerns main the mechanisms to thatled isolation the of the Gibraltar) and that this led to deposition of the Lower and Upper Evaporites. There are still key issues was isolated from Atlantic totheclosurethe of due of Corridors Rifian theBetic and the (Strait significantlyMSC. of the onset the before data suggest that the last Mediterranean-Atlantic gateway in function, the Rifian Corridor,was closed tectonic processes closing the Rifian Corridor bega detailed demonstrated, clearly been have reflooding and dessication Mediterranean Miocene to a change in the regional deformation linked to plate convergence, but also possibly coupled with with coupled also possibly but convergence, to plate linked deformation regional the in achange to closure 6.64–6.44 to Ma. becameemerged atan between age 6.7and6.0 Ma, while Corridor, Rifian entire the andperhaps (Marocco), Basin the Taza-Guercif least, at that, indicated lowering also took place),was initiated between 7.2 and 7.1 TheirMa. magnetostratigraphicstudy shallowing phase, primarily related to active tectonics (although a small glacio-eustatic sea-level would have ultimately led to the MSC. MSC. the to led ultimately have would and Corridor Rifian haveclosed the would processes” or dynamic topography lithospheric deep (Pérez-Asensio (Pérez-Asensio As introduced by introduced As et al., et al., Capella Pérez-Asensio (2013), 1993; Butler 1993; 2013 et al.et ; Ohneiser Ohneiser (Ohneiser (Ohneiser (2017 et al., et

Krijgsman and Langereis (2000) ) proposed also that a “thick-skinned tectonics, related related tectonics, a“thick-skinned that also ) proposed et al et “the general consensus is that the Mediterranean the Mediterranean that is consensus general “the 1999; Duggen 1999; et al., n both deep basin and marginal-basin deposits”, deposits”, marginal-basin and basin n deep both n now to be accurately defined. Several recent Several defined. accurately n be nowto ., 2015 ., 2015, Jiménez-Moreno 2015, ; Ivanovic van der Laan,2012 der van et al., et et al. et 2003; Hilgen 2003; (Van der Laan (2013) demonstrated that demonstrated et al., et ) ) and the relatively (Weijermars, 1988; refined the age of age the refined et al., et al., et 2013) 2007) 2012) to Late to .

This or

a Accepted Article present-day hyper-aridity in the in the hyper-aridity present-day 2002). change” climatic and paleo-oceanographic amajor also but fluctuations, sea-level inthe architecture Sediment readin carbonate platform ofamajor development. be change can the also The signature ecological the drastic increase evaporationin leading tothe Messinian salinity crisisMediterranean.” the in enormous quantities of water from the global hydrologicalcycle”, that occurred “at the same time as by underlined as and, Miocene, Late the at set must be It enigmatic. remains basin) Amazonian the America and ofSouth margin continental all these of them.can observations we How relate and together explain them? between linkage causal the about wonder to changes global major of enough a time to corresponds considered. event Whatever the of nature the of aredependent that uncertainties include unavoidably whose ages observations manyfrom “rough” by arelatively hereresults about we aretalking However, “synchronicity” roughchronology. the here to the chronology of refer (we chronology anaccurate from benefits MSC of the beginning the and record climate global with Ma 6 around at evidenced is manifestations these all between match temporal The and continents. oceans different in synchronously deposits, significant relief change, and major ecologicalcrisis (such as the MSC) occurred environment latest by at Ma the ~4.2 dry land in a sediments terrestrial accumulate to started interior) Asia ofthe places driest the in desertification and drying of process This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. The origin of the origin the of The We showed that rejuvenated volcanism, reorientation of transform fracture zones, carbonatite carbonatite zones, fracture of transform reorientation volcanism, rejuvenated that showed We 2.4. Among theseworldwide ecological changes,

Other ecological changes changes ecological Other (44) Hilgen Hilgen Amazonian rainforest of present-day dimensions (on the passive passive the (on dimensions present-day of rainforest Amazonian (45) Bahamianplatform during last the Ma 6 is“not onlyresponse a to et al., et (46) (Sun (Sun Atacama Desert (Northern Chile) around 5 Ma, while the the while Ma, around 5 Chile) (Northern Desert Atacama 2012 Mörner (2016), et al., (47) ), the global tectonics or magmatism are characterized characterized are or magmatism tectonics global ), the 2011). Taklimakan Desert (one of the largest desert and desert largest ofthe (one Taklimakan Desert in the limitsthe in of resolution. Indeed, whereas the they are, the Late Miocene-Pliocene boundary boundary Miocene-Pliocene Late they are,the Aranciba Aranciba

“its establishment implied the withdrawal of et al et (2006) also dated the onset of onset the dated also (Reijmer (Reijmer et al., et

Accepted Article of the activity in a large number of volcanic plateaux, dormant for a long period of time. At the same the At time. of period a long for dormant plateaux, volcanic of number large a in activity the of 2017). recognized at the Late Miocene from the pan-Mediterranean igneous provinces provinces igneous pan-Mediterranean the from Miocene Late the at recognized already suggested aglobal magmatic pulse since LateMiocene. the Amagmatic pulse isalso striking is events biological) some (and geological major of synchonicity (Rampino and Caldeira, 1992; 1993). order magnetic inversions pattern spreading 2005; Müller (Rampino and Caldeira, 1993), cratering cratering Sepkoski, 1989; Lieberman and Melott, Melott2007; and Bambach, 2010) extinctions biological (i) such as: datasets geological understanding. their in gaps critical left has interaction their of these parameters on Earth’s surface and features the societies inhabit that them, the complex nature composition, thepresence of fluids, even the and lithospheric fluxes, heat convection, mantle movements, crustal lateral and vertical segmentation, andmantle lithospheric heritage, tectonic ways: invarious interacting parameters numerous of product the are systems alluvial/fluvial and pediments, basins, cratonic ranges, mountain plateaux, ridges, spreading seafloor as such features, topographic Large-scale interior. Earth’s the dynamicsto of related areintimately ocean floor, the andat onland features, surface Earth’s scales. This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. Whilst no LIP pulse is observed for the 6–5 Ma period,Ma authors, as some 6–5 the for is observed Whilst pulse no LIP Periodicities in biological and geological events have already been recognized frommany recognized been havealready events geological and biological in Periodicities of largest the at transfer material and structure ocean shape processes tectonic and Earth Deep 3.

