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Desertiguana Gobiensis Gen. Et Sp. Nov. – Ящерица (Phrynosomatidae, Iguanomorpha) Из Позднего Мела Монголии © 2013 Г

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Desertiguana Gobiensis Gen. Et Sp. Nov. – Ящерица (Phrynosomatidae, Iguanomorpha) Из Позднего Мела Монголии © 2013 Г ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ, 2013, № 4, с. 65–73 УДК 568.112.14;551.763.333 DESERTIGUANA GOBIENSIS GEN. ET SP. NOV. – ЯЩЕРИЦА (PHRYNOSOMATIDAE, IGUANOMORPHA) ИЗ ПОЗДНЕГО МЕЛА МОНГОЛИИ © 2013 г. В. Р. Алифанов Палеонтологический институт им. А.А. Борисяка РАН e%mail: [email protected] Поступила в редакцию 11.09.2012 г. Принята к печати 06.10.2012 г. По находке фрагмента левой ветви нижней челюсти в верхнемеловых отложениях Монголии опи# сана ящерица Desertiguana gobiensis gen. et sp. nov. Сравнительный анализ нижнечелюстных струк# тур позволяет уверенно классифицировать новую форму в составе современных Phrynosomatidae sensu Frost et Etheridge, 1988. В работе также обсуждены проблемы родственных связей последнего семейства среди Iguanomorpha (Iguanidae s.l.). DOI: 10.7868/S0031031X13040028 ВВЕДЕНИЕ близость этих видов друг с другом (Алифанов, 2000; Gao, Norell, 2000; Conrad, Norell, 2007), Iguanidae s.l. – крупная группа ящериц, рас# принадлежность к Phrynosomatidae (Алифанов, пространенная в современности в Новом Свете, 2000), сестринская связь с Opluridae (Conrad, на Мадагаскаре и на островах архипелагов Фиджи Norell, 2007) или базальное положение в составе и Тонга. В последние годы выделенным внутри Iguania, но в позиции более продвинутой, чем нее условным надродовым систематическим под# Phrynosomatidae (Conrad, 2008). разделениям стал придаваться семейственный ранг (Corytophanidae, Crotaphytidae, Hoplocer# Противоречивыми являются интерпретации cidae, Iguanidae, Opluridae, Phrynosomatidae, Poly# родства и других позднемеловых игуаноморф из chrotidae, Tropiduridae, Leiocephalidae, Leiosau# Китая (Anchaurosaurus gilmorei, Xihaina aquilonia: ridae и Liolaemidae: Frost, Etheridge, 1989; Frost Gao, Hou, 1995, 1996) и Монголии (Ctenomastax et al., 2001). Хотя самостоятельность и монофиле# parva, Temujinia ellisoni, Zapsosaurus sceliphros, тичность некоторых из перечисленных семейств Saichangurvel davidsoni: Gao, Norell, 2000; Conrad, сомнительна, они могут быть рассмотрены в так# Norell, 2007). В недавних работах перечисленные соне Iguanomorpha sensu Алифанов, 2000. Исклю# виды, за исключением Xihaina aquilonia, стали чение составляют южноамериканские Hoplocer# рассматриваться филогенетически монолитной cidae, близкие к хамелеоморфным Priscagamidae и группой (таксон Gobiguania), базальной по отно# Pleurodontagamidae (Алифанов, 1996, 2000) из шению ко всем несомненным игуаноморфам, позднего мела Центральной Азии. К сказанному кроме Phrynosomatidae и Hoplocercidae (Conrad, следует добавить, что варианты классификации Norell, 2007), или в качестве пар близкородствен# игуаноморф слабо используют ресурс краниоло# ных форм (Anchaurosaurus gilmorei – Zapsosaurus гических признаков. Это также означает, что мно# sceliphros и Ctenomastax parva – Temujinia ellisoni), гие ископаемые формы, относящиеся к обсужда# которые продвинуты среди игуаний только по от# емой группе, не могут быть точно отнесены к ка# ношению к Opluridae, Tropiduridae и Phrynosoma# кому#либо из перечисленных выше семейств, tidae (Conrad, 2008, рис. 56, a). даже если они представлены полными остатками. С нашей точки зрения, специальных замечаний Первые мезозойские игуаноморфы в Азии были заслуживают Temujinia ellisoni и Saichangurvel обнаружены Польско#Монгольской палеонтоло# davidsoni (в силу большого сходства эти формы, гической экспедицией (1963–1965, 1970, 1971 гг.). возможно, представляют один вид). Среди назван# Их изучение позволило описать два вида из позд# ных выше ископаемых игуаноморф они резко вы# него мела Южной Гоби (Igua minuta и Polrussia деляются строением передней части височных дуг, mongoliensis: Borsuk#Bial ynicka, Alifanov, 1991), а именно крупными заднелобными костями, фор# родство которых с современными формами в пер# мированием на них медиоокципитального (те# воописании установить не удалось. Среди по# менного) отростка и раздвоенного латерального явившихся позднее точек зрения предполагались отростка для сочленения с медиальным отрост# 5 ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ № 4 2013 66 АЛИФАНОВ F Pf F Po P Po P Pf F Sq аб Sq Po P Sq в Рис. 1. Варианты строения височных дуг у представителей таксона Iguanomorpha из позднего мела Монголии: а – спе# циализированный ископаемый тип (Temujinia ellisoni, реконструкция по голотипу IGM, № 3/63); б – специализиро# ванный современный тип (Polrussia mongoliensis, реконструкция по голотипу ZPAL, № MgR#I/ 1 19); в – архаичный тип (Igua minuta, реконструкция по экз. ПИН, № 4487/8). Обозначения костей: F – лобная, P – теменная, Pf – задне# лобная, Po – заглазничная , Sq – чешуйчатая. ком заглазничной кости (рис. 1, а). Обычно у игу# нести к гобигуаниям нельзя. Более всего сомни# аноморф