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Elekç Deres (Fatsa) Havzası'nın H Droloj K Sorunları

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Elekç Deres (Fatsa) Havzası'nın H Droloj K Sorunları ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Aratırmaları Dergisi Issn: 1309-9302 http://sobiad.odu.edu.tr Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6 Aralık 2012 ELEKÇ DERES (FATSA) HAVZASI’NIN HDROLOJK SORUNLARI VE BUNLARIN KLM ARTLARI LE LKLER THE HYDROLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF ELEKÇ RIVER BASIN AND IT’S CORRELATION WITH CLIMATICAL CONDITIONS Tamer ÖZLÜ• Öz Ülkemizde Devlet Meteoroloji leri Genel Müdürlüü ve Afet leri Genel Müdürlüü’nün yaptıı çalımalarda; Fatsa lçe’sinin ve balı olduu Ordu li’nin sel ve su baskınlarında; Ankara, Çorum, Kars ve Hatay llerinden sonra beinci sırada geldii görülmektedir. Ordu li genelinde özellikle haziran aylarında görülen bu takınlar; Aratırma Sahamız olan Elekçi Deresi ve Havzası’nda da aynı aya denk gelmektedir. Özellikle bu ayda ve bazen de mayıs ayında gerçekleen takınlarla yaanan sel ve su baskınları yörede eitim faaliyetlerini engellemekte, Akarsu Havzası’ndaki tarım alanlarına ve havzanın hemen kenarı boyunca uzanan (Fatsa-Kumru, Korgan) karayoluna zarar vermektedir. Çalıma; Türkiye’de Akarsu Havza Sorunları’nın sık sık yaandıı yörelerden biri olan, Elekçi Deresi Havzası’nı fiziki corafya özellikleri ile hidrolojik açıdan incelemeyi amaçlamıtır. Ayrıca sonradan havzada çıkması muhtemel sosyolojik ve beeri sorunlara da dikkat çekilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Elekçi, Hidroloji, Havza, Akarsu. Abstract In our country, Meteorology Affairs General Directorate and The General Directorate of Disaster Affairs of its work; Fatsa Country inconnected in Ordu Province in the floods; is observed fifth comes from then Ankara, Çorum, Kars, Hatay provinces. Especially so during these floods in June in Ordu Province. Our research area (Elekçi River) and its basins occured same month (occured in May). Especially this month, and sometimes floods occured in May, also lived with the floods and flooding in the region to interfere with educational activities. Sometimes this floods damaged agricultural areas in the basin along the edge and (Fatsa- • Yrd. Doç. Dr., Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Corafya Bölümü. - 283 - Kumru,Korgan) highway. This Research aimed Elekçi River and its Basin physiography and hidrological terms to examine (espicially this problems frequently occured in this area and other Turkey River Basins). Also likely is paid attention to the sociological and human problems. 1.Giri Bilindii üzere hava olaylarıyla dolaylı ya da dorudan ilikili olan doal afetlerin tümüne atmosfer kökenli (meteorolojik-klimatolojik) doal afetler denir (ahin ve Sipahiolu, 2002). Geçmite dünyanın ekillenmesinde büyük etkisi olan bu tür afetler, günümüzde de çok sık ve yaygın biçimde görülmekte, büyük can ve mal kaybına neden olmaktadır. Atmosfer kökenli doal afetleri douran rüzgar, yamur, kar, dolu, sis, düük ve yüksek sıcaklık gibi daha birçok olay, normal sınırlar içinde kaldıkları sürece atmosferin beklenilen davranıı içinde görülen normal olaylar olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak bunlar canlı yaamı ile doal ve kültürel çevreyi tehdit eder boyutlara ulaarak can ve mal kayıplarına neden olursa, her birisi; doal afet olarak ya da bir dier doal afeti tetikleyen tehlikeli bir olay olarak deerlendirilmektedir. Yukarıda açıklamaya çalıtıımız doal afetler içerisinde yer alan sel, yurdumuzda en sık görülenlerdendir. Yamur sularının konsantre olarak yamaç aaı akması olayıdır. Bu olay akarsu yataı veya vadi tabanında olabildii gibi, geçici ve küçük sel yatakları içinde de görülebilir.