Og Dog Ikke Set Mage Til!

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Og Dog Ikke Set Mage Til! DICK T R A C Y Det er altsammen prøvet før og dog ikke set mage til! Cliffhangerens sidste-sekund-redning i tegneserier, populærlitteratur, filmføljetoner, B'film og den nye Dick Tracy-film Efter Roger Rabbit blev biografierne' ter den anden, og ikke blot i USA. Nu dem e og TV’s primetime formelig bombar- af Maren Pust var hele verden med. Danmark fik sin derede af variationer over tegneserierne: første tegneserie i 1913, den hed De tre Tegnefilm, filmatiserede tegneserie-plots og små mænd og var tegnet af Robert ikke mindst tegneserieTelte. Tegneserien er 1890erne. Fra 1893 kunne aviserne gen­ Storm-Petersen. som kunstart langt om længe blevet accep' give farver på tryk - dog ikke gul. Den Samme år så verdens første tegnese­ teret - selv i finkulturelle kredse. Men hvis gule farve var genstridig og ville ikke la­ rie-syndikat dagens lys: i USA oprette­ ens interesse for tegneserier er knap sd glø- de sig binde til papiret; først i 1896 hav­ des et kontor, hvor udbudet af tegnese­ dende, som den der her gives udtryk for i de man succes med at fastholde farven. rier til aviser og magasiner blev centrali­ striben med Anders And - og hvis man tror, Måske i begejstring over den tekniske seret - man kunne bl.a. tilbyde Bringing man har set noget, fordi man engang læste triumf lod man den gennemgående fi­ Up Father (Gyldenspjæt). Mange af teg­ et nummer af Hudibras, sd bare vent: You gur i Hogan’s Alley - en lille fyr med neserierne fra 1910erne og 20erne er aint seen nothing yet! strit-ører og bare tæer - bære en kjortel glemt idag, men mange lever også i bed­ i en grel, gul farve. Figuren fik snart kæ­ ste velgående: Snuffy Smith - Klaus lenavnet The Yellow Kid, og serien, der Kludder (1919), Little Orphan Annie - Det gule barn havde talebobler placeret inde i selve Lille forældreløse Annie (1924), Popeye - Hvis man afgrænser definitionen af teg' tegningerne, blev hurtigt mediets første Skipper Skræk (opr. Thimble Theatre neserier til at være en tegnet, massepro- gigantsucces. skifter navn til Popeye i 1929). duceret billed-fortælling eller - vittig­ I 1897 fulgte en serie, vi kender den hed, da er det rimeligt, at udnævne dag idag, nemlig The Katzenjammer Kids Richard F. Outcault’s The Yellow Kid til (tegnet af Rudolph Dirks), på dansk Film som tegninger den første tegneserie. hedder de Knold og Tot. Serien skiftede Tegneseriemediet lod sig næsten lige fra Serien, som oprindelig blev benævnt sidenhen navn og tegner, men stemning starten fascinere og drage af filmmediet; Hogan’s Alley, bestod af enkeltstående og ide er altid forblevet den samme. The i 1915 overførte Ed Carey stumfilm til vittighedstegninger, der en gang imel­ Katzenjammer Kids er den første tegne­ tegneserie med Charlie Chaplin, og som lem kunne ses i den amerikanske avis serie i 'striber*. I begyndelsen af 1900- en af de første 'fortsættes i næste num- ’New York World’ i begyndelsen af tallet kom der så den ene tegneserie ef­ mer’-serier lod Ed Wheelan i 1921 diver- 10 se stumfilm omsætte i tegninger under pulærlitteraturens genrer kunne om­ placeres løsrevet i eller udenfor selve fællesbetegnelsen M inute M ovies. I sættes direkte. Men ikke nok med det, tegningerne. 20erne kom Walt Disney Productions en ny, egen genre opstod i form af serier­ At film og TV låner det gammeldags igang, og en af de mest populære tegne- ne om overnaturlige superhelte. Flash tegneseriestof i rigt mål er ikke noget film-figurer - Mickey Mouse - lagde i Gordon (1934) lægger an til hårdstlåen- nyt: Flash Gordon, The Incredible Hulk, 1930 navn til en tegneserie. de heltestil, The Phantom (1936) lægger Jane’s journal, Superman, Batman, Dick I løbet af 1930erne blev egentlige an til det mystiske - maskeret til anony­ Tracy - de og mange, mange flere er tegneserie-hÆ/ter almindelige. Serierne mitet, og alle fordelene samles i hen­ brugt i indtil flere filmatiserede versio­ havde ellers primært været at finde i holdsvis Superman (1939) og Batman ner. Men relativt nyt er det at se filmen aviser og magasiner, og jo bedre søn­ (1939/40). Tendensen til at overskride skabe sine egne mærkværdige figurer, dagsavisens tegneserie-tillæg var, des det naturlige, virkelige og realistiske en­ scenerier og legender i mere eller min­ bedre solgte den. Men med selvstændi­ ten i plot eller tegning er bevaret hele dre naiv tegneseriestil. Den fortsatte be­ ge hæfter i et lidt mere håndterligt for­ vejen op gennem tegneseriernes udvik­ retning Star Wars lader på bedste mat fik serierne en mulighed, de ikke ling. Peter Schepelern påpeger dette for­ Disney-vis ubestemmelige dyrearter fol­ havde haft i aviserne: Den enkelte histo­ hold i et essay fra 1973: 'Serierne har fra de sig ud i universets svar på Andeby. rie kunne fortælles over et flersiders- begyndelsen kunnet trives side om side Og TV-serien Beauty and the Beast ud­ forløb, hvilket gav anledning til en vide­ med filmen; men hvor filmen i løbet af spiller sig i en 'realistisk' oververden og re udvikling af