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PLATE TECTONICS.Docx
GTheory of Plate Tectonics Critique and interpret major types of evidence supporting the Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics is the most important concept in modern geology. This section will introduce you to the concept of plate tectonics, how it works, why it is important and how it is shaping the world today. WHAT YOU’LL LEARN TO DO · Describe and compare different types of plate motions, rates of motion and the driving mechanisms and forces involved with each. · Know the role of technology in Plate Tectonics. Theory of Plate Tectonics When the concept of seafloor spreading came along, scientists recognized that it was the mechanism to explain how continents could move around Earth’s surface. Like the scientists before us, we will now merge the ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading into the theory of plate tectonics. Earth’s Tectonic Plates Seafloor and continents move around on Earth’s surface, but what is actually moving? What portion of the Earth makes up the “plates” in plate tectonics? This question was also answered because of technology developed during war times – in this case, the Cold War. The plates are made up of the lithosphere. Figure 1. Earthquakes outline the plates. During the 1950s and early 1960s, scientists set up seismograph networks to see if enemy nations were testing atomic bombs. These seismographs also recorded all of the earthquakes around the planet. The seismic records could be used to locate an earthquake’s epicentre, the point on Earth’s surface directly above the place where the earthquake occurs. Earthquake epicentres outline the plates.
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Plate Tectonics Says That Earth’S Plates Move Because of Convection Currents in the Mantle
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What's the Difference?
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Notes: Plate Tectonics
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Plate Tectonics Passport
What is plate tectonics? The Earth is made up of four layers: inner core, outer core, mantle and crust (the outermost layer where we are!). The Earth’s crust is made up of oceanic crust and continental crust. The crust and uppermost part of the mantle are broken up into pieces called plates, which slowly move around on top of the rest of the mantle. The meeting points between the plates are called plate boundaries and there are three main types: Divergent boundaries (constructive) are where plates are moving away from each other. New crust is created between the two plates. Convergent boundaries (destructive) are where plates are moving towards each other. Old crust is either dragged down into the mantle at a subduction zone or pushed upwards to form mountain ranges. Transform boundaries (conservative) are where are plates are moving past each other. Can you find an example of each type of tectonic plate boundary on the map? Divergent boundary: Convergent boundary: Transform boundary: What do you notice about the location of most of the Earth’s volcanoes? P.1 Iceland Iceland lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge, a divergent plate boundary where the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate are moving away from each other. As the plates pull apart, molten rock or magma rises up and erupts as lava creating new ocean crust. Volcanic activity formed the island about 16 million years ago and volcanoes continue to form, erupt and shape Iceland’s landscape today. The island is covered with more than 100 volcanoes - some are extinct, but about 30 are currently active.
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Global Tectonics and Geohazards Courtesy of Jim Peaco/Yellowston National Park
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Number © iStockphoto/Thinkstock. Technologies/AbleStock.com/Thinkstock. © Hemera Background Chapter Global Tectonics and Geohazards Courtesy of Jim Peaco/Yellowston National Park. Jim Peaco/Yellowston of Courtesy Chapter Outline Introduction Summary of the Earth’s Interior The Concept of the Model Radioactive Decay and Interior Heat • An Analogy: A Model of an Aircraft Heat Transfer A Very Brief Review of the Scientific Method • Conduction Modeling the Earth’s Interior • Convection • The Importance of Earthquake Waves Global Tectonics and the Dynamic Earth Model • Summary of Evidence Used to Model the • Plate Tectonics as a Unifying Theory of Geology Earth’s Interior • Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading The Interior: Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Crust, • Plates and Plate Boundaries Mantle, and Core • Continent–Continent Collisions 70 9780763764456_CH04_0070.indd 70 8/15/13 11:44 AM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots Chapter Summary • Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Key Terms Case Study: An Island Arc, a Subduction Zone, Review Questions and a Great Tragedy: The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Footnotes Earthquake and Its Aftermath ■ Introduction n this chapter, we introduce material that you must learn if you are to under- stand, among other important concepts, why and where earthquakes and vol- canoes occur, and, therefore, the origin of the many geological hazards they generate. First, we will discuss the concept of the geological model. Then we will review the scientific method and continue with a brief look at the history of recent scientific thought on the nature of the Earth’s interior.