заднелобные кости редуцированы в со# тельно положение Ctenomastax parva. На образцах четании с образованием контакта удлиненного этого вида кости передней части височных дуг медиального отростка заглазничных костей с осе# плохо сохранились. При этом наличие заднелоб# выми костями крыши черепа (рис. 1, б). Указан# ных костей, о которых сообщается в тексте, не ные особенности позволяют противопоставить имеет четкого соответствия с представленными в две последние формы всем остальным игуано# первоописании иллюстрациями (Gao, Norell, морфам и, таким образом, сохранить кладистиче# 2000, рис. 2–4) и, возможно, является следствием ский таксон Gobiguania до преобразования его в неправильной интерпретации трещин на заглаз# особое семейство. ничных костях. У Anchaurosaurus gilmorei перед# няя часть височных дуг не сохранилась. Однако Открытие эндемичной для Центральной Азии этот вид проявляет сходство с Zapsosaurus sceliph# группы игуаноморф позволяет иначе взглянуть на находки из раннего мела Узбекистана (Gao, Nessov, ros, голотип которого демонстрирует наличие 1998, рис. 2, а) и Монголии (Алифанов, 2000, удлиненного медиального отростка правой за# рис. 28, ж) непарных лобных костей с вырезкой глазничной кости, как у большинства Iguanomor# теменного отверстия на заднем крае. Возможно, pha. Нет данных о строении костей крыши черепа они принадлежат гобигуаниям. Если это предпо# у Xihaina aquilonia, но по срастанию краев мекке# ложение в будущем подтвердится, то гипотеза о лева канала и по не рассеченным на дополнитель# гондванском происхождении игуаноморф поте# ные вершинки зубам позволительно предполо# ряет свою актуальность. жить ее связь с Polrussia mongoliensis, обладающей типичным для современных игуаний строением Большинство игуаноморф из позднего мела передней части височных дуг (рис. 1, б). Заметим, Монголии и Китая по строению височных дуг от# что сросшиеся края меккелева канала распро# ПАЛЕОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ № 4 2013 DESERTIGUANA GOBIENSIS GEN. ET SP. NOV. 67 странены у современных игуаноморф Южной и лупустынных областях Северной и Центральной Северной Америк, тогда как его щелевидное за# Америки. Для них характерны короткое рыло, ги# крытие характерно для североамериканских и ма# пертрофированная остеодермальная скульптура дагаскарских форм, а также для подавляющего на костях крыши черепа и даже нижней челюсти, большинства палеогеновых игуаноморф Север# иногда преобразованная в костные шипы, суб# ной Америки и Азии (Estes, 1983; Алифанов, плевродонтные зубы, а также тенденция к утрате 2012). пластинчатых, угловых и слезных костей. Един# Ниже приведено описание новой игуано# ственный род группы включает более 10 видов, морфной ящерицы по образцу, обнаруженному для которых характерен значительный разброс еще в 1992 г. Палеогерпетологическим отрядом состояний ряда признаков черепа (например, Совместной Российско#Монгольской палеонто# разная степень массивности чешуйчатых и пред# логической экспедиции в верхнемеловых отложе# лобных костей, наличие или отсутствие пластин# ниях Южной Гоби. Несмотря на фрагментарность чатых и угловых костей, остеодермальных шипов находки, новый вид проявляет существенное и дополнительных вершинок на зубах). В природе сходство с упоминавшимися выше Anchaurosau# рогатые ящерицы способны раздуваться, вы# rus gilmorei, Igua minuta и Zapsosaurus sceliphros из брызгивать из глаз капельки крови для отпугива# позднего мела Китая и Монголии, которые ниже ния хищников и закапываться в песок на неболь# классифицированы в составе семейства Phryno# шую глубину. somatidae sensu Frost et Etheridge, 1988. Род Desertiguana Alifanov, gen. nov. СИСТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ Название рода от desertus лат. – пустын# О Т Р Я Д LACERTILIA ный и Iguana. ПОДОТРЯД IGUANIA Ти п о в о й в и д – Desertiguana gobiensis sp. nov. ИНФРАОТРЯД IGUANOMORPHA Д и а г н о з. Ящерицы с черепом длиной 20– СЕМЕЙСТВО PHRYNOSOMATIDAE FITZINGER, 1843 25 мм. На зубных костях меккелев канал закрыт З а м е ч а н и я. Семейство Phrynosomatidae щелевидно на протяжении примерно половины (sensu: Frost, Etheridge, 1989), или “сцелопорины” зубного ряда, короноидный отросток высокий и (sensu: Savage, 1958; Etheridge, de Queiroz, 1988), в узкий; супраангулярный отросток заострен и до# настоящее время принимается в виде трех услов# ходит окципитально до уровня середины дор# но выделяемых ветвей (групп): группа Sceloporus сального отростка венечных костей, он шире в (“типовая” форма и роды Petrosaurus, Uta, Uro# основании более длинного супраангулярного от# saurus и Sator), песчаные (Uma, Callisaurus, Coph# ростка и отделен от него глубокой вырезкой. На osaurus, Holbrookia) и рогатые (Phrynosoma) яще# венечных костях лабиальный отросток хорошо рицы. По данным Р. Этериджа и К. де Кейроса развит и налегает сверху на зубную кость, дор# (Etheridge, de Queiroz, 1988), всех фриносоматид сальный отросток высокий и широкий, а ростро# объединяет следующий комплекс признаков: не# медиальный
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