billedsproget, som der­ en snes år forlod det rent eventyrlige og en eventyrlig underverden - sidstnævn­ med tilnærmede sig det filmiske. Stri­ barnlige og blev voksen, har tegneseri­ te befolkes af særprægede men levende berne kunne f.eks. erstattes med en si­ erne fastholdt udgangspunktet.... De aktører i tydeligt tegnede omgivelser. deopdeling, der satte lidt mindre nær­ (serierne) har bevaret naiviteten, det er billeder overfor større totalbilleder osv., som hvis filmkunsten aldrig havde for­ således at der samlet opstod en effekt til­ ladt linien fra Méliés og Feuillade’1. Hvor kommer serien fra? svarende filmens montage (krydsklip- Disse forhold er gældende også i den At tegneserierne som oftest baseres på ning, indklip med fortællemæssige de- sidste del af 70erne. Men i 80erne be­ historier fortalt i serie-form fremgår jo taljeudpegninger m.m.). De uensartede gynder man så småt at kunne skimte klart nok af den danske betegnelse, men billedformater kunne naturligvis også den modsatte tendens: Tegneserie-ud­ det amerikanske ord comics dækker forekomme i søndagsavisernes helsides budet omfatter stadig flere produkter af selvsagt over noget andet - det henviser tillæg, men få store totalbilleder gav en ekstremt realistisk karakter - både på til de tidligste eksemplarer, der netop langsom udvikling af plottet, som publi­ udtryks- og indholdssiden. Historiske, var at finde indenfor den komiske gen­ kum skulle kunne huske fra uge til uge. sociale og erotiske områder beskrives re. Mediet var ikke gammelt, før det bar uden eksotiske omsvøb og ofte i bille­ præg af samme genre-mangfoldighed, der, der blander fotografi og tegning; som både film og popul ær-litteratur Barnlige superhelte og billedrammerne bliver sjældnere og kunne byde på. Og serie-begrebet skulle voksne film sjældnere, og det grafiske/æstetiske i si­ komme til at spille en mindst lige så vig­ I tegneserierne var alt muligt - alle po­ dernes fulde format opprioriteres. Tale­ tig rolle for den tegnede underholdning boblerne erstattes af en art regi-be­ som for de to andre. mærkninger og dialog-fragmenter, der Ordet serie dækker imidlertid næsten for bredt. Der kan dels være tale om en serie af føljeton-typen - dels om serielle Tegneseriens mystik og action, komik og dy- refigurer, realisme og erotik. Den maskere­ de helt med overnaturlige evner - And, der vandrer - Fantomet (t.v.) i primitiv, effektiv streg. Flverdagen karikeret i dyrefiguremes lilleputverden - Anders And (t.h.) i ele­ gant, blød streg. Sex vold som tilværelsens skyggesider - fra ’Luger Blues’ i moderne, fotografisk streg med fræk beskæring. Start og slut på en moderne Anders And­ historie (sommer 1990) i den gamle stil. Super-Snuseren er naturligvis Dick Tracy. 11 fortællinger af episodisk karakter. Des­ De tidlige film-serier går dog fortrins­ uden er der en vis rimelighed i at kalde vis udenom detektiv genren. For episo­ bestemte typer regelmæssige publikatio­ de-seriernes vedkommende er komik­ ner (og iøvrigt også radio/TV program­ ken dominerende (f.eks. Charlie Chap­ mer), der i form og koncept er ens, for lins vagabondfigur) - føljetonerne viser serier. Således vil f.eks. amerikanske tydeligt fascinationen af det eksotiske, serier kunne føres helt tilbage til men her er det ’adventure’, der præger 1840erne, hvor religiøse reaktioner på billedet. Vi skal faktisk helt frem til to­ det temmelig primitive og udskejende nefilmen før Sherlock Holmes får kon­ storbyliv resulterede i nogle små paper­ kurrence i sin egen vægtklasse. Tegnese­ back udgivelser, der solgtes sammen riehelten Dick Tracy indtager tidligt i med snørebånd og nålepuder af 'frelste’ sin karriere det hvide lærred, og hans gadehandlere. Et eksemplar af disse tilhængere kalder ham Amerikas svar yderst succesfulde småbøger havde føl­ på Sherlock Holmes’. Men Dick Tracy gende nette titel: The Affecting History of kommer på et tidspunkt, hvor det ekso­ Sally Williams; afterwards Tippling Sally. tiske er ved at forsvinde fra detektiv­ Shoii’ing how she left her father’s house to genren - storbyen med dens mange folloiv an officer, udio seduced her; and mennesker og deres håndgribelige pro­ how she took to drinking, and at last beca- blemer erstatter familien Baskervilles me a vile prostitute, died in a hospital and sære oplevelser. was dissected by the surgeons. Tending to s kote the pernicious effects of dram drink- ing. På nogenlunde samme tid i Frankrig Profit til alle! kunne man i de nymodens, massepro­ Filmen kom ikke til at true de trykte ducerede aviser læse aktuelle nyheder mediers eksistens, på samme måde som samt følge med i spændende fiktionsstof TV sidenhen forårsagede biografdød i i føljetonform. Dumas’ Greven af Monte stor stil - tværtimod. Det vidner What Christo er en typisk føljeton-roman fra Happened to Mary om: Hun var måneds­ den tid - fyldt med ’cliffhangers’ til at magasinet The Ladies’ World’s opfin­ opretholde spændingen fra afsnit til af­ delse, og eventyret om hende kom som snit og dermed sikre salget af aviserne.
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