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Hedysarum Coronarium L.: Variation Genetique, Creation Varietale Et Utilisation Dans Des Rotations Tunisiennes Hedysarum Coronar

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Hedysarum Coronarium L.: Variation Genetique, Creation Varietale Et Utilisation Dans Des Rotations Tunisiennes Hedysarum Coronar FACULTEIT BIO-INGENIEURSWETENSCHAPPEN Academiejaar 2004-2005 HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM L.: VARIATION GENETIQUE, CREATION VARIETALE ET UTILISATION DANS DES ROTATIONS TUNISIENNES HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM L.: GENETISCHE VARIATIE, ONTWIKKELING VAN NIEUWE RASSEN EN GEBRUIK IN TUNESISCHE GEWASROTATIES par/door Ma. ir. F. BEN JEDDI Thèse présentée pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur (Ph.D.) en Sciences Biologiques Appliquées Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Op gezag van Rector: Prof. dr. apr. A. De LEENHEER Decaan: Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. H. VAN LANGENHOVE Prof. dr. ir. D. REHEUL ISBN: 90-5989-065-5 DECLARATION-STATEMENT L’auteur et le promoteur autorisent la consultation de ce travail uniquement pour l’usage personnel. Toute autre utilisation est interdite par la loi d’impression. La reproduction d’une partie de ce travail doit se faire avec l’accord au préalable de l’auteur. De auteur en de promotor geven de toelating dit proefschrift voor consultatie ter beschikbaar te stellen en delen ervan te copiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperking van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting uitdrukkelijk de bron te vermelden bij het aanhalen van resultaten uit dit proefschrift. The author and promoter give the authorisation to consult and copy parts of this work for personal use only. Any other use is limited by laws of copyright. Permission to reproduce any material in this work should be obtained from the author. Gent, 13 juin 2005 Auteur: Promotor: Ma. ir. Fayçal BEN JEDDI Pr. dr. ir. Dirk. REHEUL Remerciements Avant tout, j’adresse ma gratitude au Président de l’IRESA (Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agronomiques de Tunisie) Pr. A. Mougou qui ne cesse de m'encourager et de me conseiller afin que je termine ma thèse dans les meilleurs délais. Ma considération et respect sont adressés au Directeur général de l’INAT (Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie) Pr. F. Lebdi qui a tout fait pour que je puisse finir ma thèse et me consacrer aux travaux d’enseignement et de recherche. Qu'ils trouvent dans ces quelques mots mes remerciements les plus sincères. Je remercie sincèrement Professeur D. Reheul, pour tout ce qu'il a fait afin que je puisse défendre cette présente thèse. Qu'il trouve ici l'expression de ma sincère gratitude et respect. Pr. T. Behaeghe à qui j'adresse mes remerciements les plus profonds. J'adresse particulièrement mes remerciements aux membres du Jury Pr. G. Hofman, Pr. R. Bulcke, Pr. P. Van Damme, Pr. P. Goetghebeur, et Pr. G. Haesaert qui m’avaient très gentiment accueilli dans leurs laboratoires. Je profite de l’occasion pour leur adresser mes sincères respects. Leurs remarques et suggestions ont été très utiles et fructueuses pour la finalisation de cette thèse. Un devoir pour moi de remercier Pr. M. Zouaghi qui s’est intéressé spécialement à cette recherche après la mise au point en 1998 d’une nouvelle variété de Hedysarum coronarium L. Bikra 21. Mes remerciements vont aussi au personnel de l'AGCD (Agence Générale de la Coopération au Développement) à Bruxelles (Belgique); de l'IRESA à Tunis (Tunisie); et de l’INAT à Tunis (Tunisie) qui m'ont permis d'effectuer une série de stages à la Faculté des Sciences en Bio-ingénierie de Gent en Belgique afin de finaliser mes travaux de recherche en thèse. Ma gratitude concerne Pr. C. kayouli qui m'a bien permis de réaliser certaines analyses dans son Laboratoire. Pour son aide et ses conseils qu'il ne cesse de me les présenter à tout moment. Ses collaborateurs Pr. N. Moujahed et C. Damergi que je ne n'oublie pas ici pour les remercier. Je me fais un immense plaisir de remercier notre actuel Directeur de Département Pr. Y. Harbaoui pour ses conseils et son encouragement quotidien. De même, je profite de l'occasion pour adresser mes sincères remerciements à Monsieur le Directeur Général de l'Institut des Régions Arides de Tunisie Pr. H. Khatteli pour tout ce qu'il a présenté comme aide et conseil. Je n'oublie jamais mon collègue et frère Dr. A Sahli à qui j'adresse mon plus haut respect et ma sincère gratitude qu'il trouve dans ces quelques mots l'expression de mon profond remerciement. Je n'oublie jamais son soutien aux moments les plus difficiles de l'élaboration de cette thèse ! Je me fais un plaisir de remercier Pr. S. Rezgui pour son aide et ses remarques utiles lors des nombreux traitements statistiques de toutes les données expérimentales. Par la même occasion, je ne peux me