(ahin, 1991). Irmak, çay veya dere yataklarında, akarsuyun beslenme artlarına balı olarak mevsim normallerine göre bir akım (debi) vardır. Ancak saanak yaıların ve ani artan sıcaklıa balı olarak görülen hızlı kar ve buz erimeleri sonucu akarsular kısa zamanda bol miktarda suyla beslenir. Bunun sonucu olarak, normal yataklar bu fazla suyu taıyamaz veya etrafa taırır. Sular, normal yataın hemen dıında yer alan takın yataı veya sel yataı adı verilen daha geni yataa yayılır. Eim ve su kütlesinin artması ile doru orantılı olarak, su kütlesi ve buna balı olarak hızı artan akarsuyun akıı artık normal akıın dıında bir özellik kazanır ki ite buna ‘‘sel’’ adı verilir. Takın olayı ise selden daha farklıdır. Ama çok zaman selin bir sonucu (devamı) olarak ortaya çıkar. Fakat zaman zaman çeitli nedenlerle barajlardan bırakılan fazla sulara balı olarak meydana gelen takın olayları da vardır. Takına su baskını da denebilir. Su baskını, selden sonra, suyun yataından taarak çevredeki geni düzlük ve çukur alanlara yayılmasıdır. - 284 - Bundan baka azda olsa taban suyunun yükselmesine balı olarak ortaya çıkan su baskını olayı da görülmektedir. Selin etkisi yatak veya vadide olmasına karılık su baskınının etkisi çok geni alanlarda görülmektedir. 1.1.Aratırmanın Konusu ve Önemi Bu aratırmada, Orta Karadeniz ile Dou Karadeniz Bölgesi sınırında yer alan Elekçi Deresi ve Havzası’nın hidrolojik özellikleri, havzanın iklim artlarının akım deerlerine olan etkileri incelenmeye çalıılmıtır. Özellikle kı mevsimi sonu ve yaz balarında (Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran, Temmuz) bölgede etkili olan saanak yaılar ve kar erimeleri sonucu çay ve derelerin debileri dikkate deer bir ekilde yükselmekte; bu durum 10 ile 15 yıllık periyotlarda önemli sel ve takın olaylarının görülme sıklıını arttırmaktadır. Elekçi Deresi (Fatsa) havzası her ne kadar Orta Karadeniz Bölümü’nün youn nüfuslu bir sahası deilse de, çou zaman bu sel ve takınlar can ve mal kaybıyla da sonuçlanabilmektedir. (1936,1973 Haziran, 2002 Mayıs takınlarında olduu gibi). Çou zamanda, bu afetler tarımsal hasara yol açmakta, topraın verimliliini düürmekte, isizlik, göç, ulaım, eitim ve haberlemenin aksaması gibi olumsuz sonuçlar dourabilmektedir. Bu çalımada Aratırma Sahası’nda sadece Elekçi Deresi’nin hidrolojik özellikleri deil aynı zamanda bu dere ve akaçlama havzasında yapılan ve yapılması planlanan ıslah çalımaları aratırılmıtır. Yörede son zamanlarda iklim ve toporafyanın oluturduu bu dezavantajların; hem sel ve takınların ortaya çıkmasındaki etkisi, hem de sahadaki sosyal ve kültürel deiimdeki olumsuz yansıması irdelenmeye çalıılmıtır. 