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Gaceta Ecológica 62 TODAS LAS PUBLICACIONES DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ECOLOGÍA EN: www.ine.gob.mx/ Suscríbase a nuestro boletín electrónico de novedades enviando un correo electrónico a: [email protected] GACETA ECOLÓGICA Artículos Publicación trimestral INE-SEMARNAT. México Nueva época • Número 62 • 200 2 ISSN 1405-2849 VÍCTOR LICHTINGER Revisualizar lo rural: un enfoque socioecológico 7 Secretario de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) VÍCTOR M. TOLEDO, PABLO ALARCÓN-CHÁIRES EXEQUIEL E ZCURRA Y LOURDES BARÓN Presidente del Instituto Nacional de Ecología-SEMARNAT Este texto, que forma parte de un trabajo mayor (La ARNALDO MARTÍNEZ O SEGUEDA Coordinador General modernización rural de México: un enfoque socioeco- de Comunicación Social-SEMARNAT lógico. INE, UNAM, 2002) nos propone revisar las trans- AQUILINO VÁZQUEZ G ARCÍA Director Ejecutivo de Asuntos Jurídicos formaciones en el campo mexicano desde una perspec- y Enlace Institucional-Instituto Nacional tiva en la que el metabolismo entre la naturaleza y la de Ecología-SEMARNAT sociedad se vuelve el eje central del análisis. CONSEJO EDITORIAL Juan Álvarez Cámara Nacional de la Industria de la Transformación Patrones y tasas de cambio de uso 21 Juan Antonio Cuéllar del suelo en México Cámara de la Industria de la Transformación A. VELÁZQUEZ, J.F. MAS, J.R. DÍAZ-GALLEGOS, Luis Manuel Guerra Instituto Autónomo R. MAYORGA-SAUCEDO , P.C. ALCÁNTARA, R. CASTRO, de Investigaciones Ecológicas T. FERNÁNDEZ, G. B OCCO, E. EZCURRA Y J.L. PALACIO Sergio Guevara Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa Se estima que la pérdida de bosques desde los albores Hans Herrmann Comisión Ambiental de la humanidad hasta el presente va de un tercio a de Norteamérica casi la mitad, según la fuente que se consulte. Para el Enrique Leff Programa de Naciones Unidas caso mexicano existen diversas estimaciones para este para el Medio Ambiente Iván Restrepo tema con discrepancias muy grandes entre ellas. Tenien- Centro de Ecología y Desarrollo do como trasfondo dicha situación, este estudio contri- Carlos Sandoval Consejo Nacional buye a desarrollar un mecanismo de seguimiento de la de Industriales Ecologistas dinámica de los recursos naturales asociados a la cu- Víctor Manuel Toledo Centro de Ecología, UNAM bierta vegetal a partir de las bases de datos sobre vegeta- Raúl Tornel ción y uso del suelo disponibles para todo el territorio na- Confederación de Cámaras Industriales de los Estados Unidos cional generadas por el INEGI (Serie I y Serie II que cubren Mexicanos los periodos 1968-1986 y 1993-1996) y la proporcionada Editor: Raúl Marcó del Pont Lalli por los inventarios forestales nacionales de 1994 y 2000. Tipografía, diseño y cuidado Sobre el tamaño correcto 39 de la pr oducción: Raúl Marcó del Pont Lalli J.B.S. HALDANE Corrección de estilo : Eduar do Chagoya Este ensayo clásico de Haldane (1892-1964) nos obliga a Diseño de portada: Álv aro Figueroa pensar acerca de asuntos aparentemente obvios, como el Fotos de portada y cuarta de forros: Claudio Contreras Koob tamaño y el peso, de una manera fresca, diferente. La dis- cusión completa es un perfecto ejemplo de cómo Haldane, un destacado científico que también fue un eximio escritor, Certificado de licitud de título: 9624 puede llevar al lector aficionado a ver los mundos de la Certificado de licitud naturaleza, de la economía, y de la política desde un ángu- de contenido: 6709 lo novedoso. Se incluye una breve semblanza del autor. Certificado de reserva de los derechos al uso exclusivo del título y del contenido: 04-2 001- 081414250000-102 Derechos reserv ados: Secretaría de Planeación y concertación para el manejo 48 Medio Ambiente y R ecursos sustentable de la isla del Espítitu Santo, Naturales-Instituto Nacional de Ecología. Esta edición consta Baja California Sur de 1,000 ejemplar es. ANTONIO CANTÚ DÍAZ BARRIGA Y Se debe citar la fuente toda vez que se reproduzcan total o parcialmente MARÍA ELENA MARTÍNEZ DELGADO cualesquiera de los materiales inclui- dos en este número. Los artículos no Descripción de un proceso exitoso de participación firmados son responsabilidad del editor. Los derechos sobre los artículos social, desarrollo comunitario y coordinación entre los son de los autores. diferentes niveles de gobierno y grupos sociales organi- zados interesados en la conservación y manejo de los DIGITALIZACIÓN, NEGATIVOS, IMPRESIÓN recursos naturales de una importante zona del Área de Y ACABADOS: Jiménez Editores e Impresores, S.A. Protección de Flora y Fauna Islas del Golfo de California. Si le interesa publicar en esta revista, comuníquese con: Raúl Marcó del P ont Lalli. Dir ector de Publicaciones. Insti- tuto Nacional de Ecología. Periférico Evaluación del avance de la mancha urbana 56 sur 5000, Anexo 1, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530. Deleg. sobre