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3 Types of Plate Boundaries Main Types of Plate Motion PANGAEA
Partial melting occurs when some minerals melt Continental Rifting Trench Spreading while others remain solid because their melting point has not been reached The Crust Center continental Subduction Basalt Volcanic rifting Granite Arc Accretionary process Oceanic Prism Crust a Granite q The role of partial melting Basalt Kk 3 Types of Plate Boundaries MODERN CONTINENTS EVOLVED FROM PANGAEA DIVERGENT CONVERGENT New lithosphere forms as plates pull apart. One plate dives beneath another (subduction) or two Convergent Divergent TRANSFORM plates collide without either Main Types of Plate Motion Plates grind past each other. subducting. Transform No change in Lithosphere Divergent Boundary Mid-Ocean Ridge Seafloor spreading leads to Spreading Center the formation of new crust that, compared to continental crust, is relatively enriched in iron and magnesium and depleted in silica (SiO2) (because it reflects the chemistry of the mantle). As two plates continue to move apart, the rock in the seafloor grows older as its distance from the rift zone increases, and as it ages, it cools and becomes denser and is buried under marine sediments that are deposited on the seafloor. 1 TRANSFORM Transform Boundaries Connect OCEANIC FRACTURE ZONE BOUNDARY Two Spreading Transform Boundary with INACTIVE (FRACTURE ZONE) (side-to-side plate Centers and ACTIVE (TRANSFORM FAULT) portions. movement) Occur where two plates slide past each other. Motion called shearing. Connect two spreading centers (less commonly, two subduction zones). Probably the most FAULT famous transform “a place where the crust is broken and the broken edges boundary in the are offset relative to each other world is the San Andreas Fault.
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Open Diefendorf Msthesis.Pdf
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Lecture-Tutorials
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This Dynamic Earth in January of 1992
View of the planet Earth from the Apollo spacecraft. The Red Sea, which separates Saudi Arabia from the continent of Africa, is clearly visible at the top. (Photograph courtesy of NASA.) Contents Preface Historical perspective Developing the theory Understanding plate motions "Hotspots": Mantle Some unanswered questions Plate tectonics and people Endnotes thermal plumes 1 of 77 2002-01-01 11:52 This pdf-version was edited by Peter Lindeberg in December 2001. Any deviation from the original text is non-intentional. This book was originally published in paper form in February 1996 (design and coordination by Martha Kiger; illustrations and production by Jane Russell). It is for sale for $7 from: U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop SSOP Washington, DC 20402-9328 or it can be ordered directly from the U.S. Geological Survey: Call toll-free 1-888-ASK-USGS Or write to USGS Information Services Box 25286, Building 810 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 303-202-4700; Fax 303-202-4693 ISBN 0-16-048220-8 Version 1.08 The online edition contains all text from the original book in its entirety. Some figures have been modified to enhance legibility at screen resolutions. Many of the images in this book are available in high resolution from the USGS Media for Science page. USGS Home Page URL: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/dynamic.html Last updated: 01.29.01 Contact: [email protected] 2 of 77 2002-01-01 11:52 In the early 1960s, the emergence of the theory of plate tectonics started a revolution in the earth sciences.
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What's the Difference?
New Zealand American Submarine Ring of Fire 2007 What’s The Difference? FOCUS SEATING ARRANGEMENT Volcanic processes at convergent and divergent Classroom style if students are working individu- tectonic plate boundaries ally, or groups of two to four students GRADE LEVEL MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS 9-12 (Earth Science) 30 FOCUS QUESTION KEY WORDS How do volcanic processes differ at convergent Volcano and divergent tectonic plate boundaries? Caldera Hot spot LEARNING OBJECTIVES Ring of Fire Students will be able to compare and contrast Asthenosphere volcanoes at convergent and divergent plate Lithosphere boundaries. Magma Fault Students will be able to identify three geologic Transform boundary features that are associated with most volcanoes Convergent boundary on Earth. Divergent boundary Subduction Students will be able to explain why some volca- Tectonic plate noes erupt explosively while others do not. BACKGROUND INFORMATION MATERIALS The Submarine Ring of Fire is an arc of active vol- Copies of “Submarine Volcanism Worksheet,” canoes that partially encircles the Pacific Ocean one copy for each student or student group Basin, including the Kermadec and Mariana Islands in the western Pacific, the Aleutian Islands AUDIO/VISUAL MATERIALS between the Pacific and Bering Sea, the Cascade (Optional) Computer projection equipment to Mountains in western North America, and numer- show downloaded video materials ous volcanoes on the western coasts of Central America and South America. These volcanoes TEACHING TIME result from the motion of
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