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Precipitation Patterns in the Miocene of Central Europe and the Development of Continentality

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Precipitation Patterns in the Miocene of Central Europe and the Development of Continentality Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304 (2011) 202–211 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Precipitation patterns in the Miocene of Central Europe and the development of continentality Angela A. Bruch a,⁎, Torsten Utescher b, Volker Mosbrugger a and NECLIME members 1 a Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt a. M., Germany b Steinmann Institute, Bonn University, 53115 Bonn, Germany article info abstract Article history: Understanding climate patterns, with their decisive influence on plant distribution and development, is Received 25 January 2010 crucial to understanding the history of vegetation patterns in Europe during the Miocene. This paper presents Received in revised form 8 October 2010 the detailed analyses of several precipitation parameters, including monthly precipitation of the wettest, Accepted 9 October 2010 driest and warmest months, for five Miocene stages. In conjunction with seasonality of temperature, those Available online 15 October 2010 parameters provide a meaningful measure of continentality and can help to document Miocene climate changes and patterns and their possible influence on vegetation. Climate reconstructions provided here are Keywords: entirely based on palaeobotanical material. In total, 169 Miocene floras were selected, including 14 Precipitation fl Continentality Burdigalian, 41 Langhian, 40 Serravallian, 36 Tortonian, and 38 Messinian localities. All oras were analysed Climate maps using the Coexistence Approach. The analysis of several precipitation parameters, the statistical inter- Europe correlation of results, and the comparison with modern patterns provides a comprehensive account on Open landscapes Miocene precipitation. Miocene climatic changes after the Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) are evidenced in our data set by three major factors, i.e. (1) increasing seasonality of temperature, (2) changes in the annual distribution of precipitation towards a precipitation peak in summer, and (3) a late increase of longitudinal gradients of precipitation parameters. Evidence of continental climate in Eastern Europe first appears during the Messinian. In addition to changes in temperature, shifts in the annual distribution of precipitation may have played a major role in post-Langhian climate changes. However, the most significant climatic transformations occurred later, from the end of Miocene through to the present. Several authors have described patterns of vegetation development in Europe that are in good agreement with our finding of the first evidence for continental climate in Eastern Europe during the Messinian. Our data do not support an onset of opening of vegetation during the Tortonian or even earlier, as has been described for some parts of Eastern and Southern Europe. Possibly either non climatic parameters influenced such an early development, or our data lack the required resolution and/or spatial coverage to fully decipher the influence of continentality on vegetation and to correlate climate and vegetation statistically. Nevertheless, climatic data that quantify continentality can provide a sound basis for explaining the expansion of grassland in Eurasia. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction climate today is typically found in conjunction with large areas of open landscape, with grassland predominant in the interior of Eurasia. Today the eastern and western coasts of Eurasia exist under very As part of the latter stage of the Cenozoic cooling, the Miocene was different climatic conditions influenced by the prevailing westerly a time of important climate and vegetation changes. In the Early atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The climate in western Eurasia is Miocene, glaciation was uni-polar, with an ice volume on Antarctica generally characterised by marine conditions along a west coast comparable to the present and a largely ice-free northern hemisphere. influenced by the Gulf Stream, with continentality increasing with During the Late Miocene, however, the first indications of northern distance from the coast. Climatologically, continentality is defined by hemispheric glaciation ultimately appeared leading to the formation a strong seasonality of temperature and low precipitation. Continental of the Greenland ice sheet in the Pliocene (Moran et al., 2006; Zachos et al., 2001). It is generally agreed that the epoch saw major environmental changes occurring both on the continents and in the ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 69 7542 1568; fax: +49 69 746238. fi E-mail address: [email protected] (A.A. Bruch). oceans especially during the Late Miocene. A global intensi cation of 1 www.neclime.de orogenic movements considerably influenced the climate system; the 0031-0182/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.002 A.A. Bruch et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 304 (2011) 202–211 203 rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, in particular, seems to have caused All floras have been analysed using the Coexistence Approach (CA) a stronger East Asian monsoon and triggered the upwelling systems following Mosbrugger and Utescher (1997). The method is one of the of the Indian Ocean (An et al., 2001). Likewise, the Late Miocene Nearest Living Relative Techniques that are based on the assumption witnessed the development and spread of C4-grasses, aridification of that the climatic requirements of Tertiary plant taxa are similar to the interiors of continents, and the expansion of open landscapes. those of their nearest living relatives (NLRs). With the CA, for each Although all these events are considered to be linked, there has as yet climate parameter the climatic ranges in which a maximum number been no proof of their causal interdependence (cf. Molnar, 2005). of NLRs of a given fossil flora can coexist is determined independently To understand the history of vegetation patterns in Europe, it is and considered the best description of the palaeoclimatic situation crucial to understand climate patterns as the main basis for plant under which the given fossil flora lived. distribution and development. Miocene temperature patterns have The application of the CA is facilitated by the computer program been discussed to date by Bruch et al. (2004, 2006, 2007) and by ClimStat and the database Palaeoflora which contains NLRs of more various authors in this issue (Liu et al., 2011-this issue; Utescher et al., than 3000 Cenozoic plant taxa, together with their climatic require- 2011-this issue; Yao et al., 2011-this issue). In the main, their data ments as derived from meteorological stations located within the demonstrate that the general cooling during the Miocene brought distribution areas of the taxa (see also information provided on the greater climatic differentiation, both spatially via increased latitudinal web site www.palaeoflora.de). According to the data available in the gradients and temporally via increased seasonality of temperature. In Palaeoflora data base, the method allows calculation of up to 15 addition to regional effects of palaeogeography such as the Paratethys climate parameters. sea and Alpine orogeny, temperature parameters reveal an increasing Typically, the resolution (width) and reliability of the resulting differentiation between marine and continental climate conditions. coexistence intervals increase with the number of taxa included in the However, that interpretation has largely been based on examinations analysis and are relatively high in floras with ten or more taxa for of temperature parameters. Miocene precipitation has been described which climate parameters are known. Because results of CA analyses so far only in terms of mean annual precipitation, whether through are intervals, the accuracy of calculated climate data corresponds to proxy-based reconstructions (e.g., Bruch et al., 2004, 2006, 2007; the accuracy of the borders of those coexistence intervals. Their Böhme et al., 2008, 2011-this issue; Mosbrugger et al., 2005; Utescher accuracy varies with respect to the parameter examined. It is highest et al., 2000) or in climate modelling (e.g., Micheels et al., 2007, 2009; for temperature-related parameters where it is usually within the Lunt et al., 2009). Studies of other precipitation parameters and the range of 1 to 2 °C and for mean annual precipitation with 100 to annual range of precipitation are lacking. Mertz-Kraus et al. (2009) 200 mm. Other precipitation parameters are less accurate and mainly interpret changes in coral growth increments as a signal of increased reflect overall trends. Although Mosbrugger and Utescher (1997) do winter rain in Crete at 9 Ma and as first evidence for Mediterranean- not give error bars for CA results of different parameters, their type climate. For the Pannonian basin, Harzhauser et al. (2007) application of the method to modern floras led them to conclude that postulate a peak in summer precipitation in the Late Miocene (ca. reconstructions of mean annual precipitation and of precipitation of 10 Ma) based on isotope data. Only van Dam (2006) provides a more the warmest month are least reliable and therefore not easy to exhaustive overview of changes and patterns of driest month precip- interpret. Thus, a correlation analysis (Section 3.1) is applied to itation from 12 to 3 Ma in Europe, basing the analysis on small mammal overcome these difficulties. For a detailed discussion
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