retenir pour remercier M. M. Pr. M. E. Hamza, M. Sanaa, B. Haddad, M. Ben M'rad, A. Boubakker, T. Najjar pour leurs conseils et aides durant toute la période de préparation de ma thèse. J'espère qu'ils trouvent ici l'expression de ma sincère gratitude. Je ne peux me retenir pour présenter mes respect et remerciement à tous les enseignants et cadres des Laboratoires de notre INAT. Je cite en particulier Pr. A. Daaloul, Pr. F. Slama, Pr. S. Ben El Hadj, Pr. A. Dahmane, Dr. H. Bel hadj Salah, Dr. M. Ben Mimoun, Dr. S. Bornaz-sahli, Pr. R. Hallali, Pr. A. M'hiri, Dr. A. Jemmali, Pr. H. H'baieb, Dr. K. Zayani, Dr. M. Masmoudi, Pr. H. Daghari, Dr. F. Sfar, Pr. N. Nabli, Pr. A. Alouini, Dr. S. Chennoufi, Dr. R. Laajimi, Dr. S. Triki, Dr. Med. Chérif, Pr. M. Harrabi, Dr. H. Amara-Slim, Pr. T. Tissaoui, Dr. T. Bettaeib, Dr. N. Tarchoun et d'autres que je n'ai peut être pas cité. Il est temps d'adresser ma gratitude à M.M. Pr. M. Ben Hammouda et Pr. B. Nasraoui qui m'ont permis et aider à installer mes essais multilocaux à Mateur et EL Kef. Je n'oublie pas de remercier profondément le personnel du service de la Production végétale de la DGPA en particulier Monsieur le Directeur Général notre Professeur A. Daaloul pour ses conseils remarquables. M. O. Khriji à qui j’adresse mes remerciements les plus sincères. Par la même occasion je ne peux passer sans adresser mes remerciements à la CCSPS en particulier Mme I. Amri-Ben Jemiaa et Melle S. Dhane ingénieurs spécialisés dans la production de semences fourragères. Qu'elles trouvent ici l'expression de ma sincère gratitude pour leurs aide et encouragement. Je n’oublie jamais le geste de Melle S. Dhane qu’elle avait pu faire pour moi afin que je puisse finaliser ma thèse dans de bonnes conditions. M. A. Mouelhi, ce grand homme à qui je ne peux passer sans le remercier et lui adresser mes sincères respects. Mes étudiants et amis, Khaddouja à qui je souhaite le bonheur du monde, B. Mouelhi, S. Slim, S. Labidi, H. Sbei qui ont été très serviables et gentils, je leurs souhaite un avenir plein de succès. A tous les Commissariats Régionaux de Développement Agricole en particulier de Bizerte, Béjà, Ben Arous, Ariana, Mannouba, Jendouba, Siliana, Zaghouan, Nabeul, Sousse et Kairouan pour leurs aides lors des travaux de prospection et collecte des semences. De même, je salue tous les postes de la Garde Nationale en particulier frontaliers, pour leur bravoure et aide. Je n'aurais jamais pu réaliser mes collectes comme prévu sans leurs interventions. Qu'ils trouvent ici l'expression de mon sincère remerciement. Je me souviens toujours avec gratitude des aides de tout le personnel de notre chère Laboratoire de Productions Fourragère et Pastorale de l'INAT en particulier K. Laroussi, A. Kloula, Am Fehri, A. Jehha, M. Chaibi, M. Jébali, A. Chérif, H. F'taimi Ayari, Jabrane et Salah qu'ils trouvent tous l'expression de ma respectueuse considération. Je dis encore une fois Merci à tous ceux que j’ai oublié . Je dédie cette recherche à tous les chercheurs qui bataillent pour sauvegarder les ressources phytogénétiques. Fayçal Ben Jeddi Gent, 13 juin 2005 SOMMAIRE SAMENVATTING v RESUME ix LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS xiii LISTE DES TABLEAUX XV LISTE DES FIGURES XIX INTRODUCTION GENERALE 1 PARTIE 1 ANALYSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE 5 1. PRESENTATION DE Hedysarum coronarium L. 5 1. 1. Répartition géographique de l’espèce 5 1. 2. Description botanique du sulla du nord 5 1. 3. Eco-systèmes à sulla du nord 7 2. EXIGENCES NATURELLES ET POTENTIEL FOURRAGER DE Hedysarum coronarium L. 11 2. 1. Aperçu historique 11 2. 2. Préférences édaphiques du sulla du nord 11 2. 3. Mode de reproduction et pollinisation chez le sulla du nord 12 2. 4. Potentiel fourrager du sulla du nord 14 2. 5. Valeur fourragère du sulla du nord 16 3. VULNERABILITE DE LA DIVERSITE BIOLOGIQUE DE Hedysarum coronarium L. ET MENACES 17 3. 1. Définitions de la diversité biologique 17 3. 2. Contraintes liées à la diversité biologique 18 4. COLLECTE ET PRESERVATION DU GERMOPLASME FOURRAGER 20 4. 1. Techniques de collecte du germoplasme 20 4. 2. Qualité et conservation de semences fourragères 21 5. SELECTION ET CRITERE DE SELECTION DES ESPECES FOURRAGERES 25 6. EVALUATION DU GERMOPLASME FOURRAGER 28 6. 1. Evaluation du matériel séminal 29 6. 2. Evaluation de l’interaction génotypes-environnements 31 i 7. PARTICULARITES ET CONDUITE DES CULTURES FOURRAGERES SEMENCIERES 32 7. 1. Généralités 32 7. 2. Cas des fabacées fourragères 33 7 .3. Exemple du sulla du nord 34 8. LES SYSTEMES DE PRODUCTION AGRICOLE ET DURABILITE 34 8. 1. Définitions 35 8. 2. Durabilité des systèmes de culture 36 9. IMPACT DES ROTATIONS SUR LES SYSTEMES DE CULTURE 39 9. 1. le milieu édaphique 39 9. 2. Le système céréalier 43 9. 3. Effet phytosanitaire des rotations 46 10. APERÇU SUR LES ESPECES UTILISEES DANS LES ROTATIONS AVEC Hedysarum coronarium L.
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