el área natural protegida de la Cañada Co yoacán, México. D.F. Correo electrónico: de los Dinamos [email protected]. AGUSTÍN FERNÁNDEZ EGUIARTE, FRANCISCO URIBE CRU Z, Para informes sobre suscripciones y IGNACIO R AMÍREZ DEL RAZO, BERNARDO DE JESÚS distribución, comunicar se al correo electrónico: gaceta@ine .gob.mx. APOLINAR Y ALFONSO VÁZQUEZ MÁRQUEZ Este número y los anteriores de la Este trabajo analiza la evolución urbana reciente de la Gaceta ecológica (a excepción de los números 1, 3, 4, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, delegación La Magdalena Contreras, y describe, principal- 37 y 40 que están agotados) pueden obtenerse en el Instituto Nacional de mente en forma cartográfica, las inconsistencias que defi- Ecología. Periférico sur 5000, Anexo nen a la Zona Protectora Forestal Cañada de Contreras 1, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, C.P. 04530. Deleg. Coyoacán, así como la cada vez mayor presencia de asentamientos México, D.F. Tel.: (55) 54 24 64 35, fax: (55) 54 24 52 41. irregulares en dicha porción de la Ciudad de México. Revisualizar lo rural: un enfoque socioecológico VÍCTOR M. TOLEDO, PABLO ALARCÓN-CHÁIRES Y LOURDES BARÓN RECONCEPTUALIZAR LO RURAL DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA Surgida a contracorriente de la tendencia predomi- crece y se multiplica un nuevo enfoque que busca la nante en la ciencia contemporánea, la cual promueve integración de las ciencias de la naturaleza con las la especialización excesiva y la parcelización del co- ciencias sociales y humanas. Esta «revolución con- nocimiento, desde por lo menos la mitad del siglo XX ceptual» como la ha denominado Naredo, está sien- NÚMERO 62 7 tratamientos sectoriales en total desconexión con los fenómenos sociales y humanos. EL SURGIMIENTO DE LAS DISCIPLINAS HÍBRIDAS La necesidad de trascender esta «objetividad frag- mentaria» a través de una explicación multidimen- sional o integrativa, ha motivado la aparición de nuevas propuestas epistemológicas y metodológicas. Dos aportes notables son, sin duda, el principio de complejidad de Edgar Morin (1984) y lo que Rolan- do García (1994) ha denominado el estudio de los sistemas complejos. «Con el principio de compleji- dad se trata de superar el conocimiento en mundos separados propio de la ‘ciencia clásica’, [donde] ...ni las ciencias del hombre tienen conciencia del carác- ter físico y biológico de los fenómenos humanos, ni las ciencias de la naturaleza tienen conciencia de su inscripción en una cultura, una sociedad, una histo- ria, ni de los principios ocultos que orientan sus ela- do alimentada por una nueva visión geocéntrica y boraciones» (Morin 1984: 43). De esta forma, una por una nueva conciencia global e intenta superar «el «ciencia con conciencia», como le denomina Morin, ‘neo-oscurantismo’ sin precedentes al que conduce será aquella que logre trascender (sin abolirlos) los la especialización científica en campos inconexos...» distintos campos de las especialidades. Al fin y al (1992: 139) cabo muchos de los problemas a resolver por los Y es que como lo señaló Lewis Mumford en su investigadores no se presentan en la realidad ya cla- libro The Transformation of Man (1972): «...hasta sificados por disciplinas. ahora hemos vivido esencialmente en mundos par- García (op. cit.) por su parte, reconoce que cier- ciales... Ni la vaga totalidad subjetiva adquirida por tas situaciones donde confluyen múltiples procesos el hombre primitivo, ni al otro extremo, la objetivi- (por ejemplo, del medio físico-biológico, de la pro- dad fragmentaria y precisa investigada por la cien- ducción, de la tecnología, demográficos y de la orga- cia, pueden hacerle justicia a todas las dimensiones nización social) constituyen la estructura de un siste- de la experiencia humana.» Se trata entonces de re- ma que funciona como una totalidad organizada, a la conocer el surgimiento de un renovado aparato con- cual denomina sistema complejo y que sólo es anali- ceptual de la ciencia que aparece como respuesta a zable desde un abordaje interdisciplinario. Ello obli- los limitados análisis reduccionistas del enfoque ana- ga a plantear una estrategia de investigación que no lítico-parcelario. Un enfoque que dentro de las cien- puede quedar limitada a la simple «suma» de los en- cias sociales ha privilegiado una tendencia a crear foques parciales de los distintos especialistas, sino abstracciones des-espacializadas y desnaturalizadas que debe constituir una verdadera interpretación sis- y dentro de las ciencias naturales ha dado lugar a témica que dé lugar a un diagnóstico integrado. 8 GACETA ECOLÓGICA Más allá de lo que han reflexionado estos y otros pensadores, en la práctica, la superación del parcela- miento cognitivo se ha ido dando no como un proce- so autoconciente y generalizado, sino de una manera «espontánea», multipolar
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