As we Aswe a worlbyshow, ismarked thisperiod The Messinian revolution as one of the major cyclic geodynamic events events geodynamic cyclic major the of one as revolution Messinian The DISCUSSION: (MatsumotoKubotani, and 1996), (Rampino andCaldeira, 1992; 1993), et al., 2008) , (vii) sedimentation sedimentation , (vii) climate(iv) and (vi) sea-level oscillations (Aslanian and Moulin, 2010), Although the exact cyclicity is still a matter of debate, the (iii) flood basalt and onsets of Large Igneous Provinces Provinces Igneous Large of onsets and basalt flood (iii) (Myers and Peters, 2011), global kinematic revolution connected with first core’s dynamo. Despite the profound influence of of influence profound the Despite dynamo. core’s dwide peak of magmatic event with reactivation reactivation with ofmagmatic event peak dwide (Raup and Sepkoski,1984; Raup, 1984; and, (vii) oceanic anoxic events (Raup, 1985). (Zachos, 2001; Miller (viii) changes inseafloor Vogt (1972, 1979), , (ii) terrestrial impact,

(Sternai et al., et et al., et have have

Accepted Article the Earth history, due to the presence of the Strait of Gibraltar. Gibraltar. of Strait the of presence the to due history, Earth the in crises ecological severe most the of one area, Mediterranean the in Crisis Salinity Messinian the of onset the or belts, mountain in rates erosion increased the to due basins in sedimentation increased the as such view, of point new that with berevisited could that surface onEarth’s consequences even global cyclic ofa occurrence last the be to event at 6 Ma, that we proposed to call Messinianthe Revolution. This global event, that we propose geodynamical global a for advocates have presented, we that kinds different of events of bundle The delamination, deep mantle convection. The link link The convection. mantle deep delamination, suggestdeepgeodynamic processes such asma revoluti global cyclic ofthe occurrence latest the is revolution, Messinian the call we that period, this that propose we observations, these on Based ca eventssuchas rare very of occurrences reliefs, a majortime, kinematic which by ismarked event This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. global scale. processes a surface at and very between deep causal-link the and 60Ma of periodicity aglobal least at confirms and Period, Magnetic Calm) called which occurred Ma after60 theCretaceous one right thebeginningat of theCretaceous Normal (also Messinian the But paper. this far beyond is subject this and infancy its in remains Interactions Ocean–Earth of understanding global our study, their of meteorite bombardment. Due toof processes,large the scale these as well technicalchallenge asthe (1986) cyclicity of the magnetic inversions suggests 4.

ascribed of spurts geomagnetic to reversals CONCLUSION even deeper connexion and, for instance, connexion instance, for and, deeper even between major kinematic events and first order first and events kinematic major between rbonatites appear in different parts of the world.different the of in parts appear rbonatites on of the Earth. The occurrences of carbonatite ofcarbonatite The occurrences Earth. the of on t series, has led to many secondary or regional orregional secondary many to led has series, t ntle plumes, asthenospheric upwellings, crustal crustal upwellings, asthenospheric plumes, ntle revolution 60Ma occurred after theTertiary one, all over the worldand aworldwide increase in enhanced core turbulence during episodes of episodes during coreturbulence enhanced Pal and Creer Creer and Pal Accepted Article isochrons, such that the area between the two outer lines is the ocean floor created since 6 Ma. Ma. created 6 since floor ocean the is lines two outer the between area the that such isochrons, Ma 6 present-day represent the the Red map. by lines surrounded ridges the on superimposed are kinematic events time that at and deposits) carbonatite rejuvenated (and volcanism changes throughout the world around 6–5Ma.Locations of uplift/exhumationrate changes, Figure 1: FIGURE CAPTION : This article This protectedis byAllcopyright. rights reserved. Pacific linkedwith the Messinian salinitycrisis. Aharon,[2] Goldstein, P., L., S. Wheeler, C.W., andJacobson, G.,1993. Sea-level in events the South Miocene ofcrisis late evidence and [1] Adams, C. G., Benson, R., Kidd, R. B., Ryan, W. B. andF., Wright, R. C., 1977. The Messinian salinity REFERENCES: manuscript. submitted final the to contributed authors All figure. the drew D.A. and E.L. sedimentology. for R.P. and M.R. magmatism, for D.A. kinematics, and geodynamics for D.A., and of M.M. help the Author contributions:D.A. designed this study.compilation themade E.L. 6 Ma eventsof the with declare. to interest of conflict no have authors The manuscript. our of structure anonymous, fruitful remarks,comments fortheir suggestions,and which allow improvements the in Jean Editor, the acknowledge We Chalm. Alison construc and fruitful the acknowledge authors The ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and Smith, 1997). Topography explanation. referencestextdata and for (Sandwell further satellite bathymetry from and See event). global Ma 6 the with relation any (without ridges aborted to correspond lines red Dotted Compilation of numerous (and non-exhaustive) observations testifying major tectonic tectonic major testifying observations non-exhaustive) (and numerous of Compilation

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