1.2.Aratırma Sahasının Yeri Aratırma Sahası Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin dousunda Ordu li, Fatsa lçesi sınırları içerisinde kalmaktadır. (ekil 1) Dou Karadeniz suları havzası içinde kalan Elekçi Deresi’nin Salihli Mevkii’nde (37o 24’ 03’’ D-400 56’ 01’’ K- Fatsa-Kumru karayolunun 17. km’ sindeki Salihli Köyü Elektrik leri Etüd daresi (E..E.) tarafından kurulmu bir akım gözlem istasyonu da vardır. Elekçi Deresi, Fatsa lçe Merkezi’nin 45 km güneyinde bulunan yaylalardan (Kabadüz Yaylası gibi) doarak güneybatı-kuzeydou dorultusunda akar. Fatsa’nın hemen batı sınırından geçerek Karadeniz’e dökülür. Kıyıdan 35 km. güneybatıda kalan Kumru lçesi’nin tam - 285 - ortasından geçen dere; Akkancık, Boyacılı, Çatılı, Karacalar, Kırkkızlar, Pınaralan ve Soukpınar dereleri ile de ilçe topraklarını sular. Bu dereler Elekçi Deresi’ne katılarak slamda (Dagüvezi Çataı) mevkiine gelindiinde asıl ana akarsu yataını olutururlar. Akarsu havzası boyunca, Kumru lçesi (Ordu), slamda Beldesi, Gürcü, Kaleönü, Karaosmanolu, Derbent, Ayazlı, Karaaaç, Deliibrahim mahalleleri bulunmaktadır. Dere yataının çou yerinde yatak eimi çok fazladır. Derenin dirsek yaptıı yerlerde (Kaleönü mah.) akarsuyun taıdıı materyalleri (kolüvyal maddeler) biriktirerek oluturduu küçük birikinti ovaları mevcuttur. Karayoluyla adeta paralel bir güzergah oluturan dere, takın zamanlarında yolun zarar görmesine ve ulaımın aksamasına yol açabilmektedir. Elekçi Deresi üzerinde 5 adet köprü mevcuttur. Derenin denize kadar olan yaı alanı 443 km2dir. Fatsa’dan Karadeniz’e kadar olan 4162 km’lik bölümünde akarsu boyu ıslah çalımaları sürdürülmekte olup, yapılması planlanan dier ıslah alanı ise Salihli Köprüsü’nden itibaren güneybatıya doru 283 km2’lik kısımdır. ekil 1.Aratırma sahasının yeri. ekil 2. Kumru (Ordu) ilçe merkezi ve köyleri ile Elekçi Deresi - 286 - 1.3.Malzeme ve Yöntem Aratırmamızda öncelikli olarak ‘‘Akarsu takınları, havza sorunları ve bunların iklim artları ile olan ilikileri ’’ konularında yazılmı kitap, makale, güncel yazı, tarihi vesika ve yabancı literatürden faydalanılmı, sahayla ve yaanan sorunların tespiti ile ilgili hazırlanan anket Kumru lçe merkezinde ve köylerde yaayan 50 kii üzerinde uygulanmıtır. Ayrıca çalıma sahasında D.S. Köy Hizmetleri, E..E. (Elektrik leri Etüd daresi) gibi kurulularla da bilgi alıveriinde bulunulmutur. Sel ve takın zamanlarında çekilen fotoraf, slayt gibi görsel kayıtlarla da aratırmamız desteklenmitir. Arazi çalımaları sırasında 1/25.000, 1/50.000 ve 1/100.000 ölçekli toporafya haritaları ile 1/500.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası kullanılmıtır. ekil 3. Aratırma Sahası ve Yakın Çevresi’nin toporafya haritası. (google Earth den 2010 alınmıtır) - 287 - ekil 4. Aratırma Sahası’nın ve Yakın Çevresi’nin jeoloji haritası (M.T.A dan) (1.500 ölçekli) 2. Elekçi Deresi ve Havzası’nın Genel klim Özellikleri Elekçi Deresi ve Havzası’nda Karadeniz’in kıları ılık, yazları serin ve her mevsim yaılı tipik Orta Karadeniz iklim tipi görülür. Karadeniz kıyısında bulunan Fatsa’da yıllık ortalama yaı 1048,3 mm.dir. Kıyıdan iç kesimlere geçildikçe (güneye gidildikçe) yaılar azalmaktadır.(Kumru 897,1 mm., Korgan 881,0 mm.dir.)En fazla yaılı ay temmuzdur. Sıcaklık rasatı yapılan en yakın istasyon Ünye’de yıllık ortalama sıcaklık deeri 14,3 0C dir.(Tablo;1) Tablo 1. Aratırma Sahası’nda uzun yıllık, aylık ortalama yaı deerleri (mm.) Aylar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Yıllık Fatsa 74.8 59.5 74.1 69.4 43.3 103.3 124.6 100.0 60.3 108.0 110.8 120.2 1048.3 Kumru 56.8 55.6 76.4 84.1 73.7 130.2 49.5 51.1 53.6 76.3 87.1 97.7 897.1